Relate some of the more important tenets of Hammurabi’s Code. Was it fair?? What did Hammurabi himself claim to have accomplished?? https://youtu.be/Z3Wvw6BivVI?si=YD3myEnolSk

1. The First Humans

2. Hominids—1st humanlike creatures

1. 3-4 million years ago in Africa

2. Known as Australopithecines

3. Homo erectus (upright human being)

1. Made use of larger amd more varied tools

2. First hominid to leave Africa and move into Europe and Asia.

4. Homo sapiens- wise human being

1. Between 200,000 and 150,000 years age

2. Our direct ancestors

3. Can be found all over world

 

 

1. The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age

1. Paleolithic Age- old stone age (named from the Greeks)

2. Our information mainly comes from anthropologists

3. Moved in clusters (25-30 people)

1. Following a herd

2. Men hunted

3. Women bore and raised children, gathered berries, nuts, and grains

4. Some lived in caves, or some sort of structure

1. Fire- 50,000 years ago

2. Light, food, etc.

5. Characteristics

1. The utilization of tools

2. Origins of religious and decorative art

3. A social system with rough equality between the sexes

4. The controlled use of fire

                       

1. . The Neolithic Revolution (c. 10,000-4,000 B.C.)

2. An Agricultural Revolution

1. a slow transition from hunting and gathering to an agricultural society.

2. Give up their nomadic way of life to settled communities

3. Neolithic farming villages

4.   Jericho—oldest villiage existed by 8000

5. wall surrounded city- 6,000 people

6.   Catal Huyuk

7. Surplus in food

8. Led to specialization

9. Huts all built the same inter in the roof

10. Walled community sustained by food surpluses

11. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution

12. Now you will have permanent structures that people live in

13. Specialization

1. Pottery made from clay, baskets for storage,

14. Division between the sexes

1. Men primary responsibility for working in the fields, herding animals

2. Women caring fro children, weaving clothes, making cheese from milk

15. Development of Writing

1. Between 4000 and 3000 BCE

2. Records to kept

16. Bronze Age- 3000 to 1200 BCE

1. Would replace copper because it was harder and more durable

 

 

1. The Emergence of Civilization

1. Civilization- define

1. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilization

1. An urban focus

2. Distinct religious structure

3. New political and military structurs

4. New social structure based on ecomomic power

5. Development of writing

6. New forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity

7. Civilization in Mesopotamia

2. The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia

1. Mesopotamia

1. Called by the Greeks—the land between the rivers

2. Located in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

3. The basic unit of early Mesopotamian civilization was the city-state

2. Sumerian cities (basic unit of early Mesopotamian was the city state)

1. Surrounded by walls

2. Structures made from Mudbricks

1. Ziggurat- city temple

2. Sumerians believed that the gods and goddesses owned the cities

3. Priest had great power

4. Were plagued by incessant warfare between their many city-states

3. Theocracy- government by a divine authority

1. Came to view kings as agents of their gods

2. Kings derived their authority from the gods

4. Kingship

1. Sumerians kings derived their authority from the gods

2. Agents to the gods

3. Economy and Society

4. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia

5. The Akkadian Empire

6. located in the north of the Sumerian empire

7. Sargon would be come the leader(1st empire in history)

5. Power based on his military

6. 5,400

7. Was named the god of Addad. Because of his success on the battle field.

8. Would be overthrown by the Gutians(hills people) end of Addadian 2150bc

2, The Third Dynasty of Ur

1. After the fall of Akkadian the old system of city states would come back.

2. Question would be who would be king.

1. Ur-Nammu would be king

2. Very successful in economy, temples and canals.

3. Around 200 bc outside forces would come and settle

4. The Amorites or Old Babylonians would settle in area.

5. Hammurabi’s Empire

1. Well disciplined army of foot soldiers (carried axes, spears, and copper or bronze daggers.

2. Called himself the ‘the sun of Babylon ‘

3. Kept the Mesopotamian culture

1. Letters found by archaeologist reveals he built temples, defensive walls, encouraged trade and brought about economic revial.

2. Saw himself as the peoples sheppard.

4. The Code of Hammurabi

1. Is what Hammurabi was known for (282 laws)

2. Was based on eye for eye, tooth for tooth

3. Was now administered fairly(more strict on lower classes)

4. Governors

1. Law code was intended to keep governors in check

2. Responsibility of the governor to keep laws in his district

1. They were expected to catch burglars, murderers etc

2. If they failed they would have to pay victims a fine.

3. Marriage (largest of all the laws)

1. Laws that delt with marriage

2. Marriages were arranged

3. Both families had to sign contracts for it to be legal.

4. Woman

1. The woman’s role was to be in the home and subservient to her husband

2. If she did not hold up to that role (bear children, take care of house) the man could divorce.

3. The man could have sex outside of marriage not woman

1. If a woman was caught her and her lover were pitched into the river.

2. The Culture of Mesopotamia

4. The Importance of Religion

1. Was polytheistic (abstract and metaphorical)

1. The physical environment of the Mesopotamians generally led to a pessimistic outlook with an emphasis on satisfying their angry gods

2. Had a god of each city state in which a ziggurate was built for that god.

3. Marduk was the main god. Creator of the universe.

4. Humans did the labor the gods did not want to do.

5. Also practice Divination

1. Killing of animals to examine organs which could tell humans what the gods wanted.

2. If people could decilpher the signs that foretold events, the events would be predictable and humans could act wisely.

6. Writing

1. Cuneiform (wedge-shaped)

2. Writing evolved from pictures of concrete objects to simplified and stylized signs.

3. Used writing primarily for record keeping.

4. Did have schools by 2500bc.

1. Primary goal was to educate scribes for careers in temples.

5. Mesopotamian Literature

1. The Epic of Gilgamesh

1. Sumerian epic poem.

2. Most famous piece of Mesopotamian lilterature

2. The story

1. Gilgamesh is the hero of the Sumerian epic poem.

2. He is wise, strong, and perfict in body. (part man and part god)

3. He is mistreating of Uruk:

1. They ask the gods to help

2. Gods send Enkidu to come to battle

3. Each cannot beat each other and so they become friends.

4. Ishtar (goddess of love) attempts to seduce Gilgamesh but he refuses

1. She goes to her father Anu and he sends a bull to kill both of them.

2. This also fails. Gods get together and plan for their death.

3. The god of wind is successful and Enkidu falls ill and dies.

5. Gilgamesh now searches for immortality.

1. Finds a man who had been granted everlasting life by the gods. (Utnapishtim)

2. Tells Gilgamesh to dive into river to find a plant that can do this.

3. Gilgamesh finds the plant but a snake steals it from him.

4. Moral of story. Human life is difficult and immortality is only for the gods.

6. Mathematics and Astronomy

1. Math

1. Based on the number 60 not 10 like ours

2. They could multiply and divide and compute interest

2. Geometry was used for practical purposes

1. Measuring fields and building projects

3. Astronomy

1. Had a calendar based on twelve lunar months

2. Would have to add month from time to time to be brought into harmony with solar year.

3. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”

4. The Impact of Geography

1. Nile River

1. Largest river in the world

2. Unlike the floods of Mesopotamia’s river, the flooding of the Nile was gradual and usually predictable.

3. This made Egypt more rural in setting unlike Mesopotamia.

4. Also was a good way to travel and for communication.

2. Natural Barriers

1. Unlike Mesopotamia which grew out of competition with the city-states

2. Egypt grew because of isolation

1. Desserts, River

3. Historians

1. Have divided Egyptian history into kingdoms or 3 major periods

2. It had 31 different dynasties

3. The Old and Middle Kingdoms

4. The Old Kingdom

4. 1st-6th dynasties (2686-2181bce.)

5. Started by King Menus (took control over upper and lower Egypt.

6. Pharaohs

1. The focal points and sources of life for the ancient Egyptians were the pharaohs and Nile River

2. The pharaohs were picked by the Gods.

3. If you disrupted this it would effect universe.

4. Ma’at—principle that they ruled by. Truth, justice and order in the universe. Pharohs were the divine instruments who maintained it and were themselves subject to it.

5. Gov’t

1. Vizier—in charge of the bureaucracy

1. This included police, justice, river transport, and public works

2. Agriculture and treasury were the most import.

2. Nomarch—was a governor

1. In charge of a district known as a nome

2. He was responsible to the king and vizier.

3. Would eventually build up power to challenge the pharoh.

3. Decline of Old Kingdom

1. A drought caused by low levels of the Nile

2. A decline in rainfall

3. Economic troubles

4. Decline of centralized authority.

4. First Intermediate Period (2180-2055)

1. New centers of power established rival dynasties.

2. Period of turmoil

3. Mentuhotep (king of Thebes) would eventually take control.

4. The Middle Kingdom

5. Grew out of the office of vizier.

6. Nomes

1. Boundaries were now settled precisely

2. Obligations of the nomes to the state were clearly refined.

7. Pharaohs

1. Now was portrayed as the shepherd of his people. Had a responsibility to build public works and provide for the public welfare.

2. No longer pretrayed as a god.

8. Expansion

1. Lower Nubia was conquered.

2. Also sent military expeditions into Palestine and Syria.

3. This will mark the beginning of Egyptian imperialism in those areas.

9. Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt

1. Kings and Upper Class (nobles and priest)

2. Merchants and Artisians

1. Merchants engaged in actice trade up and down the Nile and also international trading

2. Artisians would produce a variety of goods (stone dishes, furniture, paper and rope, linen clothes etc.

3. Serfs and commoners

1. Would work the land that would be owned by the Pharoh.

2. The economy of ancient Egypt relied most heavily on agriculture.

3. The Culture of Egypt

4. Spiritual Life in Egyptian Society

4. Also polythesic

5. The Egyptians possessed a remarkable number of gods associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces.

1. Atum Re

1. Sun god

2. Most important

3. The pharaoh took the title of “Son of Re” because he was regared as the earthly embodiment of Re

2. Osiris

1. Was the judge god

1. You had to persuade him you desereved to go to the afterlife

2. River God

3. Osiris brought civilization to Egypt

1. His evil brother killed him and cut his body up and threw it into river

2. His wife (isis) found it and put it back together with the help of the gods. This was a symbol of resurrection

3. Osiris is the Egyptian god that was most closely associated with mummification of the dead.

4. Originally the Osiris cult was reserved for the wealthy who could afford preservation of the body.

5. Book of the Dead is a book that contained magical spells that could help you get in after life.

6. The Pyramids

4.  At first pyramids were nothing but mud bricked chambers

5. During the 4th dynasty step pyramids were established

6. King Djoser’s administrative assistant Imhotep developed the step pyramid.

7. This was probably a cult that believed that the pharaoh spirit ( ka) would ascend into the sky and incorporate itself with the sun on its journey west after death.

8.  True Pyramids

9. In the 4th dynasty is where the true pyramids we know today were constructed.

10. Most famous is Giza ( 481 feet high and 756 feet long)

11. Once thought to have been the work of slaves, the pyramids were in fact raised by thousands of peasant workers.

12. Pyramids were for the after life

13. Conceived and bult as tombs for a city of the dead.

14. Art and Writing

15. Art.

1. It was primarily functional and no intended to add beauty.

1. Wall paintings and statues of gods and kings in temples served a strictly spiritual purpose.

2. It was highly stylized

3. It followed strict formulas governing form and presentation.

1. Artists and sculptors were expected to observe a strict canon of proportions that determined both form and presentation.

4. It often glorified the pharohs.

16. Writing

1. Hieroglyphics meaning “Sacred writing” named after the Greekd

2. Had two different scripts.

3. Written on papyrus—made from the papyrus reed that grew by the Nile River.

 

1. Disorder and a New Order: The New Kingdom (2nd Intermediate Period)—Invasion of the Hyksos(Bought the use of bronze and new agricultural tools and weapons with new types of warfare)

2. The Egyptian Empire

1. Ahmose I

2. Reunited Egypt (1550-1070bc)

3. Now the kings where Warrior Kings.

4. UNDER THE DIRECTION OF AHMOSE AND HIS SUCCESORS EGYPT WOULD BECOME AN IMPERIAL POWER.

5. Akhenaten and Religious Change

6. Amemhotep IV is best known for the temporary installation of the god of the sundisk in Egyptian culture

7. THE TEMPLE OF AMON

8. A.      THEBES WAS THE CAPITAL OF THE 18TH DYNASTY. THE GOD OF THAT CITY WAS AMON.

9. B.      SINCE ALL OF THE SUCCESS HE HAD GROWN INTO A NATIONAL GOD. THUS THE EGYPTIANS MERGED HIM WITH THE SUN GOD RA TO MAKE AMON-RA.

10. C.      PRIESTHOOD AT AMON

11. 1.       WITH THE WEALTH THAT WAS COMING IN –MADE THE PRIEST A FORMIDABLE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FORCE.

12. 2.       THEY WOULD RECEIVE SPECIAL FAVOR FROM THE 18TH DYNASTY, WHO WOSHIPPED AMON-RA.

13. 3.       THEY BECAME INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE AT THE PHARAOH’S COURT.

14. AMARNA PERIOD

AMENHOTIP IV B.      HE WAS APPARENTLY DETERMINED TO RESIST THE PREIESTHOOD OF AMON.

1. SUPPORTED BY HIS FAMILY, HE MAKES A CLEAN BREAK WITH THE WORSHIP OF AMON-RE.

2. MOVED HIS CAPITAL FROM THEBES TO EL AMARNA AND CHANGED HIS NAME TO AKHENATON (IT PLLEASES ATON)

3. ATON WOULD BE A UNIVERSIAL GOD, CLOSELY RELATED TO THE SUN GOD ITSELF.

4. THE UNIVERSAL CLAIMS FOR ATON LED TO RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF THE WORSHIPERS OF OTHER GODS, TEMPLES WERE CLOSED; PRIEST WAS DEPRIVED OF THEIR POSTS AND PRIVILEGES.

5. ONLY THE PHARAOH AND HIS FAMILY WORHIPPED ATON DIRECTLEY, EVERYONE ELSE WORHIPPED THE PHAROH.

6. LET HIS GUARD DOWN WITH THE ARMY, 18TH DYNASTY POWER STARTING TO DECLINE BECAUSE OF THIS.

7. WHEN AKHENATON DIED HE WAS SUCCEDED BY TUTANKHAMON OR (KING TUT)

8. HE MOVED THE CAPTIAL BACK TO THEBES AND RESTORED AMON AND HIS PRIESTHOOD.

9. HOREMHAB, A GENERAL, RESTORED ORDER AND RECOVERED MUCH OF THE LOST EMPIRE.

1. SUCCEEDED HIS FATHER AMENHOTEP III

 

1. Daily Life in Ancient Egypt

1. Marriage

1. Monogamy was the general rule

2. Husband was allowed to keep additional wives if his first wife was childless

3. Pharaohs could have harems.

2. Husband – Master of the House

3. Wife – Head of the Household; Education of Children

4. Women

1. Property and inheritances remained in their hands even in marriage

5. Labor—most jobs closed off to women

6. Hatshepsut

2. . HATSHEPSUT WAS THE FIRST RULING QUEEN IN EGYPT.

3. THUTMOSIS II DIED WITHOUT AN HEIR

4. THIS USUALLY BROUGHT INSTABLILITY AND EVEN CHANGES IN A DYNASTY

5. BY THIS TIME IT WAS NOT UNCOMMON FOR A KING TO MARRY HIS SISTER TO KEEP THE DYNASTY GOING. (ALSO HAD MANY CONCUBINES TO MATE WITH)

6. THUTMOSIS II DID HAVE A HEIR BUT TO YOUNG TO RULE. (HATSHEPSUT RULED FOR HIM. (SHARED THE POWER WITH HIM)

7. SHE WOULD RULE FOR 20 YRS. AS CO-RULER. SHE HAD A LOT OF SUCCESSFUL CAMPAINGS BUT IS MOST REMEBERED FOR HER TEMPLE.

8. THIS WAS A TURING POINT IN THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE ACTUAL BURIAL SITE AND THE MORTUARY TEMPLE TO THE PHARAOH BECAME SEPARATE.

9. “VALLDY OF THE KINGS”- LOCATED NEAR THEBES WAS ESTABLISHED IN HOPES THE TOMBS COULD BE HIDDEN-SAFE FROM ROBBERS.

10. THUTMOSIS III

11. THUTMOSIS III ACCEPTED THIS ARRANGEMENT FOR MANY YEARS, BUT GREW TIRED OF IT

12. AFTER A REVOLT IN PALESTINE CAPTURING ARMAGEDDON– HATSHEPSUT DISAPPEARS FROM THE RECORDS.

13. HE WAS A GREAT RULER, EXPANDING THE EMPIRE MORE WITH 17 MILITARY CAMPAIGNS WHICH WENT DEEP INTO PALESTINE AND SEIZING MANY VITAL PORTS IN SYRIA.

14. WITH ALL OF THESE VICORIES, THE DIVISION OF PROPERTY AND WEALTH FAVORED THE PHARAOH, THE OFFICERCALSS, AND TEMPLES OF THE GODS.

15. Arranged Marriages

16. Reproduction

17. Love

18. Divorce Allowed

19. Adultery Strictly Prohibited

20.

21. Conclusion

CHAPTER SUMMARY

 

            Africa was humanity’s cradle, and humankind’s beginnings were approximately four million years ago, according to the available archeological evidence.  Through the many millennia early humans (hominids) began using stones, discovered fire, and in small bands they gathered wild plants and hunted wild animals.  Modern humans, known as  Homo sapiens sapiens, appeared first in Africa no later than 150,000 years ago, and eventually spread throughout the world by the end of the Paleolithic era, or the Old Stone Age.

            A revolutionary event occurred beginning c. 10,000 B.C.  Known as the Neolithic (New Stone Age) Revolution, its significance was in producing food through the domestication of plants and animals, an event that first occurred in the upland regions of the Middle East’s Fertile Crescent.  Permanent villages of up to a few thousand people replaced nomadic bands, pottery was made from clay, goods were accumulated and traded.  A division of labor appeared, and eventually men became the dominant gender because of their labor in food production. 

            Increasing complexity led to the further development of what is called civilization, which can be defined as urban, with more formal institutions, the use of writing, monumental architecture, and the production of metal, bronze being the earliest.  Civilizations developed elsewhere in the world, but in the West it was in the river valleys of Mesopotamia and Egypt where civilization first appeared.

            Ancient Mesopotamia, in Southwest Asia–the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers–was a city-state civilization created by a people known as the Sumerians.  The rivers were tamed, but remained unpredictable, affecting both religion and the arts (notably in the  Epic of Gilgamesh), priests and kings held a monopoly of power, temples (ziggurats) were constructed of brick, trade and commerce expanded, although most of the inhabitants were farmers.  Writing on clay, known as cuneiform (wedge-shaped) began.  Located on flat plains, the city-states were vulnerable to invasion.  The result was the creation of a series of empires, beginning with the Akkadians c. 2340 B.C, later followed by the Babylonians, famous for Hammurabi’s law code (c.1750). The centrality of religion was exemplified in the epics of  Enuma elish and  Gilgamesh.

            Civilization also developed along Egypt’s Nile River, a more predictable river than those in Mesopotamia, and Egyptian religion reflected its more benign nature.  The Nile also served as a unifier of ancient Egypt, and surrounded by deserts, Egypt was less subject to invasion.  Egyptian pharaohs were perceived as gods, unlike the rulers in Mesopotamia, and their tombs were the pyramids that were constructed during the Old Kingdom, c. 2600-2400 B.C.  Religion was at the core, not least in the various divine manifestations of the ever-present sun.  A quest for immortality developed, particularly around the cult of Osiris, and mummification became widespread during the Middle Kingdom (c.2050-1650 B.C.), whose end coincided with an invasion of the Hyksos peoples.  Native rule resumed during the New Kingdom (c. 1567-1085), an era of Egyptian imperialistic expansion throughout much of the Middle East. 

            During the 1330s, a potentially radical religious revolution began with the pharaoh Amenhotep IV, who assumed the name Akhenaten, in honor of his god, Aten, god of the disk of the sun. His actions in closing the temples devoted to the other gods alienated the priesthood, particularly the priests of the powerful god, Amon-Re. After his death, the old gods were restored, but in his religious pursuits, Akhenaten had neglected foreign policy, and Palestine and Syria were lost from Egyptian rule. In the 1200s, the so-called “Sea Peoples invaded Egypt” and during the next millennium Egypt was often dominated by foreign empires, such as the Assyrian, Persian, and Macedonian. In the late first century B.C., Egypt became a Roman province.

            Farming appeared in Europe’s Balkans by 6500 B.C. and in central Europe by 4000 B.C. A characteristic of European societies during these millennia was the construction of large stone structures, or megaliths, the most famous being England’s Stonehenge. Indo-European speakers migrated into Europe and the Middle East around 2000 B.C. One Indo-European group, the Hittites, established a kingdom in Asia Minor c. 1700. They, like the Egyptians, were attacked by the Sea Peoples, and by 1190, Hittite power had ended.

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