December 1, 2023

Discussed Behavioral counseling theories, describe how you would use the theory and technique to build rapport with your client, assist your client in gaining insi

Discussed Behavioral counseling theories, describe how you would use the theory and technique to build rapport with your client, assist your client in gaining insight, and effect change. You may incorporate more than one theory if you feel those fit best with your philosophy of counseling.

Counseling and Therapies Feedback Rubric

	20	15	10	5
Discussed Theoretical approach and technique	Writing shows high degree of attention to logic and reasoning of points well developed thoughts. The writing clearly leads the reader to the conclusion and stirs thought regarding the topic. Content indicates synthesis of ideas, in-depth analysis of original thought and support for the topic.	Writing is coherent and logically organized with transitions used between ideas and paragraphs to create coherence. The writing sufficiently expresses coherent ideas from original thinking supported by firm evidence. Main points well developed with quality supporting details and reflects.	Writing is coherent and logically organized, but some points are misplaced or stray from the topic. Some transitions are used inconsistently. Main ideas reflecting some critical thinking is presented without detail or development.	Writing lacks logical organization. It shows some coherence but ideas lack unity. Many or serious errors are present. Main ideas reflect little critical thinking is presented without detail, development, or ideas are vaguely presented.
Relevance of theoretical apprach	Writing shows high degree of attention to logic and reasoning of points well developed thoughts. The writing clearly leads the reader to the conclusion and stirs thought regarding the topic. Content indicates synthesis of ideas, in-depth analysis of original thought and support for the topic.	Writing is coherent and logically organized with transitions used between ideas and paragraphs to create coherence. The writing sufficiently expresses coherent ideas from original thinking supported by firm evidence. Main points well developed with quality supporting details and reflects.	Writing is coherent and logically organized, but some points are misplaced or stray from the topic. Some transitions are used inconsistently. Main ideas reflecting some critical thinking is presented without detail or development.	Writing lacks logical organization. It shows some coherence but ideas lack unity. Many or serious errors are present. Main ideas reflect little critical thinking is presented without detail, development, or ideas are vaguely presented.
Application of this approach and how it affects change	Writing shows high degree of attention to logic and reasoning of points well developed thoughts. The writing clearly leads the reader to the conclusion and stirs thought regarding the topic. Content indicates synthesis of ideas, in-depth analysis of original thought and support for the topic.	Writing is coherent and logically organized with transitions used between ideas and paragraphs to create coherence. The writing sufficiently expresses coherent ideas from original thinking supported by firm evidence. Main points well developed with quality supporting details and reflects.	Writing is coherent and logically organized, but some points are misplaced or stray from the topic. Some transitions are used inconsistently. Main ideas reflecting some critical thinking is presented without detail or development.	Writing lacks logical organization. It shows some coherence but ideas lack unity. Many or serious errors are present. Main ideas reflect little critical thinking is presented without detail, development, or ideas are vaguely presented.
At least 750 words, double spaced, with in text citations and a references page	Essay has 1 page (double spaced). The writing contains in-text citations and a reference page.	Essay has nearly1 page (double spaced). The writing contains a APA formatting errors on the reference page or in-text citations.	Essay has nearly1 page (double spaced). The writing contains in-text citations without a reference page or a reference page without in-text citations.	Essay has nearly 1 page (double spaced). The writing contains no in-text citations or reference page.
Usage of correct grammar, usage, and mechanics in APA format.	Essay is free of distracting spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors; absent of fragments, comma splices, and run-ons. Meets most criteria of APA formatting requirements.	Essay has few spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors allowing reader to follow ideas clearly. Very few fragments or run-ons. Meets some of APA formatting requirements.	Essay has several spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors allowing reader to follow ideas clearly. Very few fragments or run-ons. Meets few of APA formatting requirements.	Spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors create distraction, making reading difficult; fragments, comma splices, run-ons evident. Errors are frequent. Fails to follow APA formatting requirements.

Theories of Counseling:
Behavioral Approaches

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Behavioral Approaches

Development of Behavioral Approaches

John Locke: Blank Slate

John Watson: Learned Neuroses
B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

Behavioral Approaches

Basic Principles

Reinforcement: Rewards and Punishments.
Shaping: Working with small, incremental changes.
Measurement: Objective, measurable outcomes.
Action: Dwells more on behaviors than thoughts.

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Theoretical Constructs and Techniques

Focuses on dysfunctional, irrational, unrealistic and distorted thoughts.
Feelings and behavior are also addressed.
Unconditional acceptance is important.
Ellis also believed in authenticity.
Clients are encouraged to think rationally.

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Philosophy and Beliefs

Understanding belief systems is important.
Belief systems are organized ways of thinking about reality.
Belief systems affect one’s self-view.
The language a client uses, will speak to their philosophy and belief system.

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Philosophy and Beliefs (continued)

Clients create their own emotional disturbances by believing in absolute and irrational beliefs.
Clients can choose their belief system.
Counselors can help clients by identifying irrational beliefs and helping the client find meaning in their lives.

Beliefs

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Identifying Irrational Thinking

Helpless thinking is the result of irrational thinking.
It usually includes “all or nothing” statements.
It usually includes the words should, ought, never and must.

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Identifying Irrational Thinking (continued)

Five common irrational or dysfunctional ideas:

“Life isn’t fair.”
“It’s awful.”
“I can’t stand it.”
“I must get what I want.”
“I’m incompetent.”

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A-B-C-D-E-F

A = The activating event.

B = The irrational belief about the event.

C = The emotional consequence.

D = Disputing the irrational beliefs.

E = The emotional effect of disputing the belief.

F = New feelings and behavior.

Behavioral Approaches

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy and Multiculturalism

The therapy fails to address contextual-situational factors that adversely impact client’s lives.
REBT uses the ethnocentric approach to mental health care.
Does not focus on the phenomenological experience of the client.
Does not address the different ways irrational beliefs are manifested by the culturally different.

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

The Basics

Instead of seeking to change behavior, Reality Therapy works on changing awareness of responsibility.
Once responsibility is acknowledged by the client, it is then possible to work on behavior change.
The locus of the decision is placed on the client.

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

The Basics

The Reality therapist might borrow skills, techniques or ideas from other theories if it benefits the client.
The Reality therapist will be himself or herself, use humor, sarcasm and confrontation in personal ways to assist the client in greater understanding.
Role-playing, systematic planning, and teaching intentional living are all important in Reality Therapy.

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

The Basics

The client has control over his or her life, choices and personhood.
There is no need to explore a client’s past because the past is over and the client’s problems occur in the present.
Reality therapy puts the power into the client’s hands and shows the client how he or she can help himself or herself.

Power

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

The Basics

The client and counselor explores the client’s wants and needs.
It focuses on conscious, planned behavior.
The therapy focuses on responsibility and choice.
Trust and the relationship between client and counselor are critical.

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

The Basics

Since it is often used in institutions, the counselor’s communication of trust, warmth, respect and caring is especially important.
Reality therapy helps clients look at the consequences of their own actions.
This therapy is often used in settings other than the counseling office (e.g. playground or detention center) and is practiced by those other than counselors (e.g. teacher and prison guard).

Consequences

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy//Choice Theory

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy

Reality therapy aids the client in examining the types of thoughts he or she has about himself or herself and the external world.
It helps clients exert control over their own actions, lives, choices and feelings.
Clients choose misery and symptoms. This becomes a way a client has of dealing with the world (e.g. depressing, headaching).

Thoughts

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy

There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).
We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.
Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that relates to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those needs; evaluate behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps the client plan to change behavior to more effectively meet needs.

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy

There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).
We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.
Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that relates to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those needs; evaluate behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps the client plan to change behavior to more effectively meet needs.

Behavioral Approaches

Reality Therapy and Multiculturalism

Many of the tenets of Reality therapy fits well with other cultures.
Helping the client explore wants and needs keeps the focus on the client’s values and concerns within the client’s cultural context.
Reality therapy challenges the client to see the self in relationship to his or her context. This includes the client’s cultural context.

Behavioral Approaches

Donald Meichenbaum’s Ten Central Tenets of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Behavior is reciprocal between a client’s thoughts, feelings, psychological processes and resultant consequences.
Cognitions do not cause emotional difficulty.
Counselors help clients understand how they construct and construe reality.
CBT therapists dissuade from the rationalist or objectivist position.
There is an emphasis on collaboration with the client.

Behavioral Approaches

Donald Meichenbaum’s Ten Central Tenets of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (continued)

Relapse prevention is central to cognitive behavioral therapy.
The client/therapist relationship is critical for change to occur.
Emotions play a critical role in cognitive-behavioral therapy.
CBT is used with couples and families.
CBT can be used in a variety of setting with a variety of issues.

Behavioral Approaches

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Central Constructs

Client-counselor relationship is imperative and counselors exhibit high levels of empathy, self-congruence and interpersonal contact. The relationship is collaborative and relationship variables differ according to client and culture.
Operationalization of Behavior: Focuses on the concreteness and specifics of behavior. Vagueness is transformed into objective, observable actions.
Functional Analysis: The ABC’s of behavior. An individual's behavior is directly related to events and s

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