Explain how the population has changed in Texas and how it is projected to change in the future.? In what ways might Texas’ politics change in the future based on its racial and ethnic

The Texas Demographic Center is responsible for interpreting and communicating information on demographic and socioeconomic issues for the State of Texas and the general public and through robust and quality projections, inform planning and policy-making related to the demand and provision of services across the State.

In this Brief:

 The latest population projections include more recent migration trends, a new race/ethnicity category, and expand the age distribution to 95 years plus.

 The newly added non- Hispanic Asian group is projected to grow at the fastest rate, growing five-fold by 2050.

 The Hispanic population will likely surpass the non- Hispanic white population by 2022 but is not projected to make up the majority of the state population during the projections horizon.

 Much of the population growth in Texas is projected to come from the large urban counties of Harris, Bexar, Dallas, and Tarrant and neighboring suburban counties. The fastest growth is projected to occur in these suburban counties as well as in the Permian Basin area.

Texas Population Projections 2010 to 2050

The Texas Demographic Center produces population projections for 40 years beyond the most recent Census to help planners and policymakers anticipate future demand for services and pressures on infrastructure. In our most recent set of projections, one migration scenario is employed in which the migration patterns observed in Texas between 2010 and 2015 are assumed throughout the projections horizon. Additionally, this updated set of projections includes a new race/ethnicity category, non-Hispanic Asian, and expands the age distribution to 95 years and older. This document provides a brief overview of the statewide population projections for 2010 to 2050 using the migration trends observed in Texas between 2010-2015. This scenario represents our recommended scenario as it most closely reflects the most recent migration trends. Projections using the previous migration scenarios can be accessed by contacting our office. Our full methodology can be found on our website. Migration rates between 2010 and 2015 were somewhat lower than migration rates observed in Texas between 2000 and 2010. This updated scenario yields a state population approaching 47.4 million by 2050, which represents an 88.3 percent increase over that period. Projected Geographic Distribution of the Population Our population projections suggest the majority of Texas counties will experience continued steady population growth between 2010 and 2050. This is especially the case for suburban

JANUARY 2019

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counties surrounding the large urban centers of Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio, and Austin. All of these suburban counties are projected to experience a growth rate greater than that of the State as a whole, with 27 of these counties projected to double their populations by 2050. Additionally, a number of counties in the Permian Basin and surrounding the Midland-Odessa area will also see continued growth. Although many of the large urban counties are also projected to experience high growth rates, only Harris, Bexar, and Travis Counties are expected to grow faster than the State. These projections also indicate slower growth in areas of the Rio Grande Valley and El Paso County. Lastly, our projections suggest continued population decline in 99 counties, located mostly in West Texas, parts of

East Texas, and parts of South Texas. Projections by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity Age The current population projections expand the age distribution to include the population aged 95 years and older. This age group is captured in Tables 1 and 2 below in the 85 plus age category. When compared to the other age categories, the age category including Texans over 85 years of age is projected to grow at the fastest rate. The eldest seniors, those 85 years of age and older, are projected to nearly quadruple in size between 2010 and 2050, approaching 1.5 million. The age category including those 65 to 84 years of age is projected to

2010-2015 Migration Trends

Domestic migration made up a larger share of total net migration between 2010 and 2015, while international migration made up a larger share of total net migration between 2000 and 2010. This is one of the most important key differences in how the migration trends employed in the latest population projections differ from the migration trends observed between 2000 and 2010.

On average, net migration contributed approximately 178,000 migrants annually to the Texas population between 2000 and 2010. By contrast, between 2010 and 2015, net migration contributed an average of 198,000 migrants annually to the state population. In essence, an additional 20,000 net migrants were added annually to the Texas population during this most recent migration period than during the last decade.

Net migration to the state is comprised of domestic migration (or migrants moving to Texas from other states) and international migration (or immigrants moving to Texas from another country). Between 2000 and 2010, international migration made up over half, or 52 percent, of the total net migration to the state, and domestic migration contributed about 48 percent of the total net migration. In contrast, between 2010 and 2015, domestic migration made up over 60 percent of the total net migration to the state, compared to less than 38 percent added from international migration.

These differences in the migration patterns employed in our most recent population projections have significant implications for the projected findings. For instance, certain parts of the state are most impacted by population changes associated with domestic migration, whereas other parts of the state are more impacted by changes in international migration. The latest projections indicate faster and more growth in areas characterized by high domestic migration and slower growth in some border counties and other areas of the state with high shares of international migration. Additionally, domestic migration is more often characterized by migration of non-Hispanic whites, whereas international migration to Texas is more often characterized by migration of Hispanics. Therefore, the most recent projections employing the 2010 to 2015 migration patterns produce an increased rate of growth for the non-Hispanic white population and a slower rate of growth for Hispanics. Indeed, if the patterns of strong domestic migration (mostly comprised of migration by non-Hispanic whites) and a smaller share of international migration continues into the future, our projections indicate this pattern could mitigate and even compensate for the aging effect of the Baby Boom generation on the Texas population.

These projections, like all projections, are beholden to their underlying assumptions, which may or may not occur. One such key assumption is the migration scenario. Migration trends to Texas between 2010 and 2015 represent a high migration period, particularly domestic migration of non- Hispanic Whites. More recent data, yet to be incorporated into the Population Estimates and Projections Program, indicate slower and more diversified migration rates to Texas. As we continue to diligently observe emerging demographic trends in Texas and incorporate new data, we will update our projections.

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Projected Percent Population Change in Texas Counties, 2010 to 2050 2010-2015 Migration Scenario

be the second fastest growing age group, nearly doubling in size by 2050 to a population of over 6.8 million. The younger age categories are projected to continue a slower but steady growth, with children, ages 0 to 4 and 5 to 17, projected to be the slowest growing age groups.

Sex The 2010 Census showed nearly equal proportions of males and females in the State, with slightly more females than males. Both groups are projected to approach 24 million by 2050. The sex ratio is projected to remain about the same

throughout the projections horizon and ends with slightly more females than males. Race/Ethnicity This most recent set of projections includes the addition of the non-Hispanic Asian race/ethnicity category. In previous projections, the non-Hispanic Asian group was part of the non-Hispanic Other racial/ethnic category. Projections indicate this new race/ethnicity group, non-Hispanic Asians, will grow at the fastest rate, when compared to other racial/ ethnic categories. The non-Hispanic Asian population is projected to near 6 million by 2050, with a

Less than 0% (99)

0% to < 25% (76)

25% to < 50% (20)

50% to < 75% (18)

75% to < 100% (14)

100% and greater (27)

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Population Characteristics

Census 2000 Census 2010 Population Projections, 2010-2015 Migration Scenario

2020 2030 2040 2050

Total Population 20,851,820 25,145,561 29,677,772 34,894,429 40,686,490 47,342,417

Male 10,352,910 12,472,280 14,740,086 17,341,937 20,244,264 23,615,366

Female 10,498,910 12,673,281 14,937,686 17,552,492 20,442,226 23,727,051

NH White 10,933,313 11,397,345 12,138,523 12,774,056 13,203,514 13,523,839

NH Black 2,364,255 2,886,825 3,557,892 4,322,983 5,141,963 6,030,795

NH Asian 554,445 948,426 1,525,629 2,414,732 3,772,125 5,782,908

NH Other 330,141 452,044 651,069 929,709 1,308,068 1,813,125

Hispanic 6,669,666 9,460,921 11,804,659 14,452,949 17,260,820 20,191,750

0-4 Years 1,624,628 1,928,473 2,115,100 2,414,592 2,675,167 3,017,091

5-17 Years 4,262,131 4,937,351 5,400,039 6,037,060 6,895,497 7,730,367

18-44 Years 8,683,202 9,644,824 11,285,372 13,114,679 14,924,002 17,094,930

45-64 Years 4,209,327 6,033,027 6,965,222 7,751,644 9,282,886 11,193,348

65-84 Years 1,834,592 2,296,707 3,492,491 4,962,354 5,865,610 6,811,337

85 Years Plus 237,940 305,179 419,548 614,100 1,043,328 1,495,344

population growth rate of more than 5 times the 2010 population. The non-Hispanic Asian population is projected to make up over 12 percent of the total State population in 2050. The non-Hispanic Other race/ethnicity category, consisting mostly of population of two or more races, continues to grow rapidly and is projected to grow to nearly 2 million by 2050, tripling in size during this time period. The Hispanic population is growing at a rapid rate as well as increasing its proportion of the total State population. Our projections suggest the Hispanic population will more than double its size in 2010 to over 20 million by 2050. The non-Hispanic black population is also projected to double in size, growing to over 6 million by 2050. The non-Hispanic white population is projected to grow at a steady but slower pace relative to the other race/ ethnicity categories, growing to a total population of 13.5 million by 2050. Our population projections

suggest the Hispanic population will likely surpass the non-Hispanic White population in size by 2022. However, the Hispanic population is not projected to make up a majority of the Texas population throughout this projection’s 2050 horizon.

Table 1. Texas Population 2000, 2010 and Projected Population, 2020-2050 by Select Characteristics

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structure. Most strikingly, the projected population pyramid for Texas in 2050 loses much of its pyramidal shape and begins to look more like a rectangle, with a slightly tapered base — indicating

decreasing fertility rates, and a broader “peak” — representing the growing proportion of those in the older age categories. While the older age categories, ages 60 plus, are projected to include more females than males, the age categories including those under 60 years are projected to include more males. Population Growth and Decline in Texas Counties Numerically, much of the population growth is projected to come from the large urban counties of Harris, Bexar, Dallas, and Tarrant, with each of these

Projected Age Structure of the Population Population pyramids for Texas in 2010 and 2050 reveal key changes in the sex and age

Population Characteristics

Projected Percent Change from 2010, 2010-2015 Migration Scenario

Projected Numeric Change from 2010, 2010-2015 Migration Scenario

2020 2030 2040 2050 2020 2030 2040 2050

Total Population 4,532,211 9,748,868 15,540,929 22,196,856 18.02 38.77 61.80 88.27

Male 2,267,806 4,869,657 7,771,984 11,143,086 18.18 39.04 62.31 89.34

Female 2,264,405 4,879,211 7,768,945 11,053,770 17.87 38.50 61.30 87.22

NH White 741,178 1,376,711 1,806,169 2,126,494 6.50 12.08 15.85 18.66

NH Black 671,067 1,436,158 2,255,138 3,143,970 23.25 49.75 78.12 108.91

NH Asian 577,203 1,466,306 2,823,699 4,834,482 60.86 154.60 297.72 509.74

NH Other 199,025 477,665 856,024 1,361,081 44.03 105.67 189.37 301.09

Hispanic 2,343,738 4,992,028 7,799,899 10,730,829 24.77 52.76 82.44 113.42

0-4 Years 186,627 486,119 746,694 1,088,618 9.68 25.21 38.72 56.45

5-17 Years 462,688 1,099,709 1,958,146 2,793,016 9.37 22.27 39.66 56.57

18-44 Years 1,640,548 3,469,855 5,279,178 7,450,106 17.01 35.98 54.74 77.24

45-64 Years 932,195 1,718,617 3,249,859 5,160,321 15.45 28.49 53.87 85.53

65-84 Years 1,195,784 2,665,647 3,568,903 4,514,630 52.07 116.06 155.39 196.57

85 Years Plus 114,369 308,921 738,149 1,190,165 37.48 101.23 241.87 389.99

Table 2. Texas Projected Numeric and Percent Change, 2010 to 2050 by Select Characteristics

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counties projected to add over one million people by 2050. Other counties projected to add over one million in population during this time period, include Fort Bend, Collin, Denton, Williamson, and Montgomery. Together, these counties are projected to add over 15.5 million between 2010 and 2050. The top 10 counties projected to have the fastest growth rates are a combination of suburban counties, such as Hays, Kendall, Williamson, Fort Bend, and Comal, and counties in the Permian Basin area, including Andrews, Crane, Midland, and Ector. Karnes County, located southeast of San Antonio, is projected to grow at the fastest rate of all the Texas counties. All of these suburban counties are projected to more than double their

County Ranking 2010 2050 Percent

Change

Karnes 1 14,824 126,431 752.88

Andrews 2 14,786 100,627 580.56

Hays 3 157,107 743,171 373.03

Crane 4 4,375 18,418 320.98

Midland 5 136,872 573,085 318.70

Kendall 6 33,410 138,957 315.91

Williamson 7 422,679 1,638,796 287.72

Fort Bend 8 585,375 2,254,963 285.22

Ector 9 137,130 494,413 260.54

Comal 10 108,472 389,328 258.92

Floyd 245 6,446 4,220 -34.53

Comanche 246 13,974 8,960 -35.88

Lamb 247 13,977 8,867 -36.56

Sabine 248 10,834 6,816 -37.09

Jeff Davis 249 2,342 1,454 -37.92

Hale 250 36,273 22,050 -39.21

Clay 251 10,752 6,309 -41.32

Castro 252 8,062 4,605 -42.88

Parmer 253 10,269 5,757 -43.93

Presidio 254 7,818 2,654 -66.05

populations between 2010 and 2050, adding a total population of over 4.8 million or 22 percent of the total State population change projected between 2010 and 2050. Although Texas is generally characterized by rapid and high growth, 99 of the 254 counties are projected to have declines in population. Hale County, located in the Texas Panhandle, is projected to have the greatest population decline between 2010 and 2050, projected to lose over 14,000 residents during this time period. Among counties with the greatest population losses are counties mostly in rural and more sparsely populated areas of the state, particularly in parts of West, East, and South Texas. Two counties with populations over 100,000 are among the top counties with the

Table 4. Top 10 Texas Counties with Greatest and Least Percent Change between 2010 and 2050 2010-

2015 Migration Scenario

County Ranking 2010 2050 Numeric

Change

Harris 1 4,092,459 7,900,994 3,808,535

Fort Bend 2 585,375 2,254,963 1,669,588

Collin 3 782,341 2,444,316 1,661,975

Denton 4 662,614 2,323,056 1,660,442

Bexar 5 1,714,773 3,343,929 1,629,156

Dallas 6 2,368,139 3,858,686 1,490,547

Tarrant 7 1,809,034 3,184,835 1,375,801

Williamson 8 422,679 1,638,796 1,216,117

Montgomery 9 455,746 1,483,476 1,027,730

Travis 10 1,024,266 1,974,018 949,752

Rusk 245 53,330 47,883 -5,447

Lamar 246 49,793 44,041 -5,752

Navarro 247 47,735 41,970 -5,765

Anderson 248 58,458 52,597 -5,861

Potter 249 121,073 114,659 -6,414

Nacogdoches 250 64,524 57,618 -6,906

Val Verde 251 48,879 41,553 -7,326

Bowie 252 92,565 84,047 -8,518

Wichita 253 131,500 121,337 -10,163

Hale 254 36,273 22,050 -14,223

Table 3. Top 10 Texas Counties with Greatest and Least Numeric Change between 2010 and 2050 2010-

2015 Migration Scenario

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Austin Office

P.O. Box 13455

Austin, TX 78711

Ph: 512-463-8390

Fax: 512-463-7632

San Antonio Office

The University of Texas at San Antonio

501 West Cesar E. Chavez Blvd.

San Antonio, TX 78207-4415

Ph: 210-458-6543

Fax: 210-458-6541

@TexasDemography http://demographics.texas.gov [email protected]

greatest population losses between 2010 and 2050. These counties are Potter and Wichita Counties. The top 10 counties with the lowest percent change are projected to lose between 35 and 66 percent of their populations between 2010 and 2050. The county projected to have the greatest population decline, in terms of percentage, by 2050 is Presidio County, located south of El Paso along the Texas-Mexico border. These projections, like all projections, involve the use of certain assumptions about future events that may or may not occur. Users of these projections should be aware that although the projections have been prepared with the use of detailed methodologies and with extensive attempts being made to account for existing demographic patterns, they may not accurately project the future population of the State or of particular counties in the State. Additionally, given that these projections are for 2010 to 2050 but incorporate a new migration scenario and updated birth, death, and special populations data, they may not be similar to those released by the program in 2014. The complete population projections methodology, data for download, interactive maps, and our online projections tool are available on our website:

http://demographics.texas.gov/Data/TPEPP/ Projections/Index.aspx.

Conclusion

The most recent population projections from the Texas Demographic Center employing the migration trends observed between 2010 and 2015 indicate Texas may reach a population of nearly 47.4 million. Much of the growth in the State is projected to take place in the large urban core counties of the State along with the surrounding suburban ring counties. These suburban counties, as well as counties located in the Permian Basin, are projected to grow at the fastest rates during this time. These projections also indicate the State will continue to age, with the fastest growing age groups being those of ages 65 years and older. The Hispanic population is projected to continue to drive population growth, and the newly added non- Hispanic Asian group is projected to grow at rates faster than those of other race/ethnicity groups. Amid population growth, parts of Texas are projected to continue to decline, especially sparsely populated, rural counties in parts of West, East, and South Texas.

About this Report

The Texas Demographic Center produced this report as part of the Population Estimates and Projections Program. The report’s authors include: Helen You, Lloyd Potter, Lila Valencia, and Sara Robinson.

Demographic Trends and Population Projections for Texas and the North Texas Region

Presented to 

January 15, 2021

Texas is experiencing significant and substantial growth.

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U.S. Estimated Population 2020:   329,484,123

Texas Estimated Population 2020: 29,360,759

Texas makes up 8.9% of the total U.S. population but 32.4% of the total growth between 2019 and 2020.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Vintage population estimates Note: These data are not from the 2020 Census, rather estimates based on the 2010 Census

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Population Growth of Select States, 2000-2019

2000 Population

2010 Population

2019  Population

Numeric Change

2010‐2019

Percent Change

2010‐2019

United States 281,421,906 308,745,538 32,823,9523 19,481,418 6.3%

Texas 20,851,820 25,145,561 28,995,881 3,849,790 15.3%

California 33,871,648 37,253,956 39,512,223 2,257,704 6.1%

Florida 15,982,378 18,801,310 21,477,737 2,673,173 14.2%

Georgia 8,186,453 9,687,653 10,617,423 928,694 9.6%

North Carolina 8,049,313 9,535,483 10,488,084 952,333 10.0%

Washington 5,894,121 6,724,540 7,614,893 890,353 13.2%

Arizona 5,130,632 6,392,017 7,278,717 886,429 13.9%

Colorado 5,029,196 5,029,196 5,758,736 729,417 14.5%

Texas adds more population than any other state and at a fast rate.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 and 2010 Decennial Census; 2019 Vintage population estimates

Top 15 Metros in Numeric Growth, 2010‐2019

Rank Name April 1, 2010 July 1, 2018 July 1, 2019 Numeric Change

Percent  Change

1 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 6,366,537 7,455,756 7,573,136 1,206,599 19.0 2 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 5,920,487 4,849,209 7,066,141 1,145,654 19.4 3 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Chandler, AZ 4,193,129 4,849,209 4,948,203 755,074 18.0 4 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Alpharetta, GA  5,286,718 6,976,147 6,020,364 733,646 13.9 5 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV  5,649,688 5,945,303 6,280,487 630,799 11.2 6 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐Pompano Beach, FL  5,566,274 6,143,837 6,166,488 600,214 10.8 7 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA  3,439,808 3,935,179 3,979,845 540,037 15.7 8 Austin‐Round Rock‐Georgetown, TX  1,716,323 2,165,497 2,227,083 510,760 29.8 9 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL  2,134,399 2,574,838 2,608,147 473,748 22.2 10 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA  4,224,948 4,612,542 4,650,631 425,683 10.1 11 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO  2,543,608 2,931,665 2,967,239 423,631 16.7 12 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 2,783,485 3,154,649 3,194,831 411,346 14.8 13 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX  2,142,520 2,512,379 2,550,960 408,440 19.1 14 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Berkeley, CA  4,335,593 4,726,314 4,731,803 396,210 9.1 15 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC  2,243,963 2,592,950 2,636,883 392,920 17.5

5Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019 Vintage Population Estimates

DFW leads nation in metro growth for the 4th year in a row.

Five of the 15 largest U.S. cities are in Texas. Rank Place Census 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1 New York, NY 8,175,133 8,272,948 8,346,693 8,396,091 8,433,806 8,463,049 8,469,153 8,437,478 8,390,081 8,336,817

2 Los Angeles, CA 3,792,621 3,820,876 3,851,202 3,881,622 3,909,901 3,938,568 3,963,226 3,975,788 3,977,596 3,979,576

3 Chicago, IL 2,695,598 2,708,114 2,719,141 2,725,731 2,727,066 2,724,344 2,716,723 2,711,069 2,701,423 2,693,976

4 Houston, TX 2,099,451 2,126,032 2,161,593 2,199,391 2,241,826 2,286,908 2,309,544 2,316,750 2,318,573 2,320,268

5 Phoenix, AZ 1,445,632 1,469,796 1,499,274 1,526,491 1,555,445 1,583,690 1,612,199 1,633,560 1,654,675 1,680,992

6 Philadelphia, PA 1,526,006 1,540,466 1,551,824 1,558,313 1,565,460 1,571,065 1,576,051 1,580,601 1,583,592 1,584,064

7 San Antonio, TX 1,327,407 1,357,120 1,383,075 1,408,339 1,435,456 1,464,043 1,487,843 1,511,154 1,530,016 1,547,253

8 San Diego, CA 1,307,402 1,319,592 1,336,776 1,355,320 1,375,831 1,387,323 1,402,089 1,412,621 1,421,917 1,423,851

9 Dallas, TX 1,197,816 1,218,282 1,242,115 1,258,835 1,279,098 1,301,329 1,323,916 1,342,479 1,341,802 1,343,573

10 San Jose, CA 945,942 970,369 983,530 1,001,279 1,014,273 1,025,980 1,030,242 1,032,335 1,028,020 1,021,795

11 Austin, TX 790,390 828,459 854,482 875,003 901,170 921,114 939,447 951,553 962,469 978,908

12 Jacksonville, FL 821,784 829,609 837,013 842,735 852,494 865,836 880,520 892,025 902,437 911,507

13 Fort Worth, TX 741,206 764,142 781,046 796,073 815,057 835,356 856,177 874,809 893,216 909,585

14 Columbus, OH 787,033 800,607 812,740 827,797 841,673 854,950 866,894 881,694 890,869 898,553

15 Charlotte, NC 731,424 754,829 773,264 792,047 807,400 825,668 843,117 860,002 872,514 885,708 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019 Vintage Population Estimates

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Rank Geographic Area Population Estimate Change, 2018 to 2019

July 1, 2018 July 1, 2019 Number Percent

1 Phoenix, AZ 1,654,675 1,680,992 26,317 1.6

2 San Antonio, TX 1,530,016 1,547,253 17,237 1.1

3 Austin, TX 962,469 978,908 16,439 1.7

4 Fort Worth, TX 893,216 909,585 16,369 1.8

5 Charlotte, NC 872,514 885,708 13,194 1.5

6 Frisco, TX 188,452 200,490 12,038 6.4

7 Seattle, WA 742,235 753,675 11,440 1.5

8 Denver, CO 716,265 727,211 10,946 1.5

9 Henderson, NV 309,518 320,189 10,671 3.4

10 Mesa, AZ 507,945 518,012 10,067 2.0

11 Jacksonville, FL 902,437 911,507 9,070 1.0

12 Chico, CA 94,342 103,301 8,959 9.5

13 Atlanta, GA 498,183 506,811 8,628 1.7

14 Las Vegas, NV 643,228 651,319 8,091 1.3

15 Meridian, ID 106,464 114,161 7,697 7.2 7Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019 Vintage Population Estimates

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