March 21, 2024

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of 3 of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities discussed in Chapter 4. Your initial post should be at least 5

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of 3 of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities discussed in Chapter 4.

Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted, and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.

Read and watch the lecture resources & materials below early in the week to help you respond to the discussion questions and to complete your assignment(s).

(Note: The citations below are provided for your research convenience. You should always cross-reference the current APA guide for correct styling of citations and references in your academic work.)

Read

Ritter, L.A., & Graham, D.H. (2023). Multicultural Health (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Cognella.
- Chapter 3
  Chapter 3 Lecture Slides Download Chapter 3 Lecture Slides
- Chapter 4
  Chapter 4 Lecture Slides Download Chapter 4 Lecture Slides

Watch

National Cancer Institute. (2010, Aug 10). Lifelines: Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Video]. YouTube
Lifelines: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (01:30)Links to an external site.

Visit PubMed under the A-to-Z Databases on the University Library's website. Locate and read the article below:
- NCCIH strategic plan FY 2021–2025. (n.d.). NCCIH. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/about/nccih-strategic-plan-2021-2025
  NCCIH Strategic Plan FY 2021-2025Links to an external site.

Multicultural Health

Chapter 4: Complementary and

Alternative Medicine

Lois Ritter and Donald H. Graham

Overview of Chapter Topics

History of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices
CAM usage in the U.S.
An overview of some CAM modalities
Use of unlicensed practitioners
Laws related to CAM

History of CAM Practices

Complementary medicine
Treatment modalities used in conjunction with conventional Western medical therapies.
Alternative medicine
Treatment modalities used instead of conventional medical therapies.

History of CAM Practices

Both refer to treatment modalities that are not based on Western, science-based medicine, such as:
Folk or traditional remedies, including herbal cures
Chinese medicine, including acupuncture
Naturopathy
Homeopathy
Midwifery

History of CAM Practices

Prior to late 19th century, American medical care was provided by lay healers, naturopaths, homeopaths, midwives, and botanical healers, in addition to conventionally trained doctors.
Nineteenth century advances in science led to the standardization of medical training and practice by the early 20th century.
In the first half of the 20th century, nonconventional treatments were marginalized.

History of CAM Practices

The 1950s saw a resurgence of interest in alternative medical practices.
Counterculture movements of the 60s-70s fueled interest in “natural” and “holistic” healing practices.
Recent decades have seen the development of medical approaches that integrate the conventional and the CAM.

CAM Usage in the U.S.

In 2012, the out of pocket amount that was spent in the United States on complementary health approaches was $30.2 billion
Of that $30.2 billion, $28.3 billion was for adults and $1.9 billion was for children.

CAM Usage in the U.S.

CAM Policy

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) is the lead Federal agency for scientific research on the usefulness and safety of complementary and integrative health practices.
NCCIH released its most recent strategic plan in 2016.

CAM Policy

The strategic plan in 2016 with five strategic objectives:

Objective 1. Advance Fundamental Science and Methods Development

Objective 2. Improve Care for Hard-to-Manage Symptoms

Objective 3. Foster Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Objective 4. Enhance the Complementary and Integrative Health Research Workforce

Objective 5. Disseminate Objective Evidence-based Information on Complementary and Integrative Health Interventions

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Ayurvedic medicine
Originally described in the Sanscrit Vedas (means science of life), it was the major health care practice in pre-Raj India.
Practitioners seek to balance combinations of the five elements seen as basic by this system (ether, air, fire, water, and earth).
The elements combine to form doshas (the three vital energies that regulate everything in life).

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Table 4-3: The Doshas

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Yoga is an ancient system of exercises and breathing techniques said to encourage physical/spiritual well-being.
Some yoga practitioners teach that centers of energy, known as chakras, are connected to the nerves and spinal cord.
It is believed that certain asanas and meditations can positively influence the chakras, improving physical and mental health.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Traditional Chinese medicine
The cause of the disease must be cured, not just the symptoms.
Considers a person’s body, mind, spirit, and emotions as part of one complete whole rather than individual parts that are to be treated separately.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Traditional Chinese medicine is based on the interrelated theories of:
Qi (“chee”)
Five elements
Ying and yang theory
Meridian theory

Theories of Traditional
Chinese Medicine

Qi
Vital life force that flows through 12 meridians.
Has two parts (1) energy or power, and (2) conscious intelligence.
Parts are found in organ system and allow them to perform physical and energetic functions.
Flow through channels is disturbed by negative thoughts or feelings.

Theories of Traditional
Chinese Medicine

Five elements

Wood

Fire

Earth

Metal

Water

The organ systems are tied to a particular element.
The theory illustrates the interrelatedness between all things.
If elements are not in balance health problems occur.

Theories of Traditional
Chinese Medicine

Table 4-4: The Characteristics of the Five Elements

Theories of Traditional
Chinese Medicine

Yin/Yang
Everything is made up of two polar energies.
Neither can exist without the other.
The principle is based on interconnections and interdependence.

Theories of Traditional
Chinese Medicine

Figure 4-6: The symbol of yin and yang is a circle with two equal and opposite halves.

Theories of Traditional
Chinese Medicine

Bodily meridians are channels through which qi, blood, and information flow.
There are 12 meridians: 6 are ying and 6 are yang.
Meridians work to balance the body.

Theories of Traditional
Chinese Medicine

Figure 4-7: Meridians

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Treatment modalities include:

Acupuncture: Stimulates specific points along the meridians to achieve balance; works by bringing qi to the affected part of the body.

Chinese herbal therapy: Used to bring balance, classified by the five elements and their ying and yang properties.

Qigong: Translates to “energy work”; involves movement, breathing, and meditation.

Tai chi: Improves the flow of qi through the body to encourage balance and harmony.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Naturopathy, or Natural Medicine
Originated in Germany during the late 19th century.
Aims to enable the body’s own healing powers by helping it to restore its homeostasis (equilibrium).
Naturopathic treatment modalities include herbal remedies and hydrotherapy (uses compresses, wraps, hot and cold baths).

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Naturopathic doctors (NDs) or naturopathic medical doctors (NMDs) work to identify the cause of disease through an understanding of the body, mind, and spirit of the person.
Naturopathic doctors use a variety of therapies and techniques including nutrition, behavior change, herbal medicine, homeopathy, and acupuncture.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Naturopathy has two major focus areas:

Supporting the body’s own healing abilities.

Empowering people to make lifestyle changes necessary to achieve the best possible health.

Naturopathic doctors emphasize prevention and patient education; they treat both acute and chronic conditions.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Table 4-5: The Six Key Principles of Naturopathy

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Herbal remedies
Plants used for medicinal purposes are classified as medicinal herbs.
Herbs have been used to treat diseases for centuries.
Many conventional medications were originally developed from herbs.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Herbal remedies use herbs to restore homeostasis through treating the cause of diseases.
Herbal preparations use either whole plants or parts of plants.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Herbal products are often sold as dietary supplements in the U.S.
Cannabis is an herbal remedy that is sold in many forms such as supplements, gummies, and in food.
People often use the words “cannabis” and “marijuana” interchangeably, but they do not have the same meaning.
Cannabis refers to all products derived from the plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana refers to parts of or products from the plant Cannabis sativa that contain substantial amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

THC is the substance that’s primarily responsible for the effects of marijuana on a person’s mental state. Some cannabis plants contain very little THC. Under U.S. law, these plants are considered “industrial hemp” rather than marijuana
May be helpful in treating certain rare forms of epilepsy, nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, and loss of appetite and weight loss associated with HIV/AIDS.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Evidence suggests modest benefits of cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain and multiple sclerosis symptoms.
It is now widely used to treat pain, nausea, anxiety, depression, muscle spasms, and seizures.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Cannabis has been linked to some harmful effects.
increased risk of motor vehicle crashes
smoking cannabis during pregnancy has been linked to lower birth weight
Some people who use cannabis develop cannabis use disorder, which has symptoms such as craving, withdrawal, lack of control, and negative effects on personal and professional responsibilities
In addition to a general craving to use cannabis, withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, sleep difficulties, decreased appetite, restlessness, depressed mood, aggression, irritability, nausea, sweating, headache, stomach pain, strange dreams, increased anger and shakiness

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

According to the DSHEA, a producer is responsible for determining that the dietary supplements it manufactures or distributes are safe and that any representations or claims made about them are substantiated by adequate evidence to show that they are not false or misleading.
Dietary supplements do not need approval from the FDA before they are marketed.
After a dietary supplement is on the market, the FDA has the responsibility of monitoring its safety and, if found to be unsafe, to take action to remove it from the market.
A product may not be sold as a dietary supplement and promoted as a treatment, prevention, or cure for a specific disease or condition.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Cannabis is not legal under Federal law.
The FDA has determined that products containing THC or CBD cannot be sold legally as dietary supplements.
Foods to which THC or CBD has been added cannot be sold legally in interstate commerce.
Whether they can be sold legally within a state depends on that state’s laws and regulations. The states laws vary.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Reiki is pronounced “ray-kee.”
Practitioners of Reiki place their hands lightly on or just above a person, with the goal of facilitating the person’s own healing response.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

The modern-day Reiki practice may have started in Tibet more than 2,500 years ago.
Reiki was rediscovered in the early 1900s by a Japanese man named Dr. Mikao Usui.
The practice is not used to diagnose or treat specific illnesses.
Reiki is used to promote relaxation, decrease stress and anxiety, and increase a person’s general sense of well-being.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Meditation is a group of mental techniques intended to provide relaxation and mental harmony, quiet one’s mind, and increase awareness.
It has been practiced in many cultures for thousands of years.
Meditative practices are found in Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamic religious traditions.
Meditation is currently utilized for nonreligious purposes, such as improved emotional and physical health, e.g., decrease stress, anxiety, and pain.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Common types of meditation practices include:
Mindfulness meditation
Transcendental meditation
Spiritual meditation

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Health benefits are associated with the practice of meditation.
Stress reduction, decreased anxiety, decreased depression, reduction in physical and psychological pain, improved memory, and increased efficiency.
Physiological benefits include reduced blood pressure, heart rate, lactate, cortisol, and epinephrine; decreased metabolism, breathing pattern, oxygen utilization, and carbon dioxide elimination; and increased melatonin, among others.

Overview of Some Specific CAM
Treatment Modalities

Unlicensed Practitioners

Those who attempt to practice the healing arts without obtaining the requisite license and complying with the licensing laws are prosecuted for the unlicensed practice of the particular profession.
Penalties for unlawful practice can be stiff and include both prison time and monetary penalties.

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Describe the advantages and disadvantages of 3 of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities discussed in Chapter 4. Your initial post should be at least 5

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