February 14, 2024

Documenting Evolution of Policing in A Chart Instructions

Law / Criminal

Assignment: Documenting Evolution of Policing in A Chart

Instructions:

1) Read each chapter’s provided powerpoints.

2) Respond to each set of discussion questions provided in each powerpoint

3) Create a chart that documents policing history according the provided data.

4) On an individual page, plot the evolution of policing using data from the powerpoint.

Criteria

APA format

Double Spaced

Original

One-full page for each chapter with discussion questions embedded.

CRIJ3303Ch3.pptx
CRIJ3303Ch2.pptx
CRIJ3303Ch1.pptx

Chapter 3 Crime in the United States: Offenses, Offenders, Victims

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Chapter 3 Learning Objectives

LO 1: Identify the three most frequently used sources of information about crime.

LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.

LO 3: Compare and contrast the classical and positivist theories of crime causation.

LO 4: Describe, using results from official data, which demographics comprise the majority of criminal arrests in the U.S.

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Chapter 3 Learning Objectives (cont.)

LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.

LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.

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Introduction

Crime involves hurtful acts committed by individuals against other individuals or their property.

Until recently crimes have been examined as acts against the state and prosecuted as such.

The system is beginning to view criminals, victims, and society as all equally affected by criminal acts.

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Sources of Information on Crime

Sources

Official sources

FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey

Self-report surveys

The media

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LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.

Discussion Question #1

Why are crimes underreported? Is the underreporting of crimes a good or bad characteristic of a community?

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LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.

Classification and Definitions

Violent and Property Crimes

Violent crime

Crimes against property

Do not usually involve violence.

Crimes excluded from the UCR

Misdemeanors or felonies

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LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.

Crime Categories

Murder

Rape

Robbery

Assault

Burglary

Larceny

Theft

Arson

White-Collar

Cyber

Organized

Hate

Ritualistic

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LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.

Discussion Question #2

What is the difference between reasonable fear and the sort of fear that inspires a hate crime? Why is the prevention of hate crime particularly difficult?

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LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.

Theories of Criminality

Major Theories

Theories of criminality and causes of crime

Classical theory

Positivist theory

The influence of biology

The influence of the environment

The combination of biology and environment

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LO 3: Compare and contrast the classical and positivist theories of crime causation.

Offenders

Career criminals or recidivists

Juvenile offenders

Status offenders

Serious and violent Juveniles

8% offenders

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LO 4: Describe, using results from official data, which demographics comprise the majority of criminal cases arrests in the United States.

Victims of Crime and Violence

Types of victims

Direct/primary

Indirect/secondary

Victimization Factors

Household

Individual risk

Age

Gender

Race

Fear and effects of victimization

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LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.

Dealing with Crime Victims

The “second wound”: Further victimization by the CJ system

Support groups to assist victims

The movement toward crime victims’ rights—a brief historical overview

Programs and services for crime victims

A parallel justice system for victims

The police role

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LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.

Leaky Net

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LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.

Police Officers as Victims

Officers may be assaulted or killed.

Most often they are secondary victims.

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LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.

Discussion Question #3

What would be the key features of a parallel justice system for victims?

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LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.

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Chapter 2 The American Quest for Freedom and Justice: Our Laws

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Chapter 2 Learning Objectives

LO 1: Define what a law is.

LO 2: State the assertions of Declaration of Independence regarding civil rights and civil liberties.

LO 3: Explain the significance of the U.S. Constitution in terms of setting law in this country and its role in establishing the foundation for the criminal justice system.

LO 4: Describe in as much detail as possible what the Bill of Rights is.

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Chapter 2 Learning Objectives (cont.)

LO 5: Summarize the basic differences between a crime and a tort.

LO 6: Understand from where police get their power and authority and identify what restrictions are placed on this power and authority.

LO 7: Recognize what the scales of justice symbolize.

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Introduction

The supreme law of the land is embodied in the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights.

Our system of laws is extremely complex.

May be classified according to:

Form—written or unwritten common law

Source—constitutional, statutory, case

Parties involved—public, private

Offense—criminal, civil

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What is Law?

Complexities and Effects

Social or moral law

Precedents: Common law and case law

Statutory law

Equity

“Spirit of the law” takes precedence over the “letter of the law.”

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LO 1: Define what a law is.

The Declaration of Independence

American Creed

Individual freedom

Civil rights

Civil liberties

Statement of philosophy

Checks and balances

Ensuring law and order

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LO 2: State the assertions of Declaration of Independence regarding civil rights and civil liberties.

The U.S. Constitution

System

Fundamental laws and principles

Prescribe the nature, functions, and limits of a government or other body

Three branches of government

Federalism

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LO 3: Explain the significance of the U.S. Constitution in terms of setting law in this country and its role in establishing the foundation for the criminal justice system.

Discussion Question #1

What other rights would you like to have enumerated in the Constitution?

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LO 3: Explain the significance of the U.S. Constitution in terms of setting law in this country and its role in establishing the foundation for the criminal justice system.

The Bill of Rights

Personal Guarantees

The First Amendment

The Second Amendment

The Fourth Amendment

The Fifth Amendment

The Sixth Amendment

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LO 4: Describe in as much detail as possible what the Bill of Rights is.

The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment

Personal Guarantees

The Eighth Amendment

The Ninth Amendment

The Tenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment

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LO 4: Describe in as much detail as possible what the Bill of Rights is.

Discussion Question #2

Is any amendment more important than the others?

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LO 4: Describe in as much detail as possible what the Bill of Rights is.

Criminal Law

Features

Defining crime and fixing punishment

Substantive criminal law

Proving that a crime has been committed

Procedural criminal law

Actus reus

Mens rea

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LO 5: Summarize the basic differences between a crime and a tort.

Civil Law and Torts

Distinctions

The law enforcement officer and civil liability

“Lawsuit paranoia”

The Civil Rights Act (Section 1983)

Levels of intent

Strict liability

Intentional wrong

Negligence

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LO 5: Summarize the basic differences between a crime and a tort.

Police Power

Enforcement

Police power is derived from:

The U.S. Constitution

U.S. Supreme Court decisions

Federal statutes

State constitutions

State statutes

State court decisions

Various municipal charters and ordinances

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LO 6: Understand from where police get their power and authority and identify what restrictions are placed on this power and authority.

Needs of Society, Individual Rights

View of Social Control

Conflict theory

Consensus theory

Crime control versus due process

Due process: A constitutional guarantee

Conservative versus liberal crime control policies

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LO 6: Understand from where police get their power and authority and identify what restrictions are placed on this power and authority.

Discussion Question #3

Do you think the police have too much power or too little power?

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LO 6: Understand from where police get their power and authority and identify what restrictions are placed on this power and authority.

Retributive v. Restorative Justice

State versus Individual

Shift in the criminal justice system

Two competing views

Retributive

An eye for an eye

Restorative

Reconciles needs of victim and offender

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LO 7: Recognize what the scales of justice symbolize.

Law and Policy v. Discretion

Decisions

Discretion is the freedom to make judgments.

Discretion may be found throughout the criminal justice system.

One set of rules

Swift and certain

Allowances

No case is identical to another.

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LO 7: Recognize what the scales of justice symbolize.

The Criminal Justice Pendulum

Dualities

Right end

Crime control

Rigid adherence

Retribution

Left end

Due process

Discretion

Restorative justice

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LO 7: Recognize what the scales of justice symbolize.

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CRIMINOLOGY THE CORE

Seventh Edition

Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology

The Field of Criminology

An academic discipline that uses the scientific method to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior

An interdisciplinary field involving several academic disciplines

What Criminologists Do, Part 1

Criminal Statistics/Crime Measurement

Create valid and reliable measures of criminal behavior:

Formulate techniques for collecting and analyzing official measures of criminal activities

Develop survey instruments to measure unreported criminal activity

Design methods that make it possible to investigate the cause of crime

What Criminologists Do, Part 2

Sociology of Law/Law and Society/Sociolegal Studies

Investigate the role that social forces play in shaping criminal law

Investigate the role of criminal law in shaping society

Investigate history of legal thought

Suggest legal changes to benefit society

What Criminologists Do, Part 3

Developing Theories of Crime Causation

Psychological

Biological

Sociological

What Criminologists Do, Part 4

Explaining Criminal Behavior

Victim-precipitated homicide

The victim is a direct, positive precipitator of the incident

White-collar crime

Illegal acts that capitalize on a person’s status in the marketplace

Theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, false advertising

What Criminologists Do, Part 5

Penology: Punishment, Sanctions, and Corrections

Penology: the correction and control of known criminal offenders

Rehabilitation

Social control

Mandatory sentences

Capital punishment

What Criminologists Do, Part 6

Victimology

Victim surveys

Victimization risk

Victim culpability

Services for crime victims

What Criminologists Do, Part 7 (1 of 2)

Concept Summary 1.1—Criminology in Action

The following subareas constitute the discipline of criminology.

Subarea	Focus of the Subarea
Criminal statistics	Gathering valid crime data. Devising new research methods; measuring crime patterns and trends.
Sociology of law / law and society / sociolegal studies	Determining the origin of law. Measuring the forces that can change laws and society.
Theory construction	Predicting individual behavior. Understanding the cause of crime rates and trends.

What Criminologists Do, Part 7 (2 of 2)

Subarea	Focus of the Subarea
Criminal behavior systems	Determining the nature and cause of specific crime patterns. Studying violence, theft, organized crime, white-collar crime, and public order crimes.
Penology: punishment, sanctions, and corrections	Studying the correction and control of criminal behavior. Using the scientific method to assess the effectiveness of criminal sanctions designed to control crime through the application of criminal punishments.
Victimology	Studying the nature and cause of victimization. Aiding crime victims; understanding the nature and extent of victimization; developing theories of victimization risk.

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 1

Classical Criminology

Theoretical perspective suggesting that people choose to commit crime

Proposes that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 2

Positivist Criminology

Application of the scientific method

Objective

Universal

Culture-free

Predicting and explaining social phenomena in a logical manner

Empirical verification

Value-free

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 3

Sociological Criminology

Anomie

The Chicago School

Individual’s socialization

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 4

Conflict Criminology

Conflict Theory

Karl Marx

Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

Human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict

Crime is a product of human conflict

Critical Criminology

Crime is a product of capitalism

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 5

Developmental Criminology

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

Complex view

Integration of sociological, psychological, and economic elements

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 6

Contemporary Criminology

Rational Choice Theory

Trait Theory

Social Structure Theory

Social Process Theory

Critical Theory

Developmental Theory

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 7

Concept Summary 1.2 Criminological Perspectives

The major perspectives of criminology focus on individual factors (biological, psychological, and choice theories), social factors (structural and process theories), political and economic factors (conflict theory), and multiple factors (developmental theory).

Type of Perspective	Forces this Perspective Focuses on.
Classical/choice perspective	Situational forces. Crime is a function of free will and personal choice. Punishment is a deterrent to crime.
Biological/psychological perspective	Internal forces. Crime is a function of chemical, neurological, genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits.
Structural perspective	Ecological forces. Crime rates are a function of neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm co

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Documenting Evolution of Policing in A Chart Instructions

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