How did the trans-Atlantic slave system contribute to the development of colonial America? How and why did Virginia shift from indentured servitude to slavery? What reasons
page 58-75
- How did the trans-Atlantic slave system contribute to the development of colonial America?
- How and why did Virginia shift from indentured servitude to slavery?
- What reasons did 19th century slave owners use to justify the use of Black slave labor?
- Why did Reconstruction end, and what effect did it have on free Black communities?
- What are Jim Crow laws? Why were they adopted in many southern states?
- Explain key events and figures of the civil rights movement. How did the movement develop?
OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER i
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OUR LIVES AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER
WEST HILLS COLLEGE LEMOORE
OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER ii
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CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Guadalupe Capozzi Silas Cha Daryl Johnson
EDITOR Neomi Daniels CONTENT REVIEWERS Katie Conklin Greg Kennedy Rene Paredes Jacqui Shehorn Kelsey Smith COVER IMAGE Image by Jackson David, Pexels is licensed under CC BY 4.0 COPYRIGHT Produced and distributed under a Creative Commons License in June 2022. “Our Lives: An Ethnic Studies Primer” by Vera Kennedy and Rowena Bermio is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. The contents of this book were developed under an Open Textbooks Pilot grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education. However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.
OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 1. The Significance of Ethnic Studies……………………………………………………………………. 1
Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Key Terms & Concepts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
Application 1.1 Acknowledging Indigenous People’s Land …………………………………………………………. 3
Understanding Race………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Application 1.2 Breaking the Illusion of Skin Color ……………………………………………………………………. 4
Race-Ethnic Relations Today………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Application 1.3 Leadership Development through Intergroup Dialogue ……………………………………… 8
Race-Ethnic Group Perceptions ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Explanations of Racial Inequalities ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Table 1. Structural Factors of Social Position & Intergroup Relations ……………………………………….. 11
Application 1.4 Intergroup Dialogue & Social Change ……………………………………………………………… 13
Application 1.5 Social Distancing by Race & Ethnicity ……………………………………………………………… 15
Reality of Inequality ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
Table 2. Indicators of Racial Ethnic Inequality in the United States ………………………………………….. 16
Table 3. Indicators of Racial Ethnic Inequality in the United States ………………………………………….. 16
Application 1.6 Housing Discrimination …………………………………………………………………………………. 18
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Module 2. Our Power & Identity …………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
Collective Culture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Social & Cultural Bonds ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
Biographical Reflection 2.1 When Did You Become Black? ………………………………………………………. 25
Levels of Culture ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER iv
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Groups & Organizations ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
Application 2.1 Your Regional Culture …………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Doing Culture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Identity Formation & Politics ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Intersectionality …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Application 2.2 The Privilege & Oppression of Intersectionality ……………………………………………….. 32
Globalization & Identity ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
Identity Today ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
Cultural Change & Adaptation …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
Othering & Belonging ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
Biographical Reflection 2.2 One Times Three Equals One ………………………………………………………… 38
Application 2.3 The Meaning & Impact of Your Story ……………………………………………………………… 39
Application 2.4 Privilege & Life Chances ………………………………………………………………………………… 40
Biographical Reflection 2.3 Single Mother Gets a Bad Rap ………………………………………………………. 41
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Module 3. Our Story: Native Americans …………………………………………………………………………. 45
Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
Indigenous Peoples of the Americas …………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
Contact & Conflict with the “Old World” …………………………………………………………………………………… 46
English Colonial Period ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
Westward Expansion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
Application 3.1 Shifting Perspective: Cherokee Indians …………………………………………………………… 50
The 20th Century …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Application 3.2 Shifting Perspective: Alcatraz Proclamation …………………………………………………….. 54
Application 3.3 Our Fires Still Burn ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
The Recent Past ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55
OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER v
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Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
Module 4. Our Story: African Americans ………………………………………………………………………… 58
Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
Colonial Period to Reconstruction ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
Application 4.1 Shifting Perspective: Benjamin Banneker ………………………………………………………… 62
Application 4.2 Shifting Perspective: Justifying Slavery ……………………………………………………………. 64
1877 to WWII ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67
Application 4.3 Shifting Perspective: What is Race? ……………………………………………………………….. 69
Civil Rights Movement of the 60s & 70s ……………………………………………………………………………………. 71
Application 4.4 Shifting Perspective: Letter from Birmingham …………………………………………………. 72
The Recent Past ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73
Biographical Reflection 4.1 A Proud American, or a Proud African American? …………………………… 74
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Module 5. Our Story: Asian Americans ………………………………………………………………………….. 77
Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77
Mid 1800s to early 20th Century ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78
Global Conflicts & the 20th Century ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 82
Application 5.1 Shifting Perspective: Self-Determination ………………………………………………………… 82
Application 5.2 Shifting Perspective: Japanese Internment ……………………………………………………… 83
New Immigrants & Expansion of Diversity …………………………………………………………………………………. 83
The Recent Past ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 85
Biographical Reflection 5.1 Southeast Asian Refugees…………………………………………………………….. 86
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER vi
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Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
Module 6. Our Story: Latinx Americans …………………………………………………………………………. 90
Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90
Indigenous People’s & Colonization …………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
Westward Expansion & Warfare ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
Labor & Civil Rights ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96
Application 6.1 Shifting Perspective: Zoot Suit Riots ……………………………………………………………….. 97
Application 6.2 Shifting Perspective: Labor & the Struggle of Migrant Farm Workers …………………. 99
The Recent Past ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
Biographical Reflection 6.1 A Little Goes a Long Way ……………………………………………………………. 101
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101
Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 102
Module 7. Our Divisions ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103
Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103
Cultural Hierarchies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 104
Prejudice ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104
Biographical Reflection 7.1 New Home and Race Relations ……………………………………………………. 105
Application 7.1 The Thinking Behind Prejudice …………………………………………………………………….. 109
Biographical Reflection 7.2 This is Not an Altercation ……………………………………………………………. 110
Application 7.2 The Affect of Implicit Bias ……………………………………………………………………………. 114
Racism & Exploitation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 114
Application 7.3 Little Acts of Discrimination …………………………………………………………………………. 115
Application 7.4 Recognizing White Privilege ……………………………………………………………………….. 116
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 117
OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER vii
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Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117
To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117
Application 7.5 Visual Ethnography Part 1 …………………………………………………………………………… 118
Application 7.6 Visual Ethnography Part 2 …………………………………………………………………………… 119
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 119
Module 8. Our Way Forward …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 123
Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 123
Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 123
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
Racial & Social Justice ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
Biographical Reflection 8.1 The Blue Mornings …………………………………………………………………….. 125
Reducing Prejudice …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 128
Biographical Reflection 8.2 My Turn, Why Ending Prejudice Is Not a Hopeless Cause ……………….. 130
Building Community ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 132
Table 4. Anti-Racist & Anti-Colonial Practices ………………………………………………………………………. 132
Cultural Intelligence ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132
Biographical Reflection 8.3 Religious & Cultural Conflict ……………………………………………………….. 134
Application 8.1 Cultural Intelligence Resources ……………………………………………………………………. 136
Conflict Resolution Strategies & Practices ……………………………………………………………………………. 137
Table 5. Five Modes of Resolving Conflict ……………………………………………………………………………. 138
Application 8.2 Conflict Reduction In Action ………………………………………………………………………… 139
Table 6. Conflict Reduction Techniques ………………………………………………………………………………. 140
Truth Telling & Social Discourse …………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
Table 7. Types of Ignorance ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 141
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142
Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 142
To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 142
Application 8.3Fostering Connections …………………………………………………………………………………. 143
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 144
OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER viii
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