Documenting Evolution of Policing in A Chart Instructions
Assignment: Documenting Evolution of Policing in A Chart
Instructions:
1) Read each chapter’s provided powerpoints.
2) Respond to each set of discussion questions provided in each powerpoint
3) Create a chart that documents policing history according the provided data.
4) On an individual page, plot the evolution of policing using data from the powerpoint.
Criteria
APA format
Double Spaced
Original
One-full page for each chapter with discussion questions embedded.
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CRIJ3303Ch3.pptx
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CRIJ3303Ch2.pptx
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CRIJ3303Ch1.pptx
Chapter 3 Crime in the United States: Offenses, Offenders, Victims
© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3 Learning Objectives
LO 1: Identify the three most frequently used sources of information about crime.
LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.
LO 3: Compare and contrast the classical and positivist theories of crime causation.
LO 4: Describe, using results from official data, which demographics comprise the majority of criminal arrests in the U.S.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3 Learning Objectives (cont.)
LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.
LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Crime involves hurtful acts committed by individuals against other individuals or their property.
Until recently crimes have been examined as acts against the state and prosecuted as such.
The system is beginning to view criminals, victims, and society as all equally affected by criminal acts.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Sources of Information on Crime
Sources
Official sources
FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey
Self-report surveys
The media
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.
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Discussion Question #1
Why are crimes underreported? Is the underreporting of crimes a good or bad characteristic of a community?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.
6
Classification and Definitions
Violent and Property Crimes
Violent crime
Crimes against property
Do not usually involve violence.
Crimes excluded from the UCR
Misdemeanors or felonies
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.
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Crime Categories
Murder
Rape
Robbery
Assault
Burglary
Larceny
Theft
Arson
White-Collar
Cyber
Organized
Hate
Ritualistic
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.
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Discussion Question #2
What is the difference between reasonable fear and the sort of fear that inspires a hate crime? Why is the prevention of hate crime particularly difficult?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.
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Theories of Criminality
Major Theories
Theories of criminality and causes of crime
Classical theory
Positivist theory
The influence of biology
The influence of the environment
The combination of biology and environment
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 3: Compare and contrast the classical and positivist theories of crime causation.
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Offenders
Career criminals or recidivists
Juvenile offenders
Status offenders
Serious and violent Juveniles
8% offenders
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 4: Describe, using results from official data, which demographics comprise the majority of criminal cases arrests in the United States.
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Victims of Crime and Violence
Types of victims
Direct/primary
Indirect/secondary
Victimization Factors
Household
Individual risk
Age
Gender
Race
Fear and effects of victimization
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.
12
Dealing with Crime Victims
The “second wound”: Further victimization by the CJ system
Support groups to assist victims
The movement toward crime victims’ rights—a brief historical overview
Programs and services for crime victims
A parallel justice system for victims
The police role
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.
13
Leaky Net
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.
14
Police Officers as Victims
Officers may be assaulted or killed.
Most often they are secondary victims.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.
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Discussion Question #3
What would be the key features of a parallel justice system for victims?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.
16
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Chapter 2 The American Quest for Freedom and Justice: Our Laws
© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2 Learning Objectives
LO 1: Define what a law is.
LO 2: State the assertions of Declaration of Independence regarding civil rights and civil liberties.
LO 3: Explain the significance of the U.S. Constitution in terms of setting law in this country and its role in establishing the foundation for the criminal justice system.
LO 4: Describe in as much detail as possible what the Bill of Rights is.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2 Learning Objectives (cont.)
LO 5: Summarize the basic differences between a crime and a tort.
LO 6: Understand from where police get their power and authority and identify what restrictions are placed on this power and authority.
LO 7: Recognize what the scales of justice symbolize.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Introduction
The supreme law of the land is embodied in the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights.
Our system of laws is extremely complex.
May be classified according to:
Form—written or unwritten common law
Source—constitutional, statutory, case
Parties involved—public, private
Offense—criminal, civil
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
What is Law?
Complexities and Effects
Social or moral law
Precedents: Common law and case law
Statutory law
Equity
“Spirit of the law” takes precedence over the “letter of the law.”
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 1: Define what a law is.
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The Declaration of Independence
American Creed
Individual freedom
Civil rights
Civil liberties
Statement of philosophy
Checks and balances
Ensuring law and order
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 2: State the assertions of Declaration of Independence regarding civil rights and civil liberties.
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The U.S. Constitution
System
Fundamental laws and principles
Prescribe the nature, functions, and limits of a government or other body
Three branches of government
Federalism
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 3: Explain the significance of the U.S. Constitution in terms of setting law in this country and its role in establishing the foundation for the criminal justice system.
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Discussion Question #1
What other rights would you like to have enumerated in the Constitution?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 3: Explain the significance of the U.S. Constitution in terms of setting law in this country and its role in establishing the foundation for the criminal justice system.
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The Bill of Rights
Personal Guarantees
The First Amendment
The Second Amendment
The Fourth Amendment
The Fifth Amendment
The Sixth Amendment
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 4: Describe in as much detail as possible what the Bill of Rights is.
9
The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment
Personal Guarantees
The Eighth Amendment
The Ninth Amendment
The Tenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 4: Describe in as much detail as possible what the Bill of Rights is.
10
Discussion Question #2
Is any amendment more important than the others?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 4: Describe in as much detail as possible what the Bill of Rights is.
11
Criminal Law
Features
Defining crime and fixing punishment
Substantive criminal law
Proving that a crime has been committed
Procedural criminal law
Actus reus
Mens rea
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 5: Summarize the basic differences between a crime and a tort.
12
Civil Law and Torts
Distinctions
The law enforcement officer and civil liability
“Lawsuit paranoia”
The Civil Rights Act (Section 1983)
Levels of intent
Strict liability
Intentional wrong
Negligence
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 5: Summarize the basic differences between a crime and a tort.
13
Police Power
Enforcement
Police power is derived from:
The U.S. Constitution
U.S. Supreme Court decisions
Federal statutes
State constitutions
State statutes
State court decisions
Various municipal charters and ordinances
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 6: Understand from where police get their power and authority and identify what restrictions are placed on this power and authority.
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Needs of Society, Individual Rights
View of Social Control
Conflict theory
Consensus theory
Crime control versus due process
Due process: A constitutional guarantee
Conservative versus liberal crime control policies
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 6: Understand from where police get their power and authority and identify what restrictions are placed on this power and authority.
15
Discussion Question #3
Do you think the police have too much power or too little power?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 6: Understand from where police get their power and authority and identify what restrictions are placed on this power and authority.
16
Retributive v. Restorative Justice
State versus Individual
Shift in the criminal justice system
Two competing views
Retributive
An eye for an eye
Restorative
Reconciles needs of victim and offender
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 7: Recognize what the scales of justice symbolize.
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Law and Policy v. Discretion
Decisions
Discretion is the freedom to make judgments.
Discretion may be found throughout the criminal justice system.
One set of rules
Swift and certain
Allowances
No case is identical to another.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 7: Recognize what the scales of justice symbolize.
18
The Criminal Justice Pendulum
Dualities
Right end
Crime control
Rigid adherence
Retribution
Left end
Due process
Discretion
Restorative justice
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 7: Recognize what the scales of justice symbolize.
19
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CRIMINOLOGY THE CORE
Seventh Edition
Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
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© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
1
The Field of Criminology
An academic discipline that uses the scientific method to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior
An interdisciplinary field involving several academic disciplines
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© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Criminologists Do, Part 1
Criminal Statistics/Crime Measurement
Create valid and reliable measures of criminal behavior:
Formulate techniques for collecting and analyzing official measures of criminal activities
Develop survey instruments to measure unreported criminal activity
Design methods that make it possible to investigate the cause of crime
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Criminologists Do, Part 2
Sociology of Law/Law and Society/Sociolegal Studies
Investigate the role that social forces play in shaping criminal law
Investigate the role of criminal law in shaping society
Investigate history of legal thought
Suggest legal changes to benefit society
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Criminologists Do, Part 3
Developing Theories of Crime Causation
Psychological
Biological
Sociological
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Criminologists Do, Part 4
Explaining Criminal Behavior
Victim-precipitated homicide
The victim is a direct, positive precipitator of the incident
White-collar crime
Illegal acts that capitalize on a person’s status in the marketplace
Theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, false advertising
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Criminologists Do, Part 5
Penology: Punishment, Sanctions, and Corrections
Penology: the correction and control of known criminal offenders
Rehabilitation
Social control
Mandatory sentences
Capital punishment
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Criminologists Do, Part 6
Victimology
Victim surveys
Victimization risk
Victim culpability
Services for crime victims
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© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Criminologists Do, Part 7 (1 of 2)
Concept Summary 1.1—Criminology in Action
The following subareas constitute the discipline of criminology.
| Subarea | Focus of the Subarea |
| Criminal statistics | Gathering valid crime data. Devising new research methods; measuring crime patterns and trends. |
| Sociology of law / law and society / sociolegal studies | Determining the origin of law. Measuring the forces that can change laws and society. |
| Theory construction | Predicting individual behavior. Understanding the cause of crime rates and trends. |
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
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© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Criminologists Do, Part 7 (2 of 2)
| Subarea | Focus of the Subarea |
| Criminal behavior systems | Determining the nature and cause of specific crime patterns. Studying violence, theft, organized crime, white-collar crime, and public order crimes. |
| Penology: punishment, sanctions, and corrections | Studying the correction and control of criminal behavior. Using the scientific method to assess the effectiveness of criminal sanctions designed to control crime through the application of criminal punishments. |
| Victimology | Studying the nature and cause of victimization. Aiding crime victims; understanding the nature and extent of victimization; developing theories of victimization risk. |
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
A Brief History of Criminology, Part 1
Classical Criminology
Theoretical perspective suggesting that people choose to commit crime
Proposes that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
A Brief History of Criminology, Part 2
Positivist Criminology
Application of the scientific method
Objective
Universal
Culture-free
Predicting and explaining social phenomena in a logical manner
Empirical verification
Value-free
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
A Brief History of Criminology, Part 3
Sociological Criminology
Anomie
The Chicago School
Individual’s socialization
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© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
A Brief History of Criminology, Part 4
Conflict Criminology
Conflict Theory
Karl Marx
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat
Human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict
Crime is a product of human conflict
Critical Criminology
Crime is a product of capitalism
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
A Brief History of Criminology, Part 5
Developmental Criminology
Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
Complex view
Integration of sociological, psychological, and economic elements
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
A Brief History of Criminology, Part 6
Contemporary Criminology
Rational Choice Theory
Trait Theory
Social Structure Theory
Social Process Theory
Critical Theory
Developmental Theory
0
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
A Brief History of Criminology, Part 7
Concept Summary 1.2 Criminological Perspectives
The major perspectives of criminology focus on individual factors (biological, psychological, and choice theories), social factors (structural and process theories), political and economic factors (conflict theory), and multiple factors (developmental theory).
| Type of Perspective | Forces this Perspective Focuses on. |
| Classical/choice perspective | Situational forces. Crime is a function of free will and personal choice. Punishment is a deterrent to crime. |
| Biological/psychological perspective | Internal forces. Crime is a function of chemical, neurological, genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits. |
| Structural perspective | Ecological forces. Crime rates are a function of neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm co |
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