Examine the teeth of the primates (monkey and human) and non-primates (cow or pig and dog). While they all have a mixture of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, what differences do you see between the species? (Number of teeth? Shape? Cusp pattern?) What might these features tell us about their function?

Please examine the accompanying Hominid Form and Function PowerPoint. Download and complete the accompanying exercise

Requirements: solve the file

Physical traits that help us distinguish primates from other mammals include: ▪a generalized skeletal structure for arboreal life▪forward facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)▪eye orbits with a postorbital bar or plate▪reduced snout length (related to less reliance on smell)▪opposable thumbs and big toes▪and prehensile (grasping) hands and feet▪flattened nails instead of (or in addition to) claws▪a larger brain size▪differences in tooth morphology (reflects variable diets)ANTH-A 103: Exercise # 2

ANTH 103 –Exercise # 2 –Primate Form and Function•Look at the skeletal images provided. Note how the postcranial (body) of primates and non-primates differ. Think about what you already know about their locomotion and behavior for clues about how they move and the differences you may see on their skeleton. Record general observations in the table below.•Mammals typically have four different kinds of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Examine the teeth of the primates (monkey and human) and non-primates (cow or pig and dog). While they all have a mixture of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, what differences do you see between the species? (Number of teeth? Shape? Cusp pattern?) What might these features tell us about their function?•The orbit is the bony structure that protects the eye. All living primates have a complete bony ring around the eye, but the orbit can be either open (postorbital bar) or closed (postorbital plate) in the back. Examine the orbits and their orientation. What differences do you see? Look at the foramen magnum: What does this tell you about the typical posture of the animal? Finally, look at the nasal region. Does this tell you about what senses they use most?Put your name on the Exercise # 2 Worksheet

Primate Form and Function•Hands and FeetPigGorilla

Primate Form and Function•Claws or NailsDogLemur

Primate Form and Function•Clavicle CatHuman

Primate Form and Function•PelvisDeerChimpanzee

Primate Form and Function•Distinguishing features of the teethWolfHuman

Primate Form and Function•Eye orbit structure and orientationCowMonkey

Primate Form and Function•Foramen magnum position

Primate Form and Function•Size and complexity of nasal regionBearPrimate

Name: ANTH-A 103: Human Origins and Prehistory September 22nd, 2022 Exercise #2: Primate Form and Function Question 1: Look at the skeletal images provided. Note how the postcranial (body) of primates and non-primates differ. Think about what you already know about their locomotion and behavior for clues about how they move and the differences you may see on their skeleton. Record general observations in the table below. Non-Primates Primates Hands and feet (Pig and Gorilla) Claws or nails (Dog and Lemur) Clavicle (Cat and Human) Pelvis (Deer and Chimpanzee) How do the above characteristics suggest the locomotion and posture of primates differ from non-primates?

Question 2: Mammals typically have four different kinds of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Examine the teeth of the primates (monkey and human) and non-primates (cow or pig and dog). Record general observations in the table below. Non-Primates Primates Distinguishing features of the teeth (Wolf and Human) Probable diet While they all have a mixture of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, what differences do you see between the species? (Number of teeth? Shape? Cusp pattern/shape?) What might these features tell us about their function?

Question 3: The orbit is the bony structure that protects the eye. All living primates have a complete bony ring around the eye, but the orbit can be either open (postorbital bar) or closed (postorbital plate) in the back. Examine the orbits and their orientation. What differences do you see? Look at the foramen magnum: What does this tell you about the typical posture of the animal? Finally, look at the nasal region. Does this tell you about what senses they use most? Non-Primates Primates Eye orbit structure and orientation (Cow and Monkey) Foramen magnum position (Human, Chimp, Wolf) Size and complexity of nasal region (Primate and Bear) Rely more on vision or smell? (Primate and Bear)

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