Explain how developmental milestones guide your work with young children. Summarize, in your own words, each domain of development. Summarize three main points in the resource y

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ND Early Childhood Outcomes Process Age Expectation Developmental Milestones

Outcome 1: Social Emotional Skills Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. Birth to 6 Months • Fixating on the human face

and tracking or following movements presented at 9- 12 inches from the face.

• Turning their head and eyes in the direction of the parent voice.

• Being comforted and appearing to enjoy touch and being held by a familiar adult.

• Anticipating being lifted or fed and moving body toward caregiver when being approached.

• Smiling spontaneously to human contact, smiling in play, and smiling at self in mirror.

• Initiating and terminating social interactions.

• Enjoying games with others such as “Where is your nose?” and “So Big!”

• Vocalizing in response to babbling behavior initiated by adult

• Vocalizing in response to vocalizations and speech produced by an adult

Outcome 2: Acquiring Skills and Knowledge Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. Birth to 6 Months • Beginning to reach for

objects. • Observing hands and

fingers. • Looking to place on body

where being touched. • Clasping hands together

and exploring fingers. • Trying to cause things to

happen such as kicking a mobile and smiling.

• Squeezing a rubber toy and shows pleasure.

• Dropping a ball and observing the fall.

• Developing more precise imitation skills of facial movements and speech sounds.

• Securing an object that is partially hidden with a cloth.

• Repeating arm movements to keep a toy activated, keep mom singing, or other causal event.

• Demonstrating exploratory behaviors with objects

• Varying pitch and intonation

Outcome 3: Taking Appropriate Action to Meet Needs Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. Birth to 6 Months • Producing different cries for

different reasons. • Beginning to reach for

objects. • Rolling over in one

direction. • Sitting independently with

minimal assistance. • Bringing hands together at

midline. • Rooting reflex; turns mouth

toward hand rubbing cheek • Expressing displeasure

when clothes are pulled over head

• Enjoying bath; keeps eyes open and indicates pleasure when placed in warm water

• Walking reflex; when held upright with feet resting on flat surfaces, lifts feet alternately in walking-life motion

• Lifting and rotating head • Holding small objects or

toys

Outcome 1: Social Emotional Skills Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by…..

Outcome 2: Acquiring Skills and Knowledge Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by…..

Outcome 3: Taking Appropriate Action to Meet Needs Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by…..

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7 to 12 Months • Imitating familiar words in

turn-taking • Smiling and laughing during

turn-taking • Participating in games (pat-

a-cake, peek-a-boo) • Demonstrating anticipation

of play activities • Showing sensitivity to the

mood of others • Performing for social

attention • Participating in speech

routine games • Exhibiting anxious behavior

around unfamiliar adults • Using gestures and

vocalizing to protest • Shouting or vocalizing to

gain attention • Responding to a request of

“come here” • Stopping when name is

called • Maintaining attention to

speaker • Responding with gesture to

“come up” or “want up” • Waving in response to “bye-

bye” • Saying “mama” or “dada”

meaningfully • Using a word to call a

person • Pushing or pulling an adult’s

hand to have a behavior instigated or repeated

• Repeating a behavior (shows off) to maintain adult attention

• Showing attachment to favorite toy or blanket

• Expressing two or more emotions (pleasure, fear, sadness)

7 to 12 Months • Visually attending to an

object for 5 seconds • Following an auditory

stimulus. • Reaching for and grasping

blocks or other small toys • Transferring objects from

one hand to another • Reaching for objects while

in a prone position • Demonstrating a refined

neat-pincer grasp with thumb opposition

• Pointing with index finger • Imitating the behaviors

initiated by the parent including: Plays peek-a-boo, smiling and laughing during turn-taking, Attempting to name pictures and objects

• Banging blocks and other small toys

• Repeatedly throwing or dropping objects to watch the movement

• Stirring with a spoon in a cup

• Banging spoon on inverted cup or tabletop.

• Demonstrating emerging problem solving skills such as: Placing objects in the mouth and mouthing, Pushing or pulling an adult’s hands to have a behavior instigated or repeated. Repeating a behavior (shows off) to maintain adult attention. Turning a mirror over to view the functional side. Turning a photograph or other picture around to view the functional side. Rotating three-dimensional objects

7 to 12 Months • Pulling self up to standing

posture next to furniture. • Cruising around furniture. • Drinking from a cup. • Beginning to pick up cup

and take a few swallows when thirsty

• Beginning to feed self finger food.

• Beginning to grab for spoon when being fed.

• Moving 3 or more feet by crawling.

• Bringing self to a sitting position when lying on back.

• Reaching for and grasping blocks or other small toys

• Transferring objects from one hand to another

• Reaching for objects while in a prone position

• Demonstrating a refined neat-pincer grasp with thumb opposition

• Pointing with index finger • Moving body to music • Pulling off own socks • Beginning to cooperate

when being dressed • Fussing when diaper needs

to be changed

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• Briefly stopping behavior when told “no”

to view the functional side. Using a hammer or stick to play a xylophone

• Singing along with a familiar song

• Using gesture and vocalizing to protest

• Shouting or vocalizing to gain attention

• Responding to a request to “come here”

• Stopping when name is called

• Maintaining attention to speaker

• Responding with gesture to “come up” or “want up”

• Waving in response to “bye- bye”

• Saying “mama” or “dada” meaningfully

• Imitating consonant and vowel combinations

• Imitating non-speech sounds

• Vocalizing with intent frequently

• Using a word to call a person

• Giving objects upon verbal request

• Performing a routine activity upon verbal request

• Looking at familiar objects and people when named

• Understanding simple questions

• Identifying two body parts on self

• Demonstrating intense attention to adult language.

Outcome 1: Social Emotional Skills

Outcome 2: Acquiring Skills and Knowledge

Outcome 3: Taking Appropriate Action to Meet Needs

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Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 13 to 24 Months • Following a 2 or 3 step

direction. • Engaging in pretend play. • Demonstrating more

complex exploration and play skills with toys and objects

• Discriminating between familiar and unfamiliar people

• Showing awareness of the feelings of others.

• Initiating familiar turn- taking routines.

• Requesting assistance from an adult.

• “Checking-in” with familiar adults while playing.

• Resisting change, transitions are difficult.

• Enjoying peer play and joint exploration.

• Beginning to see benefits of cooperation.

• Demonstrating a functional use of objects such as trying to use a toy car or drinking from a toy cup.

• Exploring the environment independently.

• Using vocalizations and words during pretend play.

• Playing alone for short periods

• Having temper tantrums when frustrated

• Sometimes doing the opposite of what is asked of them

Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 13 to 24 Months • Beginning to explore the

environment independently.

• Turning the pages in a book • Looking at, pointing to, and

naming pictures in a book • Imitating scribbling motions

and closer to 24 months making a horizontal and vertical stroke with crayon.

• Initiating familiar turn- taking routines.

• Following one-step commands during play

• Pointing to two action words in pictures

• Pointing to, showing, and giving an object

• Handing a toy to an adult for assistance

• Identifying 6 body parts • Completing two requests

with an object • Choosing two familiar

objects upon request • Identifying objects by

category • Asking “What’s that?” • Demonstrating symbolic

play, using one object as a signifier for another object

• Attempting to repair broken toys

• Choosing one object from a group of five upon verbal request

• Stacking 5 or 6 blocks; • Using two word utterances

sometimes combined with gestures, to communicate.

• Using three-word phrases occasionally

Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 13 to 24 Months • Beginning to explore the

environment independently.

• Gesturing to indicate toileting needs.

• Using two word utterances, combined with gestures, to communicate.

• Walking independently with good quality.

• Demonstrating more advanced movement and motor skills such as running and climbing

• Following a 2 or 3 step direction.

• Picking up small items (food or toys) with the ends of the thumb and index finger in an overhand approach (neat pincer grasp)

• Initiating familiar turn- taking routines.

• Requesting assistance from an adult.

• Saying “Me-do” when offered assistance by an adult when dressing.

• Trying to wash own hands and face

• Demonstrating the functional use of objects

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• Using consonants such as “t",”d”,"n”, and “h”

• Imitating words overheard in conversation

• Naming 5 – 7 objects upon request

• Using new words regularly (having a vocabulary of 100+ words by 24 months)

• Spontaneously naming objects, persons, and actions.

• Following a 2 or 3 step direction.

• Following novel commands • Relating personal

experience • Referring to self by name • Using early pronouns

occasionally • Engaging in adult-like

dialogue. • Using sentence-like

intonation patterns. Outcome 1: Social Emotional Skills Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 25-30 Months • Having difficulty sharing

with peers • Being apt to snatch, push,

kick, rather than give and take in polite fashion

• Throwing tantrums when frustrated

• Showing facial expression and behavior indicating pity, shame and modesty

• Being restless, rebellious and very active

• Becoming resistant and dawdling at times

• Obeying adult requests approximately half of the time

Outcome 2: Acquiring Skills and Knowledge Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 25-30 Months • Liking to take things apart

and put them together again (puzzles, toys)

• Following mother/caregiver around the house and copying domestic activities in simultaneous play

• Identifying boy or girl in picture book

• Adding sounds to action (“Vroom” for trucks, talks to teddy bears, etc.)

• Making doll/toy act on self as though capable of performing actions independent of child (placing brush in doll’s

Outcome 3: Taking Appropriate Action to Meet Needs Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 25-30 Months • Holding spoon, scooping

food and bringing to mouth with spilling

• Playing on outdoor play structures (climbing, sliding, etc.)

• Removes unfastened garments

• Taking off own shoes, socks, and some pants

• Putting on socks, coat, and shirt

• Knowing which faucet is hot and cold

• Unscrewing lid on small (1”) jar or bottle

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• Wanting to do favorite activities over and over again

• Continuing to try a difficult task for a brief period of time (building with blocks for 3-5 minutes)

• Insisting on some choices • Seeking and accepting

assistance when encountering difficulties

• Inventing new uses for everyday materials with assistance (banging on pots and pans, using a box for a house)

• Approaching tasks experimentally, adapting as the activity evolves

• Displaying understanding of how objects work together (gets the dustpan when adult is sweeping the floor)

• Substituting similar objects (uses boxes for blocks)

• Realizing that behaviors can precede events (If Mom takes things out of the refrigerator and turns on the stove, she is going to cook lunch)

• Separating from parent in familiar surroundings without crying

• Attempting to comfort others in distress

hand, then moving the doll’s arms as if doll is combing hair)

• Communicating about the actions of others

• Answering simple “who,” “what,” “where,” questions about familiar people or things

• Asking increasing numbers of questions (“where?” “who?”)

• Understanding negatives (No, Not, Can’t, Don’t)

• Formulating negative judgments (“Spoon, not fork”)

• Naming at least one color correctly

• Adding information to the prior utterance of a communicative partner

• Understanding simple possessive forms (Daddy’s shirt)

• Understanding complex sentences (“When we get to the store, I’ll buy you an ice cream cone”)

• Pointing to smaller parts of the body when asked (chin, elbow)

• Recognizing and identifying general family names, categories (Grandma, Uncle)

• Understanding common verbs and adjectives

• Understands 500 words, says 200 words

• Recognizing the names and pictures of most common objects

• Understanding word association through functional association (“What do you drink with?”

• Opening door by turning handle

• Turning knob to open doors or turn on objects(radio, TV, stereo)

• Sitting on riding toys and pushing with feet; may ride tricycle

• Swinging leg to kick a stationary ball

• Expressing likes and dislikes; may be a fussy eater

• Helps clean up; Puts things away

• Imitating circular, vertical and horizontal strokes

• Stacking 6 or 7 blocks when building

• Walking up steps, alternating feet while holding rail or hand for support

• Snipping paper with scissor • Using one hand consistently

in most activities • Catching ball (by trapping

against body) when playing with adult or peer

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“What do you sleep on?” “What do you brush your teeth with?”)

• Understanding size differences (little doll, large dog)

• Following directions involving common prepositions: in, on, behind, out

• Enjoying finger plays (songs and games that use hands)

• Reciting portions of rhymes/finger plays

• Responding to action words by performing the action

• Responding by looking when directed toward a certain object

• Attempting to locate objects when they are discussed by others

• Speaking in two or three word sentences. Jargon and echolalia are almost gone

• Often using personal pronouns (I, You, He, It, Me) correctly

• Using regular plurals (cats, dogs, balls)

• Using morphemes (in, on) • Correctly producing

phonemes (-s, d, -d, -k, f, -f, -ng, y)

• Saying “No!” to adult request

• Using concept “mine” to denote possessiveness

• Repeating adult phrases • Recounting an event, with

assistance • Beginning to recall parts of

a previously heard story • Requesting to hear familiar

stories

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• Changing intonation and tone to communicate meaning

• Using non-verbal gestures and body language to express needs and feelings (hugs, hands on hips, etc)

• Addressing listener appropriately to get attention (uses child’s or adult’s name to get attention)

• Using sound effects for animals, vehicles, etc in play

• Understanding “one”, “all” (Give me one block.)

• Matching an object to a picture.

• Matching simple shapes such as circle, square and triangle.

Outcome 1: Social Emotional Skills Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 31-36 Months • Observing other children at

play; may join in for a few minutes

• Playing well with two or three children in group; Associative play predominates

• Showing interest in other children

• Having difficulty sharing • Displaying affection for

caregivers • Separating easily from

parent or caregiver in familiar environment

• Showing facial expressions and behaviors indicating pity, shame, modesty

• Sometimes being restless, rebellious, very active

Outcome 2: Acquiring Skills and Knowledge Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 31-36 Months • Understanding concepts of

“mine” and “his/hers” • Telling gender when asked • Sometimes labeling and

talking about own drawings when asked

• Giving first and last name when asked

• Understanding common verbs like “run, jump, walk, etc”

• Using several verb forms correctly in relating action in pictures

• Understanding common prepositions like (under, in front of, behind)

• Understanding common adjectives of color, size, and shape

Outcome 3: Taking Appropriate Action to Meet Needs Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 31-36 Months • Using a fork to spear bite

sized chunks of food • Hopping in place on one

foot three times without losing balance

• Standing on one foot for three seconds

• Jumping over a string or other object that is two inches high

• Showing daytime control of toileting needs with occasional accidents

• Verbalizing toilet needs fairly consistently

• Following basic health practices when reminded (washing and drying hands, brushing teeth)

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• Becoming resistant, dawdles

• Throwing tantrums when thwarted or unable to express urgent needs

• Objecting to major changes in routines

• Imitating adults and playmates

• Using toys in appropriate ways

• Verbalizing play plan for assigned role (“I am mother” “You be baby” “I cook” “You watch TV”)

• Verbalizing play plan and uses pretend props which are identified for benefit of adult (“This is our house (box)”)

• Following simple rules • Taking turns in games • Understanding concepts of

“mine” and “his/hers” • Playing interactive games • Listening and participating

in group activities with adult supervision

• Enjoying opportunities for pretend play and creating things

• Pretending and using imagination during play

• Altering behavior based on a past event and builds on it (This didn’t work, so I will try this)

• Relating an experience today to one that happened in the past (brush teeth before bed, washing hands before eating a meal)

• Saying “please” and “thank you” when reminded

• Stating whether they are a boy or a girl

• Carrying out three simple commands given at one time

• Showing interest in explanations that involve “why” and “how”

• Understanding concept of “one”

• Relating experiences from recent past

• Using four to six word phrases or sentences

• Making negative statements (“Can’t open it,” “Don’t touch”)

• Beginning to use contractions (can’t, we’ll, won’t)

• Using noun phrase with article (“The dog barks,” “The water hot”)

• Beginning to use auxiliary verbs (“I hafta sleep” “Me gonna get it”)

• Using the present progressive adding “ing” to verbs

• Using the past tense • Using prepositions (on, in,

under, behind) • Using simple possessives

(“Doggies’ tail,” “Daddy’s shirt”)

• Using verb forms correctly (“He walks,” “She walked,” “I walked”)

• Correctly producing phonemes (-t, -r, -b, w, -ir)

• Using contractible auxiliary (“Mommy’s eating an apple”)

• Dictating a story for adult to write out

• Performing multi-step tasks (takes money, rings cash register, puts money in drawer when playing)

• Screwing lid on jar • Unbuttoning buttons • Separating easily from

mother in familiar environment

• Following simple rules • Getting a drink from a

fountain • Cutting paper from one side

to opposite side • Discriminating shapes by

tactile discrimination • Walking upstairs alternating

feet • Walking downstairs four

steps without support, placing both feet on each step

• Enjoying projects that involve paint, scissors and glue

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• Beginning to use inductive reasoning (If you do this, that happens)

• Expressing beginning understanding of cause and effect (It’s quiet because you turned off the music)

• Copying a circle • Drawing face from a model • Matching three colors • Matching objects by color,

shape and size Outcome 1: Social Emotional Skills Children demonstrate age appropriate functioning by….. 37-48 Months • Demonstrating body spatial

awareness in relationship to stationary objects

• Participating in movement games such as “Red Light, Green Light,” “Ring Around the Rosie,” “Follow the Leader,” “Freeze Tag,” where children can run and stop or change direction while in motion.

• Responding to and making a verbal greeting

• Delivering simple messages • Changing tone of voice and

sentence structure to match listener’s level of understanding

• Enjoying playing alone, but near other children

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