This week, as you explore presentations of endocrine conditions and infections in acute care settings, you will examine strategies for assessing, diagnosing, and treating patients with endocrine conditions and infections. NURS 6550: Week 8: Discussion: Endocrine System Diseases and Infectious Diseases Essay.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this week, students will:

• Evaluate patients with endocrine conditions and infections
• Develop differential diagnoses for patients with endocrine conditions and infections
• Develop treatment plans for patients with endocrine conditions and infections

Learning Resources

Required Readings – NURS 6550: Week 8: Discussion: Endocrine System Diseases and Infectious Diseases Essay

Colyar, M. R. (2015). Advanced practice nursing procedures. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.

• Section 1, “Dermatologic Procedures”
  • Chapter 3, “Wood’s Light Examination Procedures”
  • Chapter 5, “Bites: Ants, Arthropods (Spiders), Bees, and Wasps”
  • Chapter 6, “Bites: Cat, Dog, and Human”
  • Chapter 25, “Tick Removal”

Papadakis, M. A., McPhee, S. J., & Rabow, M. W. (2018). Current medical diagnosis & treatment (57th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

• Chapter 26, “Endocrine Disorders” (pp. 1117-1221)
• Chapter 27, “Diabetes Mellitus & Hypoglycemia” (pp. 1222-1268)
• Chapter 30, “Common Problems in Infectious Diseases & Antimicrobial Therapy” (pp. 1297-1339)
• Chapter 32, “Viral & Rickettsial Infections” (pp. 1378-1454)
• Chapter 33, “Bacterial & Chlamydial Infections” (pp. 1455-1500)
• Chapter 34, “Spirochetal Infections” (pp. 1501-1518)
• Chapter 35, “Protozoal & Helminthic Infections” (pp. 1519-1559)
• Chapter 36, “Mycotic Infections” (pp. 1560-1573)

Weber, E. C., Vilensky, J. A., & Fog, A. M. (2013). Practical radiology: A symptom-based approach. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.

• Chapter 11, “Imaging of Bone Disease and Endocrine Disorders” (pp. 215–222)

American Association for Clinical Chemistry. (2014a). ACTH. Retrieved from http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/acth/tab/test

Khan Academy. (n.d.). Infectious diseases. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases

Khan Academy. (n.d.). Types of diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/v/treating-type-i-diabetes/v/types-of-diabetes

National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. (n.d.). Pressure ulcer category/staging illustrations. Retrieved October 27, 2014, from http://www.npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/pressure-ulcer-categorystaging-illustrations/

National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. (2007). Pressure ulcer staging guide. Retrieved from http://www.woundconsultant.com/files/pressure_ulcer_guide_8_08.pdf

Sahu, M. K., Siddharth, B., Choudhury, A., Vishnubhatla, S., Pal Singh, S., Menon, R., & … Singh, S. P. (2016). Incidence, microbiological profile of nosocomial infections, and their antibiotic resistance patterns in a high volume Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit. Annals Of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 19(2), 281-287. doi:10.4103/0971-9784.179625

University of Virginia. (2013r). Thyroid ultrasound top 10 pathology. Retrieved from http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/Thyroid_Ultrasound/index.html

Required Media

i-Human Patient Cases. (2014). Retrieved from https://ih2.i-human.com/users/sign_in

Optional Resources

Barkley, T & Myers, C. (2015). Practice Considerations for Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioners, Volumes 1 and 2 West Hollywood,, Ca: Barkley and Associates, Inc.

Sullivan, D. D. (2012). Guide to clinical documentation (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.

Discussion: Endocrine System Diseases and Infectious Diseases

To prepare:

• • Select and review one of the videos found on the Khan academy website using the links below:

• • Khan Academy. (n.d.). Types of diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/v/treating-type-i-diabetes/v/types-of-diabetes
  • Khan Academy. (n.d.). Infectious diseases. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases
• Take notes as you watch the video and then prepare a summary of what you learned.

By Day 3

Post the title of the video you selected and a summary of the video written in your own words of what you learned. NO references are required for this Discussion Board post.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

By Day 6

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days. Respond to colleagues who selected a different video than you did. Based on your personal and/or professional experiences, expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION;

Endocrine conditions and infections in acute care settings

Introduction

Acute care facilities are often a source of infection for hospital patients. Unrecognized endocrine diseases and infections can increase the risk of hospital-acquired infections (HAsI), especially in those with diabetes mellitus, who may be at greater risk for nosocomial infections (NI).

When these infections occur, they may not cause overt symptoms.

When these infections occur, they may not cause overt symptoms. Symptoms may include fever, chills, and malaise. Other symptoms may include headache, nausea and vomiting or diarrhea. In some cases the infection may lead to sepsis (a serious condition) or death

. The risk of developing a serious illness from these infections is higher in people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have undergone organ transplants or other types of medical procedures that suppress the immune system.

Other people at risk for these infections include those who are receiving long-term medical care in hospitals or nursing homes, those with compromised immune systems due to aging or other reasons, and those who have had recent surgery or trauma.

People with weakened immune systems have an increased risk of developing infections from these bacteria. People who are at risk include those being treated for chronic illnesses such as diabetes or HIV/AIDS, and those who have undergone organ transplants or other types of medical procedures that suppress the immune system.

Endocrine disorders are associated with increased risk for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs).

Endocrine disorders are associated with increased risk for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious illness that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which may result in diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Individuals with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for nosocomial infections (NI), especially during periods of poor glycemic control or when they have decreased immunity due to poor nutrition/dietary habits.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that requires immediate treatment. It occurs when there is not enough insulin available to break down glucose into energy for the body to use. To compensate, the body burns fat instead and produces acidic compounds called ketones. When ketones build up in the blood, they can have harmful effects on the body.

There are many types of diabetes mellitus, including type 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes is a disease in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or none at all. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of this disease and occurs when your body does not use insulin properly.

Individuals with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for nosocomial infections (NI), including:

Individuals with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for nosocomial infections (NI), including:

• Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. These bacteria can cause skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, sepsis, or death in patients with diabetes. The most common sites of infection are the foot ulcers that occur during long-term use of insulin pump therapy or as an effect of oxidative stress caused by elevated blood glucose concentration in prediabetic individuals. Infection may also occur after peripheral vascular surgery when infected blood is introduced into the limb circulation via cannulation of venous lines.* Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This condition occurs when there is high blood glucose levels resulting from hyperglycemia associated with inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells.* Bacterial endocarditis occurs primarily among individuals with preexisting valvular disease; however it also occurs among healthy people who have had an underlying condition such as hypertension or obesity without any obvious valvular pathology

. Bacterial endocarditis is most commonly caused by oral flora such as Streptococcus viridans, enterococci, and Actinomyces spp.

These infections can be more severe than other healthcare-associated infections.

• Endocrine disorders can increase the risk of infection.

• Endocrine disorders can affect the body’s ability to fight off infections, which can lead to more severe complications such as sepsis or pneumonia.

Chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and kidney failure can also increase the risk of infection.

In addition, people with chronic diseases are more likely to have weakened immune systems and may be less able to fight off infections.

People with weakened immune systems are more likely to get infections, which can lead to sepsis or pneumonia. Examples of conditions that can reduce immunity include:

Conclusion

Infections in acute care settings can cause serious problems for patients. They are more likely to occur in people with diabetes, immunodeficiency, or when their immune systems are suppressed. Infections can lead to dehydration and other complications that could put a patient’s life in danger if not treated immediately