An otherwise healthy 26-year-old small business owner presents to the emergency department with a one-day history of increasing diffuse

An otherwise healthy 26-year-old small business owner presents to the emergency department with a one-day history of increasing diffuse periumbilical abdominal pain and vomiting. He had an inguinal hernia repair as a toddler, but has not had any other abdominal surgeries. On light palpation of his abdomen guarding is noted. Which techniques might be used to distinguish voluntary from involuntary guarding? Ask the patient to raise his arms above his head. Ask the patient to breathe with his mouth as his jaw is dropped open. Ask the patient to straighten his legs. Ask the patient to take deep inspirations. Ask the patient to focus on relaxing painful areas.