You will need to prepare an assessment based on the Conscientious Objection and Professional Responsibility case study or the Genetic Testing and Patient Autonomy case study.? ? Compete
LG revision assessment 3 4000
You will need to prepare an assessment based on the
Conscientious Objection and Professional Responsibility case study or the Genetic Testing and Patient Autonomy case study.
Competency 3
Apply ethical principles and academic standards to the study of health care embracing principles of diversity, equity, inclusion, and antidiscrimination.
Criterion
Summarize the facts of a case study using peer-reviewed journal articles as evidence to support analysis of the case.
Your Result:NON_PERFORMANCE
Does not summarize the facts of a case study using peer-reviewed journal articles as evidence to support analysis of the case.
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Criterion
Discuss the effectiveness of the approach used by the professional in a case study as it relates to the three components of the ethical decision-making model.
Your Result:NON_PERFORMANCE
Does not discuss the effectiveness of the approach used by the professional in a case study as it relates to the three components of the ethical decision-making model.
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Criterion
Apply ethical principles to a possible solution to the proposed problem or issue from a case study.
Your Result:NON_PERFORMANCE
Does not identify ethical principles related to the possible solution to the proposed problem or issue from the case study.
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Competency 4
Write in appropriate tone and style, in accordance with Capella writing standards, while demonstrating professional and personal honesty and integrity.
Criterion
Discuss the effectiveness of the communication approaches present in a case study.
Your Result:NON_PERFORMANCE
Does not discuss the effectiveness of the communication approaches present in a case study.
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Criterion
Produce text with minimal grammatical, usage, spelling, and mechanical errors.
Your Result:NON_PERFORMANCE
Produces text with significant grammatical, usage, spelling, and mechanical errors, making text difficult to follow.
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Criterion
Integrate into text appropriate use of scholarly sources, evidence, and citation style.
Your Result:NON_PERFORMANCE
Does not integrate into text appropriate use of scholarly sources, evidence, and citation style.
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3
Ethical Dilemmas in Healthcare Management
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
Date
Resolving an Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Management
Introduction
In the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, professionals are frequently confronted with ethical dilemmas that require careful consideration and application of ethical principles (Rainer et al., 2018). The chosen case study revolves around Matt Losinski, the CEO of County General Hospital (CGH), who is grappling with the ethical dilemma of managing high patient volumes in the emergency department, which is leading to financial strain. This paper analyzes the case study, assesses communication approaches, evaluates the effectiveness of the chosen solution, and applies ethical principles to propose an alternative resolution.
Case Study Description
The selected case study highlights the ethical dilemma Matt Losinski, the CEO of CGH, faced regarding the escalating costs associated with providing emergency patient care. Despite government payments under the national Medicaid program, CGH cannot cover all costs, resulting in a $200,000 shortfall. The ethical decision-making model will be applied to analyze the factors contributing to the issue and propose a solution. This model comprises moral awareness, moral judgment and moral intention (Gao et al., 2021). Key factors contributing to the problem include the affordability of health insurance and ease of access to healthcare, leading to frequent use of emergency services for non-critical cases.
Communication Approaches
In addressing the ethical dilemma at County General Hospital, Mr. Losinski's communication approaches demonstrated a blend of formal and informal channels. While engaging with his CFO, Mary Scott and convening a meeting with the executive committee showcased a formalized communication structure, the reliance on informal communication with the CFO raised concerns about the objectivity of the financial data acquired. Informal discussions may lead to incomplete or biased information, potentially impacting the quality of decision-making ((Rainer et al., 2018; Johnson et al., 2022). This highlights the critical role of effective communication in ethical problem-solving. Incorporating cross-cultural skills could have further enriched the communication process by promoting diverse perspectives and ensuring a more comprehensive understanding of the issue. Emphasizing the need for both formal and culturally sensitive communication approaches is crucial in navigating complex ethical dilemmas in healthcare management.
Effectiveness of the Approach Used
Mr. Losinski's approach, though partially effective, presents a mixed picture in dealing with the ethical dilemma at County General Hospital. Convening a meeting with the executive committee demonstrates a logical and formal step towards addressing the cost overruns associated with emergency patient care. This decision aligns with best practices in collaborative decision-making (Arar & Saiti, 2022). However, relying on informal communication with the CFO introduces challenges, particularly concerning the objectivity of the financial information gathered. The CEO's approach lacked the necessary level of objectivity and the analysis of potential negative outcomes was insufficient hence emphasizing the importance of a more comprehensive evaluation of alternative solutions in ethical dilemmas. The case underscores valuable lessons, emphasizing the need for objectivity, collaboration and a more structured communication approach when dealing with complex ethical matters in healthcare management.
Proposed Solution
The proposed solution to the ethical dilemma faced by Mr. Losinski at County General Hospital entails a nuanced and comprehensive approach. The solution aims to balance the interests of both patients and CGH by prioritizing patients with genuine urgent needs in the emergency department. This approach urges healthcare managers to take responsibility for conflicts of interest, emphasizing the importance of ethical decision-making. The proposed solution addresses the financial strain on CGH and upholds key ethical principles such as beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice. The solution fosters a more efficient allocation of resources by increasing control over the emergency department's activities, allowing staff to focus on critical cases. This improves patient care and enhances professional collaboration within the healthcare team. Generally, the proposed solution tackles the immediate financial challenge while promoting a more ethically sound and patient-centered approach to healthcare management at CGH.
Conclusion
Professionals in the dynamic healthcare field frequently face moral dilemmas that necessitate careful consideration and the application of ethical norms (Baysal et al., 2019). The ethical decision-making model provides a framework for analyzing the ethical dilemma faced by Matt Losinski in managing the costs of emergency patient care at CGH. The case underscores the importance of effective communication, collaboration, and a thorough analysis of potential solutions. The proposed solution, emphasizing increased control over the emergency department's activities, aligns with ethical principles and offers a balanced approach to addressing the challenges faced by healthcare professionals. This assessment highlights the significance of applying ethical principles in healthcare decision-making and emphasizes the need for ongoing ethical reflection and collaboration in the dynamic healthcare environment.
Arar, K., & Saiti, A. (2022). Ethical leadership, ethical dilemmas and decision making among school administrators. Equity in Education & Society, 1(1), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/27526461211070828
Baysal, E., Sari, D., & Erdem, H. (2019). Ethical decision-making levels of oncology nurses. Nursing Ethics, 26(7-8), 2204-2212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018803662
Gao, R., Liu, J., & Yin, B. (2021). An Expanded Ethical Decision-making Model to Resolve Ethical Dilemmas in Assessment. Studies in Educational Evaluation, p. 68, 100978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2021.100978
Johnson, M. K., Weeks, S. N., Peacock, G. G., & Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. (2022). Ethical decision-making models: a taxonomy of models and review of issues. Ethics & Behavior, 32(3), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2021.1913593
Rainer, J., Schneider, J. K., & Lorenz, R. A. (2018). Ethical dilemmas in nursing: An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(19-20), 3446-3461.
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Applying Ethical Principles
Learner’s Name
Capella University
NHS4000: Developing a Health Care Perspective
Instructor Name
August, 2020
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Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.
Applying Ethical Principles
Health care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that require
them to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamental
principles of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act as
yardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted in
the field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use these
principles to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.
Overview of the Case Study
Betsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows her
patients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.
Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healing
and discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,
Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomes
unresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20
seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley is
having the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concerned
about the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirley
used to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced to
about 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,
this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain that
Shirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. At
the very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.
Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parents
and Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as
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an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. They
stress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she will
be cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religious
faith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,
they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,
which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful that
Betsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute about
going against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethical
dilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in the
matter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.
Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case Study
In the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’
refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. When
Betsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medical
attention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides to
explain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversation
so that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medical
intervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.
Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy is
concerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).
Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case Study
The three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moral
judgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.
Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment
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involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Both
moral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the right
action to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizes
the circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by her
decision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believed
that it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes to
resolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles of
health care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as a
health care professional.
Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case Study
Listening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening to
Alice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.
She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers and
faith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.
Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent of
Shirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping her
boundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the information
they need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’s
parents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses the
importance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’s
parents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsy
communicates the situation to them in an effective manner.
During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell are
empathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their
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daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so that
he could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients who
have similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decision
if Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learning
difficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,
hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable to
convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.
Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, it
seems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.
However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care while
communicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from this
case study.
Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical Principles
The four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are
often employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to accepting
and understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,
nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patients
fairly without bias.
The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basic
principles of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflict
between the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on the
other. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs and
not coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try to
explain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.
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Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the government
to counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could be
considered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to help
Shirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoring
her seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.
Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle of
autonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind
(Baumrucker et al., 2017).
Conclusion
The four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals to
analyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respecting
Shirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health care
professional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding the
principles of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.
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References
Baumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &
Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. American
Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.
http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812
Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:
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Assessment 03 – Applying Ethical Principles
For this assessment, you will develop a solution to a specific ethical dilemma faced by a health care professional. Before you complete the instructions detailed in the courseroom, first select one of the ethical dilemmas below to be the focus of your assessment. After you have selected one of the ethical dilemmas from below, return to the detailed instructions in the courseroom to complete your assessment. Case Study: Conscientious Objection and Professional Responsibility Nurse Amelia Brooks, a dedicated and experienced nurse at Riverside Medical Center, has always been known for her commitment to patient care. However, she finds herself in a moral quandary when Dr. Rebecca Martin, the leading obstetrician at the center, asks her to assist in an elective abortion procedure for a patient named Sophie Turner, a 24-year-old graduate student. Amelia holds strong personal beliefs against abortion due to her religious upbringing. She feels that participating in the procedure would violate her conscience and deeply held moral convictions. However, she also recognizes her professional responsibility to provide care without discrimination and to prioritize the well-being and autonomy of her patients. The principle of autonomy emphasizes the importance of individual choice and freedom. In this context, it applies both to Sophie's right to make decisions about her own body and to Amelia's right to act in line with her personal beliefs. The principle of professional responsibility, on the other hand, underscores Amelia's duty to provide care and uphold the standards of her profession. Balancing these principles is the concept of non-maleficence, which emphasizes the commitment to "do no harm." Amelia grapples with what "harm" means in this context: harm to the patient by potentially denying care or harm to herself by violating her conscience. Case Study: Genetic Testing and Patient Autonomy Dr. Leonard Harper, a seasoned geneticist at Hillside Medical Center, has always been an advocate for patient autonomy. One day, he is approached by Mrs. Clara Bennett, a 38-year-old literature professor, who is expecting her first child. Clara, having heard about the advancements in prenatal genetic testing, wishes to undergo the procedure to determine if her unborn child has any genetic disorders. She's particularly concerned due to her age and a family history of genetic anomalies.
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After conducting the necessary tests, the results reveal a high likelihood that the child will have Down syndrome. Dr. Harper schedules a private consultation with Clara to discuss the findings. During the meeting, Clara, visibly distressed, makes an unexpected request. She asks Dr. Harper to withhold the results from her husband, Lt. Jack Bennett, a naval officer currently stationed overseas. Clara fears how Jack, who is eagerly awaiting the birth of their first child, might react to the news. She's concerned that it might add undue stress to his already demanding and dangerous job. Dr. Harper finds himself in a profound ethical dilemma. On one hand, he respects Clara's autonomy and her right to decide when and how the information is shared. On the other hand, he believes in the importance of open communication, especially in matters that affect family dynamics and decision-making. He worries about the strain this secret might place on the Bennetts' marriage and the potential implications for future medical decisions regarding the child.
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