What Trash Have Humans Left Behind in Space Discussion Keener English 102 Fall 2023 Unit 2 Essay
Purpose: Detail your research from online sources, original research, and your own experience (if applicable) in an essay of at least 3 pages (MLA, Times New Roman, 12 pt. font, doublespaced). Details: Students must conduct original research to answer a research question that relates to a topic of their choosing. Students must compile a report from multiple types of sources including all of the following: 1. Academic Research: Students must include at least two credible sources. One of these sources must be from an academic database. 2. News Source: Students must include at least one credible, contemporary news source to help provide context and demonstrate how their report connects to contemporary events. Students may also find an interview online with a trusted figure on their topic to count for this category. 3. Original Research: Students must include original research conducted through an interview, survey or field observation as approved by the instructor. Sources: The Report should be written according to MLA formatting. It should include a title, a works cited page, an MLA header and page numbers. You must fulfull the requirements listed under details above. These sources should be credible and at least one must be found through database research. Submission: When you submit your final draft, you must also submit proof of your original research. You can share surveys by making me ([email protected]) a collaborator on your Google form. You can share proof of interviews by turning in an informed consent form. Due Dates: A rough draft is due on Canvas by the start of class on October 17. The final draft is due on Canvas by the start of class on October 19. Mackey Bonds Sources Gorman, Alice. Dr. Space vs The Universe: Archaeology and the Future. MIT Press, 2019. Hollingsworth, Gabrielle. “Space Junk: Why the United Nations Must Step in to Save Access to Space.” Santa Clara L. Rev. 53 (2013): 239. CNN. “Space debris narrowly misses space telescope at the Very Large Array.” CNN, 2 Oct. 2023, https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/02/world/space-debris-fine-dish-fcc-scn/index.html. NASA. “NASA Technology Designed to Turn Space Trash into Treasure.” NASA, Date of Publication or Update, https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/armstrong/nasa-technology-designed-to-turnspace-trash-into-treasure/ ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Start time Completion time Email 10/16/23 15:02:02 10/16/23 15:03:07 anonymous 10/16/23 15:01:46 10/16/23 15:03:37 anonymous 10/16/23 15:06:59 10/16/23 15:09:46 anonymous 10/16/23 15:11:16 10/16/23 15:12:53 anonymous 10/16/23 15:36:11 10/16/23 15:38:43 anonymous 10/16/23 15:57:43 10/16/23 16:00:28 anonymous 10/16/23 16:12:38 10/16/23 16:16:28 anonymous 10/16/23 16:24:08 10/16/23 16:26:31 anonymous 10/16/23 17:52:51 10/16/23 17:55:38 anonymous Name Last modified time Demographics: Please share Are some you aware basic of information the issue of about space yourself. junk and What debris is yo le 38 Yes 33 Yes 38 Somewhat 28 Somewhat 34 Yes 35 Yes 25 Yes 52 Yes 58 Yes How interested are you inHow learning well about do youspace understand debris? Where thedoimpact you usually of space getHow debris information important on space about do activities you space think and debris? itmissions? is to(Select address all the thatissue app Neutral Neutral Documentaries Extremely important Neutral Extremely not well Documentaries Neutral Neutral Neutral Social Media Neutral Neutral Extremely not well Social Media Extremely important Extremely interested Extremely well Documentaries Neutral Neutral Neutral I do not get information about Extremely spaceimportant debris Neutral Neutral Social Media Extremely important Neutral Extremely not well News Extremely important Extremely interested Neutral News Neutral Are you aware of efforts and What technologies concerns you used most toWho mitigate about dospace you or clean think debris? up should space (Select What bedebris? responsible alldo that you apply) think for that cleaning can be updone or preventing to reducespace the am d No Risk to astronauts Space Agencies (NASA, ESA) No Long term effects on space Space exploration Agencies (NASA, ESA) Not really sure since trying to reduce it has not been d No Environmental impacts Private space companies Not sure, I would need to learn more about where spa Somewhat Environmental impacts Governments Environmental Awareness, actual facts, research No Risk to astronauts Space Agencies (NASA, ESA) collection methods Somewhat Environmental impacts Space Agencies (NASA, ESA) By making sure items are removed after no longer nee Somewhat Environmental impacts International organizations utilizing newest technology to detect/characterize the Somewhat Environmental impacts International organizations require organizations and governments to remove obj Somewhat Environmental impacts International organizations All international agencies or organizations who are sen ternational agencies or organizations who are sending things into space need to be responsible for what they are leaving there. Remember the saying, they are leaving there. Remember the saying, leave it better than you found it! 1 Question 1: How did Mesopotamians and Egyptians differ in their view of the gods and morality? Mackey Bonds HIS 201 Dr. Matherne October 8, 2023 2 Introduction Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, often considered the cradles of civilization, held distinctive theological and moral worldviews that permeated all aspects of their cultures. Ancient civilizations significantly contributed to human culture with their rich histories and immense contributions. Their religious practices and ethical behaviors guided their daily lives and governing principles. This essay reveals the many differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian conceptions of gods and morals, providing insight into both systems’ fundamental roots. While Mesopotamians and Egyptians both believed in different gods that represented different aspects of nature, their moral attitudes and understandings of celestial beings affected the very core of each civilization. Exploring these differences offers insight into these ancient people’s religious practices, moral codes, and interplay among geography, culture, and spiritual beliefs. Mesopotamian View of Gods and Morality Mesopotamia was distinguished by an unpredictable and disordered natural environment that enormously influenced their concept of gods and morals. Mesopotamians believed their gods to be powerful yet unpredictable entities, possessing great strength but often acting abruptly and unexpectedly. Their outlook was formed due to encountering natural forces like floods or other devastating catastrophes that threatened their villages. Mesopotamians believed their lives depended entirely on divine favor, creating an overwhelming feeling of dependency upon divinity for survival. Mesopotamian civilization valued maintaining the gods’ favor to avoid disaster. Priests played an essential role in this effort by keeping gods happy through ritual offerings and prayer services to maintain godly favor and prevent catastrophes from occurring. Wiesner et al. (1789) highlights the significance of priests for Mesopotamian religious life. 3 Pericles’ Funeral Speech emphasizes the significance of religious rites to gain favor with the gods. Mesopotamian society was inextricably tied to obedience to divine will; its ethical framework focused on carrying out divine decrees and wishes of gods. According to primary texts, failing to satisfy the gods can have severe repercussions. For instance, The Melian Debate sheds light on Athenians’ realpolitik approach of prioritizing power and practicality over moral concerns, reflecting their gods’ capricious natures within Mesopotamian cultures. Egyptian View of Gods and Morality Ancient Egypt enjoyed a much less devastating natural environment compared to Mesopotamia. The Nile River offered reliable floods yearly, creating an agricultural and prosperous ecosystem. As a result, Egyptians viewed their gods as benign and usually sympathetic figures who helped keep order during times of chaos and disaster (Wheel of the year, n.d.). Many Egyptians even thought their gods had established Egypt as a haven of order and virtue during a turbulent era. Egyptian morality was founded upon Ma’at, a divine principle representing balance, truthfulness, and harmony within nature (Wiesner et al., 1789). Maintaining Ma’at was not simply seen as a moral duty but was considered vitally important by its adherents. This ethical perspective highlighted values such as honesty, fairness, and justice as reflections of Ma’at. Primary source evidence, including fragments from Pericles’ Funeral Speech, indicates Ma’at as integral to Egyptian culture and aligns with ethical norms. Similarities and Differences Polytheism was central to both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, worshiping various gods and goddesses representing various aspects of nature and existence. However, their theologies and moralities differed dramatically due to different historical circumstances and experiences. Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations believed in various deities, yet their 4 theologies and moral codes varied significantly due to these unique historical settings and experiences (Wiesner et al., 1789). Both civilizations worshipped gods who played vital roles in creating their worlds. Mesopotamia was home to many gods and goddesses, such as An (or Anu), the sky deity; Enlil, responsible for storms and agriculture; and Ea (or Enki), the river god. Mesopotamians worshipped deities who represented fundamental natural forces they experienced, such as the stormy skies or the vital waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At its core, Egypt’s pantheon included Amen (Amon or Amun), as ruler of all gods; Ra (or Re), the sun god; and Osiris, the deity of both the Nile and its afterlife. These gods symbolized Egypt’s stability and life-supportive qualities – with annual flooding providing fertility and abundance. On the other hand, Mesopotamians saw their gods as unpredictable and demanding, necessitating an ethical system focused on appeasing them through ritual worship and obedience. Meanwhile, Egyptians saw themselves as more accepting. Mesopotamia was characterized by nature’s destructive power; reinforcing the belief that mankind was at the mercy of capricious deities. Primary writings such as Pericles’ Funeral Speech support this perspective by emphasizing the significance of ceremonies and sacrifices in pleasing gods; Egyptians, however, saw their gods as beneficial and order-creators. Egyptian society centered its moral code on maintaining Ma’at, an ethical concept closely tied to cosmic harmony and balance (Wheel of the year, n.d.). By adhering to Ma’at via good conduct, Egyptians believed they were aiding their communities and the universe. Texts such as Pericles’ Funeral Speech support this ethical position by emphasizing the need to maintain equilibrium and maintain equilibrium within Egyptian society. 5 Conclusion Mesopotamians and Egyptians had different beliefs in gods and morality which were formed by their unique natural settings and cultural circumstances. While both societies embraced polytheism, their perspectives on supernatural entities and moral precepts differed significantly, Mesopotamians often considered their gods unpredictable and required continual worshipping while Egyptians believed in benevolent deities and emphasized the preservation of cosmic order. Such distinctions demonstrate how location, climate, and cultural attitudes had an enormous effect on the religious and ethical systems of these early civilizations. 6 Reference Wiesner, M. E., Ruff, J. R., & Wheeler, W. B. (1789). Discovering the Western past: a look at the evidence. (No Title). Wheel of the year. (n.d.). the Mystic’s Wheel of the Year Calendar. http://www.wheeloftheyear.com/reference/NegativeConfession.htm 1 Question 1: How did Mesopotamians and Egyptians differ in their view of the gods and morality? Mackey Bonds HIS 201 Dr. Matherne October 8, 2023 2 Introduction Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, often considered the cradles of civilization, held distinctive theological and moral worldviews that permeated all aspects of their cultures. Ancient civilizations significantly contributed to human culture with their rich histories and immense contributions. Their religious practices and ethical behaviors guided their daily lives and governing principles. This essay reveals the many differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian conceptions of gods and morals, providing insight into both systems’ fundamental roots. While Mesopotamians and Egyptians both believed in different gods that represented different aspects of nature, their moral attitudes and understandings of celestial beings affected the very core of each civilization. Exploring these differences offers insight into these ancient people’s religious practices, moral codes, and interplay among geography, culture, and spiritual beliefs. Mesopotamian View of Gods and Morality Mesopotamia was distinguished by an unpredictable and disordered natural environment that enormously influenced their concept of gods and morals. Mesopotamians believed their gods to be powerful yet unpredictable entities, possessing great strength but often acting abruptly and unexpectedly. Their outlook was formed due to encountering natural forces like floods or other devastating catastrophes that threatened their villages. Mesopotamians believed their lives depended entirely on divine favor, creating an overwhelming feeling of dependency upon divinity for survival. Mesopotamian civilization valued maintaining the gods’ favor to avoid disaster. Priests played an essential role in this effort by keeping gods happy through ritual offerings and prayer services to maintain godly favor and prevent catastrophes from occurring. Wiesner et al. (1789) highlights the significance of priests for Mesopotamian religious life. 3 Pericles’ Funeral Speech emphasizes the significance of religious rites to gain favor with the gods. Mesopotamian society was inextricably tied to obedience to divine will; its ethical framework focused on carrying out divine decrees and wishes of gods. According to primary texts, failing to satisfy the gods can have severe repercussions. For instance, The Melian Debate sheds light on Athenians’ realpolitik approach of prioritizing power and practicality over moral concerns, reflecting their gods’ capricious natures within Mesopotamian cultures. Egyptian View of Gods and Morality Ancient Egypt enjoyed a much less devastating natural environment compared to Mesopotamia. The Nile River offered reliable floods yearly, creating an agricultural and prosperous ecosystem. As a result, Egyptians viewed their gods as benign and usually sympathetic figures who helped keep order during times of chaos and disaster (Wheel of the year, n.d.). Many Egyptians even thought their gods had established Egypt as a haven of order and virtue during a turbulent era. Egyptian morality was founded upon Ma’at, a divine principle representing balance, truthfulness, and harmony within nature (Wiesner et al., 1789). Maintaining Ma’at was not simply seen as a moral duty but was considered vitally important by its adherents. This ethical perspective highlighted values such as honesty, fairness, and justice as reflections of Ma’at. Primary source evidence, including fragments from Pericles’ Funeral Speech, indicates Ma’at as integral to Egyptian culture and aligns with ethical norms. Similarities and Differences Polytheism was central to both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, worshiping various gods and goddesses representing various aspects of nature and existence. However, their theologies and moralities differed dramatically due to different historical circumstances and experiences. Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations believed in various deities, yet their 4 theologies and moral codes varied significantly due to these unique historical settings and experiences (Wiesner et al., 1789). Both civilizations worshipped gods who played vital roles in creating their worlds. Mesopotamia was home to many gods and goddesses, such as An (or Anu), the sky deity; Enlil, responsible for storms and agriculture; and Ea (or Enki), the river god. Mesopotamians worshipped deities who represented fundamental natural forces they experienced, such as the stormy skies or the vital waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At its core, Egypt’s pantheon included Amen (Amon or Amun), as ruler of all gods; Ra (or Re), the sun god; and Osiris, the deity of both the Nile and its afterlife. These gods symbolized Egypt’s stability and life-supportive qualities – with annual flooding providing fertility and abundance. On the other hand, Mesopotamians saw their gods as unpredictable and demanding, necessitating an ethical system focused on appeasing them through ritual worship and obedience. Meanwhile, Egyptians saw themselves as more accepting. Mesopotamia was characterized by nature’s destructive power; reinforcing the belief that mankind was at the mercy of capricious deities. Primary writings such as Pericles’ Funeral Speech support this perspective by emphasizing the significance of ceremonies and sacrifices in pleasing gods; Egyptians, however, saw their gods as beneficial and order-creators. Egyptian society centered its moral code on maintaining Ma’at, an ethical concept closely tied to cosmic harmony and balance (Wheel of the year, n.d.). By adhering to Ma’at via good conduct, Egyptians believed they were aiding their communities and the universe. Texts such as Pericles’ Funeral Speech support this ethical position by emphasizing the need to maintain equilibrium and maintain equilibrium within Egyptian society. 5 Conclusion Mesopotamians and Egyptians had different beliefs in gods and morality which were formed by their unique natural settings and cultural circumstances. While both societies embraced polytheism, their perspectives on supernatural entities and moral precepts differed significantly, Mesopotamians often considered their gods unpredictable and required continual worshipping while Egyptians believed in benevolent deities and emphasized the preservation of cosmic order. Such distinctions demonstrate how location, climate, and cultural attitudes had an enormous effect on the religious and ethical systems of these early civilizations. 6 Reference Wiesner, M. E., Ruff, J. R., & Wheeler, W. B. (1789). Discovering the Western past: a look at the evidence. (No Title). Wheel of the year. (n.d.). the Mystic’s Wheel of the Year Calendar. http://www.wheeloftheyear.com/reference/NegativeConfession.htm 1 Question 1: How did Mesopotamians and Egyptians differ in their view of the gods and morality? Mackey Bonds HIS 201 Dr. Matherne October 8, 2023 2 Introduction Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, often considered the cradles of civilization, held distinctive theological and moral worldviews that permeated all aspects of their cultures. Ancient civilizations significantly contributed to human culture with their rich histories and immense contributions. Their religious practices and ethical behaviors guided their daily lives and governing principles. This essay reveals the many differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian conceptions of gods and morals, providing insight into both systems’ fundamental roots. While Mesopotamians and Egyptians both believed in different gods that represented different aspects of nature, their moral attitudes and understandings of celestial beings affected the very core of each civilization. Exploring these differences offers insight into these ancient people’s religious practices, moral codes, and interplay among geography, culture, and spiritual beliefs. Mesopotamian View of Gods and Morality Mesopotamia was distinguished by an unpredictable and disordered natural environment that enormously influenced their concept of gods and morals. Mesopotamians believed their gods to be powerful yet unpredictable entities, possessing great strength but often acting abruptly and unexpectedly. Their outlook was formed due to encountering natural forces like floods or other devastating catastrophes that threatened their villages. Mesopotamians believed their lives depended entirely on divine favor, creating an overwhelming feeling of dependency upon divinity for survival. Mesopotamian civilization valued maintaining the gods’ favor to avoid disaster. Priests played an essential role in this effort by keeping gods happy through ritual offerings and prayer services to maintain godly favor and prevent catastrophes from occurring. Wiesner et al. (1789) highlights the significance of priests for Mesopotamian religious life. 3 Pericles’ Funeral Speech emphasizes the significance of religious rites to gain favor with the gods. Mesopotamian society was inextricably tied to obedience to divine will; its ethical framework focused on carrying out divine decrees and wishes of gods. According to primary texts, failing to satisfy the gods can have severe repercussions. For instance, The Melian Debate sheds light on Athenians’ realpolitik approach of prioritizing power and practicality over moral concerns, reflecting their gods’ capricious natures within Mesopotamian cultures. Egyptian View of Gods and Morality Ancient Egypt enjoyed a much less devastating natural environment compared to Mesopotamia. The Nile River offered reliable floods yearly, creating an agricultural and prosperous ecosystem. As a result, Egyptians viewed their gods as benign and usually sympathetic figures who helped keep order during times of chaos and disaster (Wheel of the year, n.d.). Many Egyptians even thought their gods had established Egypt as a haven of order and virtue during a turbulent era. Egyptian morality was founded upon Ma’at, a divine principle representing balance, truthfulness, and harmony within nature (Wiesner et al., 1789). Maintaining Ma’at was not simply seen as a moral duty but was considered vitally important by its adherents. This ethical perspective highlighted values such as honesty, fairness, and justice as reflections of Ma’at. Primary source evidence, including fragments from Pericles’ Funeral Speech, indicates Ma’at as integral to Egyptian culture and aligns with ethical norms. Similarities and Differences Polytheism was central to both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, worshiping various gods and goddesses representing various aspects of nature and existence. However, their theologies and moralities differed dramatically due to different historical circumstances and experiences. Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations believed in various deities, yet their 4 theologies and moral codes varied significantly due to these unique historical settings and experiences (Wiesner et al., 1789). Both civilizations worshipped gods who played vital roles in creating their worlds. Mesopotamia was home to many gods and goddesses, such as An (or Anu), the sky deity; Enlil, responsible for storms and agriculture; and Ea (or Enki), the river god. Mesopotamians worshipped deities who represented fundamental natural forces they experienced, such as the stormy skies or the vital waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At its core, Egypt’s pantheon included Amen (Amon or Amun), as ruler of all gods; Ra (or Re), the sun god; and Osiris, the deity of both the Nile and its afterlife. These gods symbolized Egypt’s stability and life-supportive qualities – with annual flooding providing fertility and abundance. On the other hand, Mesopotamians saw their gods as unpredictable and demanding, necessitating an ethical system focused on appeasing them through ritual worship and obedience. Meanwhile, Egyptians saw themselves as more accepting. Mesopotamia was characterized by nature’s destructive power; reinforcing the belief that mankind was at the mercy of capricious deities. Primary writings such as Pericles’ Funeral Speech support this perspective by emphasizing the significance of ceremonies and sacrifices in pleasing gods; Egyptians, however, saw their gods as beneficial and order-creators. Egyptian society centered its moral code on maintaining Ma’at, an ethical concept closely tied to cosmic harmony and balance (Wheel of the year, n.d.). By adhering to Ma’at via good conduct, Egyptians believed they were aiding their communities and the universe. Texts such as Pericles’ Funeral Speech support this ethical position by emphasizing the need to maintain equilibrium and maintain equilibrium within Egyptian society. 5 Conclusion Mesopotamians and Egyptians had different beliefs in gods and morality which were formed by their unique natural settings and cultural circumstances. While both societies embraced polytheism, their perspectives on supernatural entities and moral precepts differed significantly, Mesopotamians often considered their gods unpredictable and required continual worshipping while Egyptians believed in benevolent deities and emphasized the preservation of cosmic order. Such distinctions demonstrate how location, climate, and cultural attitudes had an enormous effect on the religious and ethical systems of these early civilizations. 6 Reference Wiesner, M. E., Ruff, J. R., & Wheeler, W. B. (1789). Discovering the Western past: a look at the evidence. (No Title). Wheel of the year. (n.d.). the Mystic’s Wheel of the Year Calendar. http://www.wheeloftheyear.com/reference/NegativeConfession.htm 1 Question 1: How did Mesopotamians and Egyptians differ in their view of the gods and morality? Mackey Bonds HIS 201 Dr. Matherne October 8, 2023 2 Introduction Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, often considered the cradles of civilization, held distinctive theological and moral worldviews that permeated all aspects of their cultures. Ancient civilizations significantly contributed to human culture with their rich histories and immense contributions. Their religious practices and ethical behaviors guided their daily lives and governing principles. This essay reveals the many differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian conceptions of gods and morals, providing insight into both systems’ fundamental roots. While Mesopotamians and Egyptians both believed in different gods that represented different aspects of nature, their moral attitudes and understandings of celestial beings affected the very core of each civilization. Exploring these differences offers insight into these ancient people’s religious practices, moral codes, and interplay among geography, culture, and spiritual beliefs. Mesopotamian View of Gods and Morality Mesopotamia was distinguished by an unpredictable and disordered natural environment that enormously influenced their concept of gods and morals. Mesopotamians believed their gods to be powerful yet unpredictable entities, possessing great strength but often acting abruptly and unexpectedly. Their outlook was formed due to encountering natural forces like floods or other devastating catastrophes that threatened their villages. Mesopotamians believed their lives depended entirely on divine favor, creating an overwhelming feeling of dependency upon divinity for survival. Mesopotamian civilization valued maintaining the gods’ favor to avoid disaster. Priests played an essential role in this effort by keeping gods happy through ritual offerings and prayer services to maintain godly favor and prevent catastrophes from occurring. Wiesner et al. (1789) highlights the significance of priests for Mesopotamian religious life. 3 Pericles’ Funeral Speech emphasizes the significance of religious rites to gain favor with the gods. Mesopotamian society was inextricably tied to obedience to divine will; its ethical framework focused on carrying out divine decrees and wishes of gods. According to primary texts, failing to satisfy the gods can have severe repercussions. For instance, The Melian Debate sheds light on Athenians’ realpolitik approach of prioritizing power and practicality over moral concerns, reflecting their gods’ capricious natures within Mesopotamian cultures. Egyptian View of Gods and Morality Ancient Egypt enjoyed a much less devastating natural environment compared to Mesopotamia. The Nile River offered reliable floods yearly, creating an agricultural and prosperous ecosystem. As a result, Egyptians viewed their gods as benign and usually sympathetic figures who helped keep order during times of chaos and disaster (Wheel of the year, n.d.). Many Egyptians even thought their gods had established Egypt as a haven of order and virtue during a turbulent era. Egyptian morality was founded upon Ma’at, a divine principle representing balance, truthfulness, and harmony within nature (Wiesner et al., 1789). Maintaining Ma’at was not simply seen as a moral duty but was considered vitally important by its adherents. This ethical perspective highlighted values such as honesty, fairness, and justice as reflections of Ma’at. Primary source evidence, including fragments from Pericles’ Funeral Speech, indicates Ma’at as integral to Egyptian culture and aligns with ethical norms. Similarities and Differences Polytheism was central to both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, worshiping various gods and goddesses representing various aspects of nature and existence. However, their theologies and moralities differed dramatically due to different historical circumstances and experiences. Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations believed in various deities, yet their 4 theologies and moral codes varied significantly due to these unique historical settings and experiences (Wiesner et al., 1789). Both civilizations worshipped gods who played vital roles in creating their worlds. Mesopotamia was home to many gods and goddesses, such as An (or Anu), the sky deity; Enlil, responsible for storms and agriculture; and Ea (or Enki), the river god. Mesopotamians worshipped deities who represented fundamental natural forces they experienced, such as the stormy skies or the vital waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At its core, Egypt’s pantheon included Amen (Amon or Amun), as ruler of all gods; Ra (or Re), the sun god; and Osiris, the deity of both the Nile and its afterlife. These gods symbolized Egypt’s stability and life-supportive qualities – with annual flooding providing fertility and abundance. On the other hand, Mesopotamians saw their gods as unpredictable and demanding, necessitating an ethical system focused on appeasing them through ritual worship and obedience. Meanwhile, Egyptians saw themselves as more accepting. Mesopotamia was characterized by nature’s destructive power; reinforcing the belief that mankind was at the mercy of capricious deities. Primary writings such as Pericles’ Funeral Speech support this perspective by emphasizing the significance of ceremonies and sacrifices in pleasing gods; Egyptians, however, saw their gods as beneficial and order-creators. Egyptian society centered its moral code on maintaining Ma’at, an ethical concept closely tied to cosmic harmony and balance (Wheel of the year, n.d.). By adhering to Ma’at via good conduct, Egyptians believed they were aiding their communities and the universe. Texts such as Pericles’ Funeral Speech support this ethical position by emphasizing the need to maintain equilibrium and maintain equilibrium within Egyptian society. 5 Conclusion Mesopotamians and Egyptians had different beliefs in gods and morality which were formed by their unique natural settings and cultural circumstances. While both societies embraced polytheism, their perspectives on supernatural entities and moral precepts differed significantly, Mesopotamians often considered their gods unpredictable and required continual worshipping while Egyptians believed in benevolent deities and emphasized the preservation of cosmic order. Such distinctions demonstrate how location, climate, and cultural attitudes had an enormous effect on the religious and ethical systems of these early civilizations. 6 Reference Wiesner, M. E., Ruff, J. R., & Wheeler, W. B. (1789). Discovering the Western past: a look at the evidence. (No Title). Wheel of the year. (n.d.). the Mystic’s Wheel of the Year Calendar. http://www.wheeloftheyear.com/reference/NegativeConfession.htm
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