English Question
Annotation 1. Annotate the following essay. a. Read once and find any unknown vocabulary b. Read twice high-light the thesis statement c. High-light the topic sentences in each body paragraph d. In the margin write a note concerning the Classical Appeals used in each body paragraph: pathos, logos or ethos. e. Put in a circle the words that support the Classical Appeals used. f. Underline the evidence used to support the topic sentence of each body paragraph. g. What type of evidence is used? Statistics? Life examples? Anecdotes? Illustrations? Note that in the margin of the essay. h. Point out with a dot where the writer uses, comparison and contrast technique, cause and effect technique, exemplification technique, narrative technique, or process analysis technique. i. Read the references and check the date of each reference. j. Check the validity of each source. Is it written from a professional, is it peer reviewed? k. Overall, write in the margin which points of the writing are weak in argument. l. Notice if the grammar and syntax are academically correct. Are the sentences simple or complex? m. Judge the vocabulary: Is it formal or is it informal? Is the vocabulary at the level of the reader? n. Look at the format of the essay: Is it indented or in block form? Are the margins normal? o. Does it have a title? p. Does it have a page number? q. Which type of font has been used? Font size? Are they academically acceptable? One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) Authors: Arthur Stone et al. Stanford University, August 1, 2016. A.I Definition “Artificial Intelligence (A.I) is the activity devoted to making machines intelligent, and intelligence is that quality that enables an entity to function appropriately and with foresight in its environment”. (Nilsson, 2010) The frightening, futurist portrayals of Artificial Intelligence that dominate films and novels, and shape the popular imagination, are generally fictional. In reality, A.I is already changing our daily lives, almost entirely in ways that improve human health, safety, and productivity. Unlike in the movies, there is no race of superhuman robots on the horizon or probably even possible. And while the potential to abuse A.I technologies must be acknowledged and addressed, their greater potential is, among other aspects, to make driving safer, help children learn, and extend and enhance people’s lives. In fact, beneficial A.I applications in schools, homes, and hospitals are already growing at an accelerated pace. Major research universities devote departments to A.I studies, and technology companies such as Apple, Facebook, Google, IBM, and Microsoft spend heavily to explore A.I applications they regard as critical to their futures. Even Hollywood uses A.I technologies to bring its dystopian A.I fantasies to the screen. Innovations relying on computer-based vision, speech recognition, and Natural Language Processing have driven these changes, as have concurrent scientific and technological advances in related fields. A.I is also changing how people interact with technology. Many people have already grown accustomed to touching and talking to their smart phones. People’s future relationships with machines will become ever more nuanced, fluid, and personalized as A.I systems learn to adapt to individual personalities and goals. These AI applications will help monitor people’s well-being, alert them to risks ahead, and deliver services when needed or wanted. For example, in a mere fifteen years A.I applications are likely to transform transportation toward self-driving vehicles, home/service reports using cloud based machine learning and healthcare with personal monitoring devices. This alone is starting to reconfigure our understanding of technology and the urban landscape. As A.I continues to deliver important benefits, it also raises important ethical and social issues. Robots and other A.I technologies have already begun to displace jobs in some sectors. As a society, we are now at a crucial juncture in determining how to deploy AI-based technologies in ways that promote, not hinder, democratic values such as freedom, equality, and transparency. For individuals, the quality of the lives we lead and how our contributions are valued are likely to shift gradually, but markedly. There is the possibility that there will be growth in unemployment, politics will have to evolve and wealth distribution may become even more disproportionate. There is even the prospect that A.I could create an arms race amongst the top countries of the world (Davis, 2016). Over the next several years, A.I research, systems development, and social and regulatory frameworks will need to shape how the benefits of A.I are weighed against its costs, securities and risks, and how broadly these benefits are spread. It is vitally important to note the darker side of A.I. Sceptics of A.I argue that A.I researchers are not fully aware of the consequences that ‘general intelligence’; a flexibility across multiple domains in machines, could hold (Johnston et al, 2015). They claim that once we engage in building machines smarter than we are, the inevitable outcome is that these machines will out think us. Godley (2014) defines this as ‘intelligence explosion’ and highlights such a phenomenon is highly credible and reasonable. After all, within the spectrum of intelligence, a super-intelligent A.I machine using electronic rather than biochemical circuitry could function one million times faster than those that built it. Its unprecedented ability of intelligence will be unfathomable and it will definitely see the human race as an inhibiting factor (ibid). Though, this concept seems science-fiction in nature, based on Harris’ (2016) A.I developmental assumptions, this holds credibility and needs to be seriously addressed. Overall, the measure of success for A.I applications is the value they create for human lives. In that light, they should be designed to enable people to understand AI systems successfully, participate in their use, and build their trust. Public policies should help ease society’s adaptation to A.I applications, extend their benefits, and mitigate their inevitable errors and failures worldwide. Debate about how A.I is deployed, including contemporary concerns about how privacy is protected and the future implications of A.I, should be encouraged. Given the speed with which A.I technologies are being realized, the Study Panel recommends that all layers of government acquire technical expertise in A.I. Further, research on the fairness, security, privacy, and societal implications of AI systems should be encouraged by removing impediments and increasing private and public spending to support it. Article source: Stone, et al. (2016). One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100). Stanford University Journal. Retrieved February 1, 2016 from https://ai100.stanford.edu. Definition source: Nils J. Nilsson, (2010). The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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