Using the U.S. Census documents provided, ?Historical Census Population by Race.pdf Historical Census Population by Race.pdf – Alternative Formats pages 43-9

Assignment 2

Sample Census Analysis

The state of Maryland has been categorized as one of the major states in the United

States, with an increasing number of migrants of different ethnic backgrounds. In this state, it

is documented that the first census took place in 1790, where a population approximating to

55, 915 was recorded. It is important to note that a series of unsuccessful census was done

earlier between 1788 and 1844. The state of Maryland was one of the states that existed

among the thirteen colonies.

In the state of Maryland, the racial background before 1860, the total population was

approximately 56,000; where indigenous Indians, African American and white Americans

dominated the region. The 1870 emancipation led to an increase in number of inhabitants and

migrants in large cities. For example, the population growth rate rose steadily to more than

500, 000 people in Baltimore. Also, it can be argued that during the time, the African

Americans became well represented in the region, with most of them residing in main cities

while others chose to remain in open fields and camps. Generally, the Great Migration had a

dramatic demographic impact across the country. For example, the relocation of millions of

African Americans to Northern and Western regions led to an increase in the population of

migrants from African-American ethnic background. Statistically, New York had 66 percent

of the black population, while Chicago and Detroit had 20 and 14 percent, respectively. Also,

the whites and indigenous Indians were well represented, besides they dominated most

northern cities inhabited the African Americans.

The states that have the oldest census data include all the thirteen colonies which were

formed right after the United States declared independence in 1776. Examples of these states

include Delaware, Connecticut, New York, New Hampshire, Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode

Island, North Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Georgia. Generally, it is important to

note that the official census of 1790 was carried out in these states. They were the only states

that existed during the time before the constitution was revised to name or introduce other

states. In the process, the inquiries of the 1790 census called for the naming of the head of the

family and the number of persons in each household (Krieger, 2019).

Reference

Krieger, N. P. (2019). The US Census and the People's Health: Public Health Engagement

From Enslavement and "Indians Not Taxed" to Census Tracts and Health Equity

(1790–2018). American Journal of Public Health, 109(8), 1092-1100.

doi:DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305017

Population Division

HISTORICAL CENSUS STATISTICS ON POPULATION TOTALS BY RACE, 1790 TO 1990, AND BY HISPANIC ORIGIN, 1970 TO 1990, FOR THE UNITED STATES, REGIONS, DIVISIONS, AND STATES

by Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung

Working Paper No. 56

HISTORICAL CENSUS STATISTICS ON POPULATION TOTALS BY RACE, 1790 TO 1990, AND BY HISPANIC ORIGIN, 1970 TO 1990, FOR THE UNITED STATES, REGIONS, DIVISIONS, AND STATES

by Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung

Population Division Working Paper No. 56

U.S. Census Bureau Washington, DC 20233

September 2002

Acknowledgments

This report was prepared in Population Division. The report is dedicated to Emily Lennon who worked on earlier reports on census historical statistics and who had a deep appreciation of the value of the decennial census in documenting the history of the United States. Several reviewers provided helpful comments: Claudette Bennett, Arthur Cresce, Kevin Deardorff, Jorge del Pinal, Frank Hobbs, and Linda Kehm.

Abstract

This working paper presents decennial census data on population totals by race (1790-1990) and by Hispanic origin (1970-1990) for the United States, regions, divisions, and states.

Disclaimer

This working paper presents the results of research undertaken by Census Bureau staff on historical data from the decennial census of population. This report has undergone more limited review than regular Census Bureau publications available from the U.S. Government Printing Office.

Other reports on historical census statistics for the United States

The following three reports present historical census statistics that are more detailed and/or more recent than historical census statistics published in reports from the decennial census of population or in Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1975a).

Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790 – 1990, by Richard L. Forstall. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996. Data for the 1900 to 1990 period are available also on the Census Bureau’s Internet site, <www.census.gov>.

Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, by Campbell Gibson. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Division, Working Paper No. 27, 1998. Available also on the Census Bureau’s Internet site, <www.census.gov>.

Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850 to 1990, by Campbell Gibson and Emily Lennon. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Division, Working Paper No. 29, 1999. Available also on the Census Bureau’s Internet site, <www.census.gov>.

CONTENTS Page

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Description of Data in the Detailed Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 General References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Decennial Census Data References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sources for Data in Detailed Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

DETAILED TABLES

United States 1. United States – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Regions 2. Northeast Region – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. Midwest (North Central) Region – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . 21 4. South Region – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5. West Region – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Divisions 6. New England Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7. Middle Atlantic Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 8. East North Central Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 9. West North Central Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

10. South Atlantic Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 11. East South Central Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 12. West South Central Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 13. Mountain Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 14. Pacific Division – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

States and the District of Columbia (listed alphabetically) 15. Alabama – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 16. Alaska – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1880 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 17. Arizona – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 18. Arkansas – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 19. California – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 20. Colorado – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 21. Connecticut – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 22. Delaware – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 23. District of Columbia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 24. Florida – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1830 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 25. Georgia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 26. Hawaii – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1900 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

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27. Idaho – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1870 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 28. Illinois – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 29. Indiana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 30. Iowa – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1840 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 31. Kansas – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 32. Kentucky – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 33. Louisiana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 34. Maine – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 35. Maryland – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 36. Massachusetts – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 37. Michigan – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 38. Minnesota – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 39. Mississippi – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 40. Missouri – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 41. Montana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1870 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 42. Nebraska – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 43. Nevada – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 44. New Hampshire – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 45. New Jersey – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 46. New Mexico – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 47. New York – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 48. North Carolina – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 49. North Dakota – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1870 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 50. Ohio – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 51. Oklahoma – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1890 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 52. Oregon – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 53. Pennsylvania – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 54. Rhode Island – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 55. South Carolina – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 56. South Dakota – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 57. Tennessee – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 58. Texas – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 59. Utah – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 60. Vermont – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 61. Virginia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 62. Washington – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 63. West Virginia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 64. Wisconsin – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1820 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 65. Wyoming – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1870 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

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Appendix A. Race and Hispanic Origin A-1. Race and Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States:

1990 (100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 A-2. Race and Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States:

1990 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 A-3. Race and Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States:

1980 (100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 A-4. Race and Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States:

1980 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 A-5. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1970

(100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 A-6. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1970

(20-Percent Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 A-7. Race and Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States:

1970 (15-Percent and 5-Percent Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 A-8. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 A-9. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 A-10. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 A-11. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1930 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 A-12. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 A-13. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 A-14. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 A-15. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1890

(Total Population) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 A-16. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1890

(General Enumeration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 A-17. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1880 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 A-18. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 A-19. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 A-20. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 A-21. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 A-22. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 A-23. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 A-24. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 A-25. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 A-26. Race for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1790 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Appendix B. American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut by Category B-1. American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 B-2. American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 B-3. American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1960 and 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

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Appendix C. Asian and Pacific Islander by Category C-1. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1990 (100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 C-2. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1990 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 C-3. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1980 (100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 C-4. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1980 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 C-5. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1960 and 1970 (100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 C-6. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1970 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 C-7. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1940 and 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 C-8. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1930 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 C-9. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 C-10. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1900 and 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 C-11. Asian and Pacific Islander, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1870 to 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Appendix D. Hispanic Origin by Type D-1. Hispanic Origin (of Any Race), for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1990 (100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 D-2. Hispanic Origin (of Any Race), for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1990 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 D-3. Hispanic Origin (of Any Race), for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 D-4. Hispanic Origin (of Any Race), for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1940 and 1970 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Appendix E. Race by Hispanic Origin E-1. Race by Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1990 (100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 E-2. Race by Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1990 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 E-3. Race by Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1980 (100-Percent Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 E-4 Race by Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions,

and States: 1980 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

iv

E-5. Race by Hispanic Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1970 (Sample Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

E-6. White Population of Spanish Mother Tongue, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

E-7. White Population of Mexican Origin, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1910 to 1930 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Appendix F. Race and Hispanic Origin, for the United States and for Historical Sections and Subsections of the United States F-1. Race and Hispanic Origin, for the United States and Historical Sections and

Subsections of the United States: 1790 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

POPULATION DIVISION WORKING PAPER SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

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1

HISTORICAL CENSUS STATISTICS ON POPULATION TOTALS BY RACE, 1790 TO 1990, AND BY HISPANIC ORIGIN, 1970 TO 1990,

FOR THE UNITED STATES, REGIONS, DIVISIONS, AND STATES

INTRODUCTION

Information on the race of the U.S. population has been collected in every decennial census beginning with the first census in 1790. The racial categories included on census questionnaires, as well as the wording of questions, have changed over time reflecting changes in social attitudes and political considerations; however, in general, these categories have reflected social usage and not an attempt to define race biologically or genetically. For a comprehensive discussion of racial categories in the decennial census and of changes in these categories over the past two centuries, see Bennett, 2000b and 2000c.

The population of Hispanic origin (of any race) was first identified comprehensively in the decennial census in 1970. Previously, data on other topics, such as country of birth, country of birth of parents, and mother tongue, were used to identify portions of the Hispanic population. Information on Hispanic origin was obtained again in 1980 and 1990; however, as with information on race, there were changes in question wording. For a comprehensive discussion of the identification of the Hispanic origin population in the decennial census, see Chapa, 2000.

Information on race was obtained primarily by enumerator observation through 1950, by a combination of direct interview and self-identification in 1960 and 1970, and by self- identification in 1980 and 1990. Information on Hispanic origin was obtained using various criteria in 1970, including self-identification (as discussed later), and was obtained using only self-identification in 1980 and 1990. With enumerator observation, a person of mixed White and other parentage was usually classified with the other race. A person of mixed race other than White was usually classified by the race of the person’s father through 1970 and by the race of the person’s mother in 1980 and 1990.

The major categories used to classify the population by race since 1790 in this report are those used in 1990 census reports: White; Black; American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut; Asian and Pacific Islander; and Other race (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992, pp. B-7, B-8, and B-11 to B-13). In addition, data are shown for the White non-Hispanic (i.e., White, not of Hispanic origin) population in those years for which data are available on the Hispanic population. The terms White, Black, Hispanic origin, and White, not of Hispanic origin are used in time series tables for all census years for consistency of presentation, even though, as discussed in the sources cited earlier, there have been changes in terminology in census reports, including from Negro to Black between 1970 and 1980 and from Spanish origin to Hispanic origin between 1980 and 1990. The term American Indian is used prior to 1960, the first year in which data for Eskimo and Aleut were identified in tabulations (other than in Alaska prior to statehood). The

2

term Asian is used prior to 1910 and for 1950 when no Pacific Islander categories were identified in tabulations (other than in Hawaii prior to statehood).

As a result of changes in census questions, data on race and Hispanic origin are not totally comparable over time. Limitations to comparability are discussed in detail in decennial census publications (see Decennial Census Data References) and are discussed also in articles cited in General References. See Bennett, 2000b and 2000c, and with regard to specific categories, see McDermott, 2000 (White), Bennett 2000a (Black), Snipp 2000 (American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut), Lee, 2000 (Asian and Pacific Islander), and Chapa, 2000 (Hispanic).

The limitations to comparability of race data between 1990 and 2000 are substantial because for the first time in a decennial census, respondents in the 2000 census could report more than one race (U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1997; Bennett, 2000a and 2000b; Grieco and Cassidy, 2001). As a result, data for 2000 are not included in this report, and a full comparison of 1990 and 2000 census data on race will require extensive research.1

The Census Bureau last published data on the population by race (White, Black, and Other races) for states since 1790 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. Data on the population by race (White, Black, American Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, and Other Races) for states back to 1900 were last published by the Census Bureau in reports from the 1980 census of population. No historical data on the population by race or Hispanic origin were included in reports from the 1990 census.

The purpose of this report is to provide under one cover decennial census data on population totals by race and Hispanic origin for the United States, for regions and divisions of the United States as defined for statistical purposes by the Census Bureau, and for states. Tables 1 – 65 show historical data by geographic area, with one table per area, from the earliest census year for which data are available to 1990. Appendix tables, which are the source of the data in Tables 1 – 65, show cross-sectional data from each census for the United States, regions, divisions, and states. The appendix tables show data separately for the American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut populations and for detailed categories of Asian and Pacific Islander population and of the Hispanic origin population.

1The Census 2000 Testing, Experimentation, and Evaluation Program will include research on the comparison of 1990 and 2000 decennial census data on race. See U.S. Census Bureau, 2001a, p. C-12. For 2000 census data on the population by race and Hispanic origin, see U.S. Census Bureau, 2001b. For data on the de

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