Psychology of Personality Major Personality Approaches
Theorist Approach Basic Concepts Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis Unconscious motivations; id, ego, and superego; psychosexual stages; defense mechanisms; free association; dream analysis
Carl Jung Analytic Psychology
Psychic energy; libido; ego as the center of consciousness; introversion and extraversion; personal unconscious; word- association test, symptom analysis
Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
Inferiority complex and superiority complex; fictional finalism; style of life; birth order; early recollections
Karen Horney Neurotic Needs and Trends
Safety and security needs; basic anxiety; neurotic needs and trends; idealized self-image; tyranny of the shoulds; feminine psychology
Erik Erikson Identity Theory Psychosocial stages; conflicts and crises; basic strengths and basic weaknesses; play therapy; psychohistorical analysis
George Kelly Personal Construct Theory
Constructs; corollaries as ways to anticipate life; self- characterization sketch, Role Construct Repertory Test (REP); fixed-role therapy
Gordon Allport
Motivation and Personality
Interaction of heredity and environment; personality traits; cardinal, central, and secondary traits; functional autonomy; personal-document technique
Raymond Cattell
Personality Traits Common and unique traits; ability, temperament, and dynamic traits; surface and source traits; constitutional and environmental-mold traits; L-, Q-, and T-data; 16 Personality Factors (PF) Test
Hans Eysenck Dimensions of Personality
Extraversion vs. introversion; neuroticism vs. emotional stability; psychoticism vs. impulse control; intelligence; heredity
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
Five-Factor Model
Neuroticism; extraversion; openness; agreeableness; conscientiousness
Abraham Maslow
Needs Hierarchy Theory
Hierarchy of needs; physiological, safety, belongingness, and esteem needs; self-actualization
Carl Rogers Self-Actualization Theory
Actualization tendency; self-insight; organismic valuing process; unconditional and conditional positive regard; incongruence; person-centered therapy
B. F. Skinner Reinforcement Theory
Reinforcement; operant conditioning; schedules of reinforcement; behavior shaping; functional analysis
Albert Bandura
Modeling Theory Observational learning; modeling; learning processes; self- reinforcement and self-efficacy; behavior modification
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