When discussing Maritime Security what outline one (1) maritime incident and describe what effects the incident has had on the shipping industry. Using the context of your book and ot
Question: When discussing Maritime Security what outline one (1) maritime incident and describe what effects the incident has had on the shipping industry.
Using the context of your book and other sources, use the following to help guide you:
A- Understand the different effects
Your initial post should include the following:
- 400 words (PAY ATTENTION TO THIS) YOU MUST HAVE THE PROPER AMOUNT OF WORD COUNT
- At least 3 sources
- Based on your research, take a position on the topic
- A defensive of your facts/opinion and why/how you came to the conclusion
Chapter 8
Week 10
Freight and Long Distance Passenger Heavy Rail
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Trains are children’s toys and the backbone of goods movement
Model railroading, train watching, Monopoly “railroads”
Romance of rail travel
Components
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Opened the West
Helped the North win the Civil War
Railroad gun- civil war through WW II
US Transcontinental identity
People, goods, minerals and raw materials to move freely
American History and the Railroad
The Leopold, Ft. Lee, Virginia
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
America’s railroads are the busiest in the world
Moving more freight than any other system.
Earn $42 billion annually in revenue transporting 12.7% of the nation’s goods by volume.
Most of the income derives from moving coal, chemicals, nonmetal minerals, food and automobiles.
Many of the chemicals are hazardous materials, and the toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) chemicals pose a special concern for security and accident prevention.
Components
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Amtrak- long distance passenger rail
Founded in 1970 as a merger of existing lines
9/11 airport closures demonstrated the value of passenger rail
Travels 272 million vehicle-miles a year, or 6,179 million passenger miles.
Operates 21,178 miles of rail for passenger use, with 278 locomotives and 1,177 cars for long distance passenger trips.
Categories of Rail
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Freight rail
Conrail created in 1976 to salvage failing East Coast freight service
Privatized in 1987 through sale to CSX & Norfolk Southern
Conrail is switching and terminal operator
There are over 550 freight railroads operating in the United States.
Freight railroads are in three categories. Class I or long haul, Class II or regional, and Class III or short line
Categories of Rail
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Freight Railroads
| Freight Railroad Classes | Description |
| Class I | Operate over large areas, in multiple states, and concentrate on the long-haul, high-density, intercity traffic lines with annual revenues over $250 million. |
| Class II (Regional) | Operate on at least 350 miles of active lines and have annual revenues between $20 and $250 million. |
| Class III (Shortline) | Operate on less than 350 miles of line and generate less than $20 million in annual revenues. |
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Class I railroads have 94,082 miles of freight lines
Class II have 16,690 miles of regional freight lines
Class III have 28, 554 miles of local freight lines.
Class 1 railroads have 24,003 locomotives and 450, 297 freight cars, with additional rail vehicles in daily service that are owned by the shippers or non-Class 1 railroad companies.
There are seven Class I railroads, two of which are Canadian: Burlington Northern Santa Fe, CSX, Union Pacific, Kansas City Southern, and Norfolk Southern; Canadian Pacific and Canadian National.
Class 1 railroad freight travels 37,226 million vehicle-miles per year, about 25% of the distance travelled by freight trucks.
Freight Railroads
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
| Class 1 | 93% of freight revenues 89% of railroad workers |
| Miles of railroad operated | 140,000+ |
| Freight cars in service | 642,405 |
| Locomotives in service | 22,548 |
Freight Rail Statistics
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Single track most places
Dual track and sidings in limited areas
“Consist” is the makeup of the train
Passage of trains controlled by signals and switches, radio controlled
Rail yards and sidings to change cars on trains
Track is owned by individual companies but shared across the system
95% of Amtrak’s 22,000 miles is owned by freight companies; Amtrak owns the Northeast Corridor and shares with freight
Components
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In many areas of West train tracks run straight
Bridges used over rivers, ravines
Can be choke points
Bridges open until train needs it
Depends on power and signals to close
East and mountain west trains use tunnels
Components
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Locomotives weigh about 200 tons each
Rail cars come in a number of configurations
box cars, hoppers, gondolas, flatbed, tankers, automobile racks, refrigerated vehicles, well cars for containers, and other specialized vehicles.
Most freight locomotives are diesel powered, but passenger rail operates on electrified networks.
Multiple locomotives may power one train, and most locomotives can pull or push a train.
Each train averages 100 cars, and weighs about 6,000 tons.
Trains travel an average of 55 mph, and require a mile to stop in emergency mode.
Freight Rail operation
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Trains move cars across segments of the route, then drop them on sidings to be attached to another train
Consist starts with the first cars to be removed placed behind the engine
“Station order block” is cars to be removed at successive stations and sidings
Train is assembled
“Local pickup and set out of cars”
Cars are classified for DOT regulations and consist is finalized
Cars move in “line haul”
Process is repeated at each stop
The Consist
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Train consists are in station block order, but also have to comply with DOT rules
Empty cars
Hazmat/TIH cars
Time moving cars around in the yard requires the presence of the train crew, adding to the cost of the shipment
Conductor receives the consist showing the cars in station blocks
He determines where the train cars have to be removed and added at each exchange point.
Each movement requires fifteen to twenty minutes, so removing and adding cars in blocks saves time and money
The consist
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Switches and signals control rail traffic, operated from remote locations by radio signals, often controlled by computers.
Cyber-based elements = computer scheduling of trains and rail car movements, tracking of rail cars in transit, management of grade crossing signals and other safety warning devices.
Depend on electricity from the community grid.
Stations for passengers and freight
often have auxiliary activities like intermodal transfer to trucks or maritime
parking lots for passenger and employee cars
Rail yards store cars waiting for transferred to different trains, those that are out of service, some of which may contain hazardous materials including toxic inhalation hazards (TIH).
Rail yards are also the repair facilities for the railroad. The roundhouse services and repairs locomotives and their component parts like boilers and electric motors. The train cars are repaired in railroads shops within the yards.
Non rail components
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Specialized repair vehicles, self-propelled machines lay and repair track.
Small pick-up trucks with rubber tires and steel wheels at rail gauge manage small maintenance projects.
Rescue cranes, towing vehicles, electrical systems repair vehicles and snow removal equipment all operate on the same rails as the trains.
Rail is often the only access to remote areas of the system
All emergency response equipment has to run on rails, so tracks that have been destroyed can slow emergency response.
Non rail components
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Heavy rail is land bridge from Asia to Europe
Domestic trade = 1.2 million intermodal containers owned by Railroads
Many more containers owned by maritime and trucking companies that travel part of the way on rail
US domestic transportation carries $436 billion of commodities by rail alone
Combined truck and rail shipments account for $187 billion
Combined rail and water shipments account for $14 billion.
International trade, rail accounts for transportation of $35,263 million in exports and $60,361 million in imports
While trucks carry a higher dollar value of merchandise, trains account for the heavy bulk commodities that cannot pass over roads,
Forty percent of all intercity goods travel by train.
Grain, petroleum products and ethanol account for a large proportion of goods traveling by rail.
67% of the coal used for creating electricity travels by rail.
Rail and commerce
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Most toxic hazardous materials transport within the country is by rail
72 trillion ton-miles on rail every year.
Chlorine that is used to process safe drinking water
Chemicals for refining gasoline
Fuels for vehicles and home heating, “farming, medical applications, manufacturing and mining.”
| Category/Type-Annually- 2003 | Number |
| Hazmat originations in the US and Canada | 1.6 million |
| Tank car originations | 1.2 million |
| Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) tank car shipments | 85,198 |
| Chlorine tank car shipments | 30,254 |
| Anhydrous ammonia tank car shipments | 30,687 |
Rail and commerce
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Department of Defense Strategic Rail Corridor Network (STRACNET) includes 30,000 miles of rail to support military bases throughout the nation.
Because military equipment is heavy it is usually moved by rail rather than road.
“Interstate” was created to accommodate the movement of war materiel from coast to coast, but the railroads actually carry most of the military’s weapons, ammunition and vehicles routinely.
Rail and Military support
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Part of nation’s critical infrastructure
Constantly changing threat environment
Al Qaeda plans to “send a train off a bridge”
Single track system creates vulnerability
Toxics travel through urban environments
Threats to the freight and long distance passenger heavy rail sytem
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Break
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Open system
Diverse freight and passenger mix
High speed rail creates greater vulnerabilities
Amtrak used fencing, bollards, blast curtains, access control and technologically driven initiatives to protect stations, bridges and tunnels. …exploring the expanded use … for right of way protection
Open System
Amtrak ACELA in Northeast Corridor
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Freight system = 100,000+ miles in US, Canada and Mexico
Diverse mix of freight
Trains and consists are tracked, but the length of trips creates uncertainties about location of a specific car at a specific time
Rail cars are left unguarded on sidings, but protected by their isolation
Security challenges
Human trespassers are challenge
2009- 428 fatalities
Vandalism costs
Urban facilities are fences, locked, have roving patrols
WW II spies led to railroad security based on denial of access
Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1994 (49 U.S.C. § 20151) encouraged states to pass stricter punishments for trespass and vandalism on railroads
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
9.2 intermodal shipments per year
Shipments travel across country unopened
High speed cranes at ports make 40 moves per hour
Alameda Corridor in LA cut time from 4 hours to 30 minutes from port to main rail line
Nation’s busiest international gateway, 20% of Asian imports, $250 billion in imports and exports annually
Drugs and human trafficking
20,000 people per year
Loss of cargo searching protocols at borders (NAFTA) makes global supply chain vulnerable to introduction of contraband
Breach at port could then effect rail and trucking
C-TPAT and CSI help
Intermodal system
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, contact, or exposure
Acutely hazardous materials/ extremely hazardous substances
Toxic Inhalation Hazards- poisonous by inhalation
Chlorine, anhydrous ammonia, sulfur dioxide, ethylene oxide, hydrogen fluoride- most common
DOT Emergency Response Guide
Every hazmat shipment has Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) with train crew
ERG give chemical characteristics, class, first aid and fire fighting information
Special considerations like keeping cool or away from water
Hazmats and tih
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
| Class Number | Class Name | Categories |
| 1 | Explosives | Division 1.1 Explosives with a mass explosion hazard Division 1.2 Explosives with a projection hazard Division 1.3 Explosives with predominantly a fire hazard Division 1.4 Explosives with no significant blast hazard Division 1.5 Very insensitive explosives with a mass explosion hazard Division 1.6 Extremely insensitive articles |
| 2 | Gases | Division 2.1 Flammable gases Division 2.2 Non-flammable, non-toxic* gases Division 2.3 Toxic* gases |
| 3 | Flammable Liquids | Flammable Liquids Combustible Liquids |
| 4 | Flammable solids; Spontaneously combustible materials; and Dangerous when wet materials/Water-reactive substances | Division 4.1 Flammable solids Division 4.2 Spontaneously combustible materials Division 4.3 Water-reactive substances/Dangerous when wet materials |
| 5 | Oxidizers | Division 5.1 Oxidizing substances Division 5.2 Organic peroxides |
| 6 | Toxics | Division 6.1 Toxic*substances Division 6.2 Infectious substances |
| 7 | Radioactive | |
| 8 | Corrosive | |
| 9 | Hazardous | Miscellaneous hazardous materials/Products, Substances or Organisms |
| Note: * poison or poisonous is synonymous with toxic. |
DOT Hazardous Materials Placards
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Haz mats and tih
Original placards were for explosives
Color code, symbol and 4-digit number designates what is in car
2001= 83 million tons of haz mat shipped
49 CFR Part 174 Subpart D dictates placement of tankers among empty and full cars in train, separation of tankers
Accidents with haz mat cars affect communities along rail lines
Research on safest placement in derailments
Cost to changing traditional station-order blocks
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Hazmats have to be delivered to urban areas; main rail lines run through urban centers
Hazmat accidents affect communities along tracks
Tank cars may not withstand crash regardless of design
Accidents show how tankers could be used as weapons
Shipping container could carry nuclear device/radiological IED
Relatively random travel of individual cars makes such an attack complex – GPS, remote triggering device
Hazmat security challenges
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Early attacks were robbers with small arms
Explosives placards to discourage pot shots at passing trains
Modern freight trains only have a crew of 2: engineer and conductor
Goal of attack would be denial of service, interference with military materiel delivery, global supply chain
Derailment by sabotage biggest threat – 15 incidents 1920-1970 with 11 derailments
Relatively small portion of all transportation attacks
Types of Attacks against Freight and passenger rail
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Track-related conditions (e.g., a broken rail, "sun kinks", poor track geometry), equipment failure (e.g., a broken wheel, an overheated journal), poor train makeup (e.g., unfavorable relative placement of empty and loaded cars), and poor train handling practices (e.g., improper use of throttle and/or brake, o r excessive speed).
Causes of derailment
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Derailment can be accomplished in two ways: creating a gap in the rails or through an obstruction that will cause the flange of the train’s wheels to ride up and off of the rail.”
The gap may be created by prying up a series of stakes, undoing the fish plates, and then forcing the rail in and wedging the fish plate between the two rail sections. In this way an approaching train would come off the rail because the flange sections would be diverted to the outside of the track.
Straight sections of track permit a much larger gap to be created without derailing the train.
Causes of derailment
Fish plate bolted to track
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Modern track is welded, so would have to be cut, exploded or burned with thermite
Mud, sand, landslides can cause wheels to ride up on material and leave tracks
Derailers can be purchased or stolen
Causes of derailment
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Military tactic is attack in remote area, makes repairs difficult
Bridges and tunnels require engineered charges placed in the right spot
Damage switches to cause accident
Loss of repair facilities, especially with specialized equipment
Loss of electric lines, radio repeaters, phone lines could affect operation of signals and switches
Repetitive sabotage is effective tactic
Causes of denial of service
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Computers control signals, including whether the track is clear, and bridge open indicators
Bridges- draw and parallel
Vulnerable to physical damage or damage to signal
Prevents operation, blocks track
Hacking could create false signal that bridge was closed
Takes freight train at least 1 mile to stop
Could create derailment into empty space
Cyber attack against freight
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Can use remote control device to interfere with remote signals
Penetration test of SCADA
MTI students and Boston T
Security issue: got ID items from E-Bay!
Cyber attack against rail
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
SCADA system compromise could lead to tampering with consist
Create unsafe ordering of cars
Create false drop off instructions for haz mat to give terrorists access
Divert containerized goods to interfere with just-in-time delivery, global supply chain
Train routes rely on SCADA control- divert trains; control switches to cause accident, remove train’s GPS from system to mask its presence on a track
Cyber attack against rail
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Weapon against populated areas
Train routes through major city centers
Rollin bomb, emit toxic fumes
Deaths, economic damage from long term clean-up
RR technology changes to limit damage to tanker cars
Double shelf couplers
Double wall for TIH
Fittings and valves still
Vulnerable
Haz Mat as attack mode
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
Explosives could beach tanker wall
Shipment of explosives could be detonated en route to damage buildings along tracks
Truck bomb used at Oklahoma City had 5,000 lbs. ANFO = destroyed one building, damaged 48 block area, blew out windows a mile away
The average train car carries about 50,000 pounds of freight
Well car with intermodal containers has a load limit of 176,000 pounds
Hazmats are needed in urban areas for water treatment, industrial uses
Haz mat as attack mode
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
140,000 miles of track
Vandalism is the most frequent crime against freight rail, with 12,280 incidents in 1994.
3,000 = vandalism against signals
154 events resulted in derailment.
FBI = shift to theft of specific cargos and copper wire
FRA and AAR no loner collect vandalism statistics
Overall crime rate against RR dropped since 9/11 due to heightened security
Security Strategies for Heavy Rail
©2013, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis
| Property Crimes on | Heavy Rail | |
| Type | Number 2001 | Number 2010 |
| Theft | 7,807 | 2,504 |
| Vehicle Theft | 1,143 | 140 |
| Burglary |
