Compare your analysis of the case to your peers’ viewpoints. In places where you disagree, offer a competing understanding of where the priorities lie. In areas where you agree, add a

Akesha Discussion:

Hello Everyone

From a global health perspective, there are several cardiovascular disease risk factors to consider when evaluating Baruti's diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. “Factors that increase the risk of developing chronic cardiovascular disease may be demographic (age and gender), behavioral (lifestyle patterns), or genetic (familial). The presence of any given risk factor is considered to increase the likelihood of developing coronary cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the concurrence of multiple risk factors seriously compounds this probability” (Holtz, 2022, p. 210). In Baruti’s case, he is a farmer from Sudan who is 67 years old. “Males older than 45 years of age are at increased risk” (Holtz, 2022, p. 210) of developing CVD. As a farmer, Baruti is required to be diligent and physically active. Therefore, it is safe to presume that he has led a healthy, active lifestyle. However, considering his age, the aging process could increase the likelihood of developing CVD.

Baruti has a family history of CVD, with most of his male relatives passing away in their 40s and 50s. “Genetic predisposition is often compounded in its risk severity by dietary intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol. These compounding factors are reversible with education regarding sound dietary practices” (Holtz, 2022, p. 211). Baruti lives in Sudan, among a developing population with low literacy rates and limited access to nutritional knowledge. Since access to healthcare is limited in such places, it is challenging for Baruti to obtain such information, increasing his risk of developing CVD.

Sudan continues to face challenges in combating tuberculosis (TB). “Laboratories of about 340 health centers stopped checking TB due to the shortage of materials and staff, in addition to the poor awareness of the Sudanese about the disease, and the lack of support for TB patients from the state” (Sudan: Tuberculosis On the Rise in Sudan, 2021). Baruti has been unwell for a week, dealing with weight loss, a persistent cough, night sweats, and bloody sputum. Because he has active tuberculosis, he can pass on the disease to others. TB disease could be fatal if it is not treated appropriately. “More than 95% of TB cases and deaths occur in low-income countries, and the disease is closely linked to poverty” (Holtz, 2022, p. 247). An increased risk of contracting TB exists among individuals with compromised immune systems, malnourished, or other underlying illnesses and conditions. Socioeconomic factors influencing Baruti's infectious disease diagnosis must be considered. As a farmer in a remote location, Baruti may have trouble getting access to nutritious food and clean water, which might increase his risk of contracting TB. The lack of healthcare resources in Sudan could have also driven his diagnosis of TB. Tuberculosis is commonly associated with malnutrition and a weakened immune system, increasing CVD risk. As a result, Baruti faces a serious threat from lack of access to healthcare.

References

Holtz, C. (2022). Global Health Care: Issues and Policies (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Sudan: Tuberculosis On the Rise in Sudan. (2021). AllAfrica Global Media.

Martin Discussion:

There are many factors to address chronic cardiovascular diseases in Baruti’s case. Baruti is 67 years old and aging is a crucial factor because cardiovascular diseases are more common among older adults as aging is associated with changes in the cardiovascular system that can increase the risks. The American Heart Association reports the incidence of CVD in the US as there is 40% from 40-59 years, 75% from 60-79 years and 86% for people above the age of 80. (Rodgers et al., 2019) This shows that the aging population is more susceptible to CVD. When it comes to genetic predisposition since Baruti does have a family history of CVD then it suggests there is genetic predisposition. A genetic variation in a single gene can affect the likelihood of developing CVD as these variations are passed from parents to childrens through DNA and genetic codes that are copied in every cell of the human body. (Hajar., 2020) In Baruti’s case, he is living in a community with limited access to healthcare as there are many communities like that in the world. Access to healthcare services is vital to monitor and treat cardiovascular health. People in these areas have less access to early diagnosis, preventative care and treatment, which can factor poor health outcomes.

The factors that are important in understanding Baruti’s CVD diagnosis are socioeconomic group, migrant status and symptoms. Baruti lives in a community that has limited healthcare and low literacy rates thus most likely have minimal education. This socioeconomic status group can be more prevalent to diseases like tuberculosis as they live in poverty, overcrowded living conditions which can make it easier for tuberculosis to spread and with limited access to healthcare services it will be harder to receive treatment. When it comes to migrant status, Baruti has been migrating to different farming communities and can lead to increased risk of infectious diseases as they are living in new environments and face challenges in getting diagnosis and treatment on time. Symptoms of tuberculosis include chronic cough, night sweats and bloody sputum and understanding this is important for early diagnosis and treatment. To address it from a global perspective there needs to be community based screening, education and improved healthcare access.   Implementing screening programs and education can help detect tuberculosis early which can help prevent spread and improved treatment services can help with diagnosis and treatment.  

References

Rodgers, J. L., Jones, J., Bolleddu, S. I., Vanthenapalli, S., Rodgers, L. E., Shah, K., Karia, K., & Panguluri, S. K. (2019, April 27). Cardiovascular risks associated with gender and aging. Journal of cardiovascular development and disease.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6616540/ 

Hajar, R. (2020, January 23). Genetics in cardiovascular disease. Heart views : the official journal of the Gulf Heart Association.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7006335/ 

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