Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

You were invited to conduct an in-service on Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare to newly hired employees. Please develop 3-5 minutes educational presentation offering the trainees insight on:Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

1. Why they need to know about Managerial Epidemiology (offer minimum one real-life example)

2. What type of data and studies they should be familiar with in order to be successful at their jobs (offer minimum one example of a study design and the data that will be collected; explain how this information is applicable to the managerial functions)

3. Create a short managerial issue case (for example, week 4 discussion activity: Your faculty (the hospital you work for Board of Directors’ representative) is interested in developing a cardiac care unit. The Board believes offering specialized care for patient’s with cardiac diseases will meet an unmet need in the community but want to be sure they are making the right decision. You are directed to identify the current and future need for cardiac services based on the community population characteristics and current use of cardiac services at your hospital.) and explain how the trainees will develop good decisions to solve it:

Permalink: https://collepals.com//managerial-epide…healthcare-essay/ ‎

-List all types of evidence they will need to collect, explain why;

-Name the epidemiological data, studies, and metrics the trainees will need to support the decision-making process, explain why.

-Explain the decision-making process the trainees will need to apply to this case.Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

4. List your own decisions and solutions for the case.

HINT: Imagine you are the trainee. What would you want to hear to stay awake and learn something useful?

You were invited to conduct an in-service on Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare to newly hired employees. Please develop 3-5 minutes educational presentation offering the trainees insight on:

1. Why they need to know about Managerial Epidemiology (offer minimum one real-life example)

2. What type of data and studies they should be familiar with in order to be successful at their jobs (offer minimum one example of a study design and the data that will be collected; explain how this information is applicable to the managerial functions)

3. Create a short managerial issue case (for example, week 4 discussion activity: Your faculty (the hospital you work for Board of Directors’ representative) is interested in developing a cardiac care unit. The Board believes offering specialized care for patient’s with cardiac diseases will meet an unmet need in the community but want to be sure they are making the right decision. You are directed to identify the current and future need for cardiac services based on the community population characteristics and current use of cardiac services at your hospital.) and explain how the trainees will develop good decisions to solve it:

-List all types of evidence they will need to collect, explain why;

-Name the epidemiological data, studies, and metrics the trainees will need to support the decision-making process, explain why.

-Explain the decision-making process the trainees will need to apply to this case.

4. List your own decisions and solutions for the case.

HINT: Imagine you are the trainee. What would you want to hear to stay awake and learn something useful?Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

Purpose Hospital manager decisions can have a significant impact on service effectiveness and hospital success, so using an evidence-based approach can improve hospital management. Our aim, therefore, was to identify evidence-based management (EBMgt) components and challenges. Consequently, we provide an improving evidence-based decision-making framework. Design/methodology/approach Forty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2016. We also established three focus group discussions (FGDs) with health service managers. Data analysis followed deductive qualitative analysis guidelines. Findings Four basic themes emerged from the interviews, including EBMgt evidence sources (including sub-themes: scientific and research evidence, facts and information, political-social development plans, managers’ professional expertise and ethical-moral evidence); predictors (sub-themes: stakeholder values and expectations, functional behavior, knowledge, key competencies and skill, evidence sources, evidence levels, uses and benefits, and government programs); EBMgt barriers (sub-themes: managers’ personal characteristics, decision-making environment, training and research system and organizational issues) and evidence-based hospital management processes (sub-themes: asking, acquiring, appraising, aggregating, applying and assessing). Originality/value Findings suggests that most participants have positive EBMgt attitudes. A full evidence-based hospital manager is a person who uses all evidence sources in a six-step decision-making process. Evidence-based management frameworks are a good tool to manage healthcare organizations. We found factors affecting hospital EBMgt and we identifed six evidence sources that helathcare managers can use in an evidence-based decision-making processes.

Organizations are complex systems of individuals and coalitions, where everyone has their own interests, beliefs, values, preferences and angles. Owing to limited resources, there is competition, which results in conflicts. The actors whose roles are more critical for the organization gain more power.Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

In Finland, health care services are based on public provision. As a consequence, the structures of health care organizations represent traditional organization models, such as bureaucracy and professional organization. Hospitals, for instance, are mainly seen as professional bureaucracies where the structure is bureaucratic but decentralized. The main performers are doctors, and nurses are classified as support staff.

New waves of result-based management have delegated tasks to the unit level and brought features of managerialism to health care. It has strengthened unit based thinking, but at the same time it can lead to fragmentation. As a consequence first-line management has emerged to the forefront.

Making decisions

Making decisions is at the core of management. To make the correct and rational decisions, a manager has to gather as much information as possible to be able to choose from various options and their imaginable consequences. Because not all possible consequences can be predicted, decisions can only be rational to a limited degree. Authority in organizations means legitimate power to give orders and make decisions.Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

Discretion is an important part of the decision-making process, and involves choosing between options. At the unit level there is greater opportunity for discretion if the top management is disintegrated, the case under consideration is not important, or the unit is sustainable. Managerial discretion depends on how managers perceive it. Perceived discretion, even if it is slight, gives managerial power. If a person does not recognize their possibilities, it is less likely they will act.

 vested in resources is based on the fact that some resources are more critical for the organization than others. Persons who can offer resources like money, fame, legitimacy, rewards, sanctions, special skills or the ability to deal with uncertainty have power. The point is to own resources somebody else needs or desires. Scarcity and dependence are the keys to resource power. Resource allocation can also have an impact on the decision-making process as a premise for it.

“First-line managers operate at the core of the action. They deal with people as individuals rather than as groups.”

Power in an organization depends on an individual’s or unit’s position in the official and unofficial communication networks. A formal position brings access to invisible tools of power as knowledge and membership in networks. Knowledge is also an important part of decision making. For informed decisions there must be enough information about the alternatives.

First-line management
Lower level managers are “employees who have one hierarchical level under them”. In health care that means nurse and physician managers at the unit level.

First-line managers are members of two organization subsystems, the managerial structure and the unit supervised. This can cause problems if the demands of these subsystems come into conflict. The position needs balance between different values. First-line managers operate at the core of the action. They deal with people as individuals rather than as groups.Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

As the first-line managers work close to the operative core, the nature of their work is short-term, fluctuating and fractured. It has some regular variation in the long-term, but the lower the hierarchical position is, the more short-term the duties are. Because of the nature of the action, reactions must be immediate, and the main concern is maintaining the fluency of work processes.

Compared to other management levels, managerial roles in first-line management are the same, but the stressing of them is different. On the other hand, skills needed at higher levels may not be relevant at lower levels of management. The central point is to use the skills suitable for the relevant level. At the lowest level the most important is the implementation of policies set higher up. It can be done more or less effectively.

In the Finnish health care system, there are two managerial lines in the management structure. This also means that the two professional groups in first-line manager positions are doctors and nurses. The position of nurse managers is traditionally strong and clear. They work as leaders in their units concerning nursing operations. However, they often partake in hands-on work in their units and the proportion of managerial duties in their work varies according to the size of the unit.

On the other hand, the position of first-line physician managers is not as clear. The main focus is on clinical work, not managerial duties and the name of the position has a connection to the determination of salary, not necessarily to the content of the position. In spite of that, there are doctors working in managerial positions at the unit level.Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

Making space for more meaningful management
Are first-line managers’ recruiting, qualification requirements and training in balance with the real conditions in the units? Do we lure first-line managers with advertisements for a job promising an innovative and development-favourable working environment, or to get higher education, causing frustration when they realize what the real conditions are? In Finland, there are no congruent competences or qualification requirements for first-line managers. In the end organizations define them themselves.

Or should the organizations revaluate their structures, responsibilities and distribution of work so that there could be space for more powerful first-line managers? If the organizations seek innovative and active managers at the unit level, they should change the organizational structure and redistribute the work so that there could be more space for meaningful management. First-line managers desire more decision-making power, not just gathering background information for somebody else.

Or do they actually have the power but do not perceive or use it? With clear frames of managerial duties, first-line managers use more discretion. With proper job descriptions first-line managers can be conscious of the possibilities and the limitations of their position and use their power effectively. Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare Essay

MORE INFO 

Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare

Introduction

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of health outcomes in populations. It involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data on the occurrence and characteristics of disease, injury, or other health-related problems over time to identify risk factors that can be prevented or treated. Epidemiologists use a variety of statistical methods to make predictions about future health status based on existing data sets.

Managerial Epidemiology and Decision Making in Healthcare

Epidemiology is a field of study that focuses on the analysis and interpretation of disease patterns. This can be done through observing, interpreting, and reporting on data collected from large groups of people (the population) with respect to their health status or behaviors. The goal behind this approach is to identify risk factors for disease development in order to prevent it or treat it early enough so that symptoms don’t become severe enough for someone who has been infected by an infectious agent such as bacteria or viruses but hasn’t yet developed symptoms themselves due to having already been exposed sometime prior during life time

What is Epidemiology?

In general, epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in a population. It examines patterns across space and time to determine if they are associated with certain factors, such as age or gender. The term “epidemiology” was first used in 1860 by William Farr (1825–1902), who was an English physician known for his contributions to clinical medicine and public health research.

The study of epidemiology is considered a science because it uses various methods to determine whether there are any connections between certain conditions or events that might have caused harm on one person but not another person who lived nearby them at some point during their lives; this could include something like smoking cigarettes regularly causing lung cancer later on down the line due to exposure over time!

Why learn Epidemiology?

The field of epidemiology is a fascinating one, and it can give you many insights into the causes of disease. Epidemiologists also study how diseases spread across populations and what can be done to prevent them from spreading. They’re particularly interested in understanding why some people get sick more often than others do, which helps them develop effective prevention strategies for those at higher risk for getting sick.

In addition to understanding the causes of disease, you’ll learn about their distribution within populations—that is, how many people are affected by each type (or subtype) of illness. This information can then be used as part of your decision-making process when making decisions about healthcare delivery or treatment options for patients with certain conditions like cancer or heart problems

Applications of Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations. Risk factors for disease and patterns of disease occurrence can be identified, as well as risk factor reduction strategies. Epidemiologists also develop, evaluate and disseminate public health policies to improve population health.

Goals in Epidemiology

The goals of an epidemiological study are to describe the problem, state the goals of your study, predict outcomes and explain results. You then make a recommendation based on your findings.

You should also conclude your report with any recommendations for healthcare professionals or future studies that could be conducted to improve patient safety.

The epidemiological process

Epidemiology is the study of diseases in populations. It is a multidisciplinary field that seeks to understand the causes and consequences of diseases, as well as their effect on health and well-being. Epidemiologists use mathematical models, statistical methods, and data collection to identify relationships between risk factors for disease at the individual level (the person), family level (the household), community level (the neighborhood), national level (the country) or global level.

The epidemiological process comprises four steps:

• The identification stage involves defining what constitutes an outbreak; determining how many people are affected by it; identifying common symptoms; establishing treatment protocols; etc…

Health Care Statistics (HC)

Health Care Statistics (HC) are used to describe and compare the health status of a population. The most common HC are the life expectancy at birth, the infant mortality rate, and the crude death rate.

HC can be categorized into four major categories: mortality; morbidity; health status indicators; and health services data.[2] Mortality is defined as all deaths within a given time period while morbidity describes how many people have an unhealthy or abnormal condition such as being overweight or having cancer.[3] Health status indicators include measures such as smoking rates in adults[4], diabetes prevalence[5], or heart disease incidence rates.[6] Finally there is also data on access to medical care like emergency room visits per 100 000 people,[7] hospital admissions per 1000 people aged 15–64 years old,[8] primary care physicians per 100 000 households/residents aged 18–64 years old[9], etcetera

Descriptive Statistics (DS)

Descriptive statistics are used to describe the data. They include the mean and median, which give you a sense of the central tendency of a dataset, as well as its spread or dispersion. The mode is another way of describing this central tendency; it identifies which value occurs most often in your sample (and therefore what is most common).

Statistical scores can be calculated from descriptive statistics such as average wages by gender or age group, but they don’t tell us much about how these distributions might change over time or across different populations with different characteristics. For example, if you looked at 100 individuals’ salaries and found that males earned more than females did by 10% then this would suggest some sort of discrimination against women; however if we look at 1000 people’s salaries instead then perhaps there isn’t any difference between men’s earnings versus women’s after all!

Probability Distributions (PD)

Probability distributions are graphs that show the probability of each outcome occurring. They’re most often used to determine how likely an event is, but they can also be used to describe many other properties of random phenomena. For example, if you were asked whether or not your neighbor’s house would catch fire, then your answer would depend on whether or not you had ever seen one catch fire before (the probability distribution).

Some common distributions include:

• The normal distribution (a bell curve) – This type of probability distribution describes the likelihood that an outcome will occur under certain conditions. It’s used in statistics, finance and economics as well as medicine because it describes how likely people are to get sick from diseases like flu or cancer; for example: If there are 100 people who have been diagnosed with cancer and another 300 who have never been diagnosed before then there exists up to 0% chance that any person will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetime; however once again this depends upon where these patients live within their country/state etcetera…

Confidence Intervals (CI) and P-values

Confidence intervals are used to measure how precise a point estimate is. A confidence interval is the range of values that includes the true value and excludes 0. The larger this range, the more precise your data will be. If you have 100 people in your study and your sample size was 20, then you can use 95% CIs (or 99% if you wanted to be really sure).

P-values are used to test whether or not there’s enough evidence for us to reject our null hypothesis at 0%. To do this with our hypothetical example from above: Let’s say that we’re interested in seeing if there’s any difference between male nurses vs female nurses when it comes to getting sick during their time of internship at work—in other words, whether or not women get sicker than men do during their internship (the null hypothesis). If so, then maybe we should keep them separated! So let’s run some tests on these two groups by comparing them against each other using p=0

Standard Errors (SE) and T-tests (t)

SE is a measure of the variability of a sample. It provides insight into what proportion of the total variation in your data is due to chance (error) and what proportion is due to differences between groups. The SE tells you how much variation there was in your sample when compared with another sample or population. The t-test is used to compare means between two populations, or two samples from different populations, such as two hospitals within one hospital system; or two patients treated at different times by one healthcare provider who practices both primary care and specialty medicine.

Correlation and Regression Analysis (CRR)

Correlation analysis is the process of measuring the degree to which two variables are related. For example, if you have a data set on the number of patients who are hospitalized with an ailment A, and another data set on the number of patients who have visited your office with an ailment B, then correlation can be used to determine whether there is an association between these two sets of information.

Regression analysis is a type of statistical procedure used when investigating relationships between independent variables (elements) and dependent variables (results). It helps us predict future outcomes by using past experience as well as other factors involved in making decisions about healthcare facilities.

Takeaway:

• You should have a better understanding of how to use managerial epidemiology in healthcare.

• You’ve learned that managerial epidemiology is a great tool for improving patient care and reducing costs in healthcare organizations.

• You can apply this knowledge to your own practice, or even help other physicians by sharing it with them.

Conclusion

In this article, we’ve explored the concepts of epidemiology and how they can be applied in healthcare. We started with a basic overview of the process followed by more detailed descriptions of each step along the way. We also looked at some applications that would be useful for any healthcare professional who wishes to make better decisions based on data.

Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers

Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.

Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS

Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?

Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.

We write plagiarism Free Content

Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.

Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.