Prostate Cancer in Miami, Florida Prostate cancer is still a major health concern globally. Prostate cancer affects millions of men globally and ranks as the second most common cancer in men. It was the most often diagnosed cancer in certain nations in 2020, with an expected 1.41 million new cases and 375,304 fatalities recorded. For men, the disease largely causes cancer-related mortality, and its risk rises sharply with age. More than 85% of patients receiving a new diagnosis are older than 60 (Zhang et al., 2023).
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Prostate Cancer in Miami, Florida
Odalys Sandoval
Miami Regional University
Role Development in Family Practice: Clinical Integration
Professor: Ferrer, Felix
February 17, 2024
Prostate Cancer in Miami, Florida
Prostate cancer is still a major health concern globally. Prostate cancer affects millions of men globally and ranks as the second most common cancer in men. It was the most often diagnosed cancer in certain nations in 2020, with an expected 1.41 million new cases and 375,304 fatalities recorded. For men, the disease largely causes cancer-related mortality, and its risk rises sharply with age. More than 85% of patients receiving a new diagnosis are older than 60 (Zhang et al., 2023). Prostate-specific antigen screening, environmental, metabolic, and modifiable behavioral risk factors are among the other factors that contribute to the epidemiological burden of the disease. Incidence and mortality rates differ based on ethnicity and geography, with developed countries experiencing higher rates compared to developing countries.
One of the most affected areas affected by Prostate Cancer is Miami, Florida. Miami is a lively and varied city that is famous for its busy lifestyle and rich cultural history.. However, it faces numerous health challenges, including the prevalence of various diseases. Prostate cancer stands out as a significant health issue in Miami, affecting a considerable portion of the male population. In 2020, Miami-Dade County had a higher age-adjusted rate per 100,000 people for prostate cancer in 2020 than Florida (87.3). On this scale, Miami-Dade County is in the second quarter. In Florida, age-adjusted rates of prostate cancer per 100,000 people were higher in about half of the counties, while rates were lower in about 25% of the counties (Florida Department of Health, 2020).The incidence rates in recent decades underscore the need for enhanced awareness, prevention, and early detection measures. This paper explores Miami’s prostate cancer population’s health status, prevalence, impact, global burden, and need for improved treatment and quality of life for affected individuals.
Global Burden of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer develops when the gland in the male reproductive system, the prostate, becomes infected. The prostate is a tiny gland in men that produces seminal fluid; prostate cancer affects this gland. It can cause little harm if it stays contained to the prostate and grows slowly. Nonetheless, certain varieties are combative and swiftly proliferate (Wang et al., 2022). Prostate cancer has a higher chance of successful treatment when detected early before the gland is affected. Age, race, family background, genetics, and diet are all things that can put you at risk for prostate cancer. A person’s age, race, family background, genes, and diet can all make them more likely to get prostate cancer.. Age increases the risk after 50, while race is more common in Black people. Genetic mutations and family history raise the risk. High-fat diets may also increase the risk. Genetic factors and Lynch syndrome also contribute to prostate cancer risk (Mumuni et al., 2023).
Signs and Symptoms
Early-stage prostate cancer often has no symptoms, progresses slowly, and requires little or no treatment. However, the most common grievance is urinary problems, including frequent urination, poor pee flow, particularly at night, or difficulty urinating, and blood in the urine or semen. Other symptoms are erectile dysfunction, weariness, unintentional weight loss, and soreness or discomfort in the lower back or pelvis. People with advanced prostate cancer might not have any signs. The cancer’s size and the extent of its spread throughout the body will determine any possible symptoms. Advanced prostate cancer symptoms can also include bone pain, fatigue, and inexplicable weight loss (Gnanapragasam et al., 2022). However, the symptoms may be linked to other conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), necessitating a thorough medical evaluation for a precise diagnosis.
Diagnosis
There are different ways to check for prostate cancer, but the most popular ones are digital rectal exams (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests. Prostate cancer diagnosis starts at patient-provider discussions about screening benefits and risks. Digital rectal examination (DRE) helps examine the lower rectum, the lower part of the belly, and the pelvis. It is an exam where the doctor feels for the texture, shape, and size of the prostate for any abnormalities. An elevated level of prostate-specific antigen can also be measured through the PSA test.
Further testing like transrectal ultrasound or MRI offer detailed image if abnormalities are found. In some cases, biopsy would be necessary to get prostate tissue sample for analysis. Gleason scoring technique assess the aggressiveness of prostate cancer by evaluating the differentiation of cancer cells from healthy ones. Genomic testing might give us more information about how things will go, but its broad use is still up for debate. The spread of cancer can be assessed using imaging tests such as bone scans, CT scans, or PET scans. The tests assign stages to cancer, denoted by Roman numerals I to IV, indicating its extent and whether it has spread beyond the prostate (PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board, 2019)
Treatment
Treatment options for prostate cancer depend on the overall condition of the disease, its growth rate, and how far it has spread.. Doctors may advise active surveillance, which includes routine blood tests, rectal examinations, and prostate biopsies, for people who do not require immediate treatment. Radiation or surgery may be used as treatments if the cancer gets worse. When someone has surgery for prostate cancer, the prostate gland and some tissue and lymph nodes around it are taken out. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy is a common technique, while retropubic surgery involves making one lengthy lower abdominal incision made to access and remove the prostate gland. Surgery techniques vary, but the best approach depends on the patient’s specific situation.
Radiation therapy, like external beam radiation and brachytherapy, uses powerful energy to destroy cancer cells (Sekhoacha et al., 2022). Using high-powered energy beams to target the prostate is part of external beam radiation treatment. Placing radioactive sources in the prostate tissue is a common procedure. Procedures involving freezing or heating prostate tissue can efficiently remove prostate tissue by using cold or heat.. Chemotherapy using potent medications to either stop or reduce the growth of cancer cells can also be used in advanced or metastatic prostate cancer cases.
References
Florida Department Of Health. (2020). Prostate cancer incidence – Florida Health CHARTS – Florida Department of Health. Www.flhealthcharts.gov. https://www.flhealthcharts.gov/ChartsDashboards/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=NonVitalInd.Dataviewer&cid=0450
Gnanapragasam, V. J., Greenberg, D., & Burnet, N. (2022). Urinary symptoms and prostate cancer—the misconception that may be preventing earlier presentation and better survival outcomes. BMC Medicine, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02453-7
Mumuni, S., O’ Donnell, C., & Doody, O. (2023). The risk factors and screening uptake for prostate cancer: a scoping review. Healthcare, 11(20), 2780–2780. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202780
PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. (2019, October 18). Prostate cancer screening (pdq®). Nih.gov; National Cancer Institute (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65945/
Sekhoacha, M., Riet, K., Motloung, P., Gumenku, L., Adegoke, A., & Mashele, S. (2022). Prostate cancer review: genetics, diagnosis, treatment options, and alternative approaches. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 27(17), 5730. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175730
Wang, L., Lu, B., He, M., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., & Du, L. (2022). Prostate cancer incidence and mortality: global status and temporal trends in 89 countries from 2000 to 2019. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.811044
Zhang, W., Cao, G., Wu, F., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Hu, H., & Xu, K. (2023). Global burden of prostate cancer and association with socioeconomic status, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 13(3), 407–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-023-00103-6
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