Describe the film in general terms. What subjects does it cover? Describe the plot and the setting. What issues does it raise? What do you see as the main purpose of the film? What are the major theme(s) of the film?
Describe the film in general terms. What subjects does it cover? Describe the plot and the setting. What issues does it raise? What do you see as the main purpose of the film?
What are the major theme(s) of the film?
How has the film helped you further understand the culture and/or society of the country?
The movies selected are usually highly ranked and representative of the three countries we study. Used as an important supplementary learning source to help students further understand the countries that are studied, the movies chosen for the course usually cover some important and/or serious social, cultural and/or political topics and have people think of various important issues in human societies.
In order to familiarize yourself with Chinese customs and culture, please watch the movie To Live (1994). When you are finished complete the movie review assignment below.
To Live is based on a novel by the same name. The plot begins in the 1940s and follows a young wealthy man Fuigui, that loses everything due to gambling. Over the next several decades he becomes a puppeteer and joins the army. Even through his many hardships Fuigui maintains hope that life will get better.
Movie link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HorOrml6hKg
Textbook attac
Requirements: less than 1500 words
About the Cover ImagePlate with a Vase of FlowersThe eighteenth century saw the rapid rise and development of the export porcelain industry in East Asia for a European market fascinated by chinoiserie. The object depicted here is a wonderful example of East Asian cross-cultural influences: enameled porcelain (originating in China), crafted in the Japanese Hizen regional style of Imari ware by a colony of Korean potters working in secluded Japan. The European connection is notable as the piece was part of the collection of Augustus II, elector of Saxony and king of Poland, obtained through Dutch merchants in their role as the sole Europeans allowed to trade in Japan at this time.Page 1 of 1Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f1.xhtml
Patterns of East Asian HistoryCHARLES A. DESNOYERSLa Salle UniversityPage 1 of 1Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f3.xhtml
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.© 2020 by Oxford University Press For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.You must not circulate this work in any other formand you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Desnoyers, Charles, 1952- author.Title: Patterns of East Asian history / Charles A. Desnoyers.Description: First edition. | Oxford University Press : New York, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2018044956 | ISBN 9780199946464 (pbk.) | ISBN 9780199946488 (ebook)Subjects: LCSH: East Asia—History.Classification: LCC DS511 .D47 2019 | DDC 950—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/20180449569 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Printed by LSC Communications, United States of AmericaPage 1 of 1Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f4.xhtml
Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9BRIEF CONTENTSLIST OF MAPSPREFACEACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTES ON DATES AND SPELLINGABOUT THE AUTHORPART I CREATING EAST ASIAThe Region and PeopleThe Middle Kingdom: China to 1280Interaction and Adaptation on the Sinitic Rim: Korea, Japan, and Vietnam to the Mongol EraThe Mongol Super-EmpirePART II RECASTING EAST ASIA TO THE PRESENTFrom Super-Power to Semi-Colony: China from the Ming to 1895Becoming “The Hermit Kingdom”: Korea from the Mongol Invasions to 1895From “Lesser Dragon” to “Indochina”: Vietnam to 1885Becoming Imperial: Japan to 1895From Reform to Revolution: China from 1895 to the Present, Part IPage 1 of 2Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f5.xhtml
Chapter 10Chapter 11Chapter 12Chapter 13EpilogueFrom Continuous Revolution to Authoritarian Modernity: China from 1895 to the Present, Part IIA House Divided: Korea to the PresentColonized, Divided, and Reunited: Vietnam to the PresentBecoming the Model of Modernity: Japan to the PresentBreakneck Change and the Challenge of TraditionGLOSSARYCREDITSINDEXPage 2 of 2Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f5.xhtml
Chapter 1Chapter 2CONTENTSLIST OF MAPSPREFACEACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTES ON DATES AND SPELLINGABOUT THE AUTHORPART I CREATING EAST ASIAThe Region and PeopleVaried GeographiesThe Chinese LandscapeThe Great Regulator: The MonsoonMountains and DesertsEurasia’s Eastern Branch: KoreaThe Island Perimeter: JapanThe Southern Branch: VietnamEast Asian Ethnicities and LanguagesChina and TaiwanTibetMongoliaKoreaJapanConclusionThe Middle Kingdom: China toChina and the Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic OriginsThe Foundations of the Dynastic SystemThe Three Dynasties: The XiaPage 1 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
The Three Dynasties: The ShangThe Three Dynasties: The ZhouEconomy and SocietyNew Classes: Merchants and ShiFamily and Gender in Ancient ChinaReligion, Culture, and Intellectual LifeChinese WritingRitual and ReligionThe Hundred Schools: Confucianism and DaoismSelf-Cultivation and Ritual: ConfuciusMencius and the Politics of Human NatureParadox and Transcendence: Laozi and DaoismThe Structures of EmpireThe First Empire, 221 to 206 BCEQin Shi HuangdiThe Imperial Model: The Han Dynasty, 202 BCE to 220 CEExpanding the EmpireDownturn of the Dynastic CycleThe Centuries of Fragmentation, 220 to 589 ceChina’s Cosmopolitan Age: The Tang Dynasty, 618 to 907Buddhism in ChinaPatterns Up-Close: Creating an East Asian Buddhist CultureThe Period of Expansion: Emperor Taizong“Emperor” WuCosmopolitan AutumnAn Early Modern Period? The SongThe Southern Song RemnantThe Mongol ConquestEconomics, Society, and Gender in Early Imperial ChinaIndustry and CommerceAgricultural ProductivityGender and FamilyThought, Science, and TechnologyThe Legacy of the Han HistoriansNeo-ConfucianismPoetry, Painting, and CalligraphyTechnological LeadershipConclusionPage 2 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
Chapter 3Chapter 4Interaction and Adaptation on the Sinitic Rim: Korea, Japan, and Vietnam to the Mongol EraFrom Three Kingdoms to One: Korea to 1231The “Three Kingdoms”Korea to the Mongol InvasionEconomy and SocietyReligion, Culture, and Intellectual LifeIsolation, Interaction, and Adaptation: Japan to 1281Jomon and YayoiEarly State BuildingImperial RuleEconomy and SocietyFamily StructureReligion, Culture, and Intellectual LifeBuddhism in JapanPatterns Up-Close: From Periphery to Center: Nichiren, Buddhism, and JapanForging a New Japanese CultureBorders of Influence and Agency: VietnamNeolithic CulturesVillage Society and BuddhismThe “Far South”Independence and State BuildingEconomy and SocietyOfficials, Peasants, and MerchantsWomen and FamilyReligion, Culture, and Intellectual LifeChu NomConclusionThe Mongol Super-EmpireGenghis Khan and the Mongol ConquestStrategies of the SteppesClashing Codes of CombatAssimilating Military TechnologiesThe Mongol Conquest: The Initial PhaseThe Drive to the WestPage 3 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
Chapter 5Patterns Up-Close: Pax MongolicaSubduing ChinaFrom Victory to DisunityOverthrow and RetreatThe Mongol Commercial RevolutionRebuilding Agriculture and InfrastructureRole Reversal: Artisans and MerchantsFamily, Gender, Religion, and CultureEgalitarian Patriarchy?Religion: Toleration and SupportConclusionPART II RECASTING EAST ASIA TO THE PRESENTFrom Super-Power to Semi-Colony: China from the Ming to 1895Remaking the Empire: The MingCentralizing Government and Projecting PowerToward a Regulated Society: Foreign RelationsThe End of the MingThe Era of Dominance: The Qing to 1795The Banner SystemUniversal EmpirePacification and ExpansionEncounters with EuropeansRegulating Maritime TradeThe Struggle for Agency in “The Century of Humiliation”The Horizon of Decline: The White Lotus RebellionInteractions with Maritime PowersThe Coming of the Unequal TreatiesThe Taiping and Nian ErasThe Origins of Taiping IdeologyDefeating the TaipingsThe Nian Rebellion, 1853–1868Reform through Self-Strengthening, 1860–1895Patterns Up-Close: The Cooperative Era and ModernizationPage 4 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
Chapter 6Chapter 7Nineteenth-Century Qing ExpansionThe Limits of Self-Strengthening, 1860–1895The Sino–Japanese War of 1894–1895Society and Economics in Ming and Qing TimesRural ElitesOrganizing the CountrysidePopulation and SustainabilityThe “High-Level Equilibrium Trap” DebateTechnology and Intellectual LifePhilosophy and LiteraturePoetry, Travel Accounts, and NewspapersConclusionBecoming “The Hermit Kingdom”: Korea from the Mongol Invasions to 1895Toward Semi-SeclusionThe Mongol Era and the Founding of the Yi DynastyThe Japanese InvasionRecovery and the Drive for StabilityThe Shadow of the QingStrangers at the GatesThe Hermit KingdomKorea and the Sino-Japanese WarEconomy, Society, and FamilyLand ReformSocial OrganizationThe New EconomyFamily and Gender RolesCulture and Intellectual LifePatterns Up-Close: The Development of Han’GulNeo-Confucianism and Pragmatic StudiesConclusionFrom “Lesser Dragon” to “Indochina”: Vietnam to 1885The Lesser DragonSouthward ExpansionPerils of GrowthPage 5 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
Chapter 8Rebellion and ConsolidationPatterns Up-Close: The French as Allies of the Imperial CourtCreating IndochinaFirst FootholdsColonization by ProtectorateThe Sino-French WarConflict and Compromise: Economy and SocietyThe New Commercial DevelopmentNeo-Confucianism in Imperial VietnamToward “Modernity”? Culture, Science, and Intellectual LifeAsserting Incipient NationalismStruggles of ModernizationConclusionBecoming Imperial: Japan to 1895The Era of the Shoguns, 1192–1867Kamakura and Ashikaga Shogunates, and Mongol AttacksDissolution and ReunificationThe Tokugawa Bakufu“Tent Government”Freezing SocietySecuring the Place of the SamuraiTokugawa SeclusionReunifying RuleThe Coming of the “Black Ships”Restoring the EmperorFrom Feudalism to NationalismThe Meiji Constitution and Political LifeBecoming an Imperial PowerEconomy, Society, and FamilyAgriculture, Population, and CommerceLate Tokugawa and Early Meiji Society and EconomicsPatterns Up-Close: Japan’s Transformation through East Asian EyesRailroads and TelegraphsFamily Structure“Civilization and Enlightenment”Page 6 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
Chapter 9Chapter 10Religion, Culture, and Intellectual LifeZen, Tea, and AestheticsThe Arts and LiteratureBunraku, Noh, Kabuki, and Ukiyo-eIntellectual DevelopmentsScience, Culture, and the Arts in the Meiji PeriodConclusionFrom Reform to Revolution: China from 1895 to the Present, Part IThe Republican RevolutionThe Last Stand of the Old Order: The Boxer Rebellion and WarThe Twilight of ReformSun Yat-sen and the Ideology of RevolutionThe New Warring States Era (1916–1926)Creating NationalismThe First United FrontCivil War, World War, and People’s RepublicThe Nationalist IntervalThe Long March and Xi’an IncidentEast Asia at WarFrom Coalition Government to the Gate of Heavenly PeaceA New Society and CultureThe New Culture MovementCity and CountryConclusionFrom Continuous Revolution to Authoritarian Modernity: China from 1895 to the Present, Part IIThe Maoist Years, 1949 to 1976Early Mass Mobilization CampaignsLand ReformThe Great Leap ForwardThe Hundred Flowers and Anti-Rightist CampaignsTaking a Breath in the RevolutionBecoming Proletarian: The Cultural RevolutionThe End of the Maoist EraA U-Turn on the Socialist RoadChina’s Four ModernizationsPage 7 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
Chapter 11Modernizing National Defense The “Fifth Modernization”Tiananmen Square and the New AuthoritarianismEnding the Colonial EraTiananmen Square“Confucian Capitalism”Growth and Its DiscontentsTibet and MinoritiesToward Harmony and Stability?The Olympic MomentXi Jinping and “The Four Comprehensives”Patterns Up-Close: Confucius Institutes and China’s Soft PowerSociety, Science, and CultureRecasting Urban LifeModernization and SocietyThe New TechnologyArt and LiteratureThe MediaConclusionA House Divided: Korea to the PresentThe Ebb and Flow of ColonialismMilitary RuleRelative Restraint: The Cultural PolicyMilitarism, Colonialism, and WarPatterns Up-Close: Nationalism, Empire, and AthleticsCold War, Hot War, and Cold WarA Korean Civil War?From Seesaw to StalematePolitical and Economic Developments South and NorthRepublics and CoupsLand Reform and the Export EconomyFrom Authoritarian Rule to DemocracyThe Democratic Era, 1993 to the PresentThe New Hermit Kingdom of the NorthWar by Other MeansPage 8 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
Chapter 12Chapter 13Juche and the Cult of PersonalityThe Kim DynastyConclusionColonized, Divided, and Reunited: Vietnam to the PresentThe First Colonial Era, 1885–1945“The Civilizing Mission” and RebellionReform and RepublicanismHo Chi Minh and RevolutionPatterns Up-Close: Parsing the Language of IndependenceThe War for IndependenceThe American WarTearing Two Nations Apart“Peace with Honor” and National UnificationFrom Reunification to Regional PowerBuilding the New Socialist StatePolitics and Genocide: Fighting the Khmer RougeRecovery and ProsperityConclusionBecoming the Model of Modernity: Japan to the Present“A Wonderfully Clever and Progressive People”The Russo-Japanese WarThe Limits of Power PoliticsThe Great War and the Five RequestsIntervention and VersaillesTaisho DemocracyMilitarism and Co-Prosperity: The War YearsCreating ManchukuoState Shinto and MilitarismThe “China Incident”World War II in the PacificAllied CounterattackCo-Prosperity and Conditional IndependenceEndgameThe Model of Modernity: From Occupation to the PresentThe New Order: Reform and ConstitutionPage 9 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
EpilogueThe Reverse Course: Japan and the Cold WarMoving Toward the Twenty-First CenturyPatterns Up-Close: Japan’s History ProblemEconomy, Society, and CultureFrom “Made in Japan” to Total Quality ManagementThe Dominance of the Middle ClassWomen and Family: “A Half-Step Behind”?Godzilla and Sailor Moon: Postwar CultureConclusionBreakneck Change and the Challenge of TraditionOne Region, Three Systems?Colonialism and ImperialismTwentieth-Century Conflict and Political ConfigurationThe “Chinese Dream” as the East Asian Dream?GLOSSARYCREDITSINDEXPage 10 of 10Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f6.xhtml
Map 1.1.Map 1.2.Map 1.3.Map 1.4.Map 2.1.Map 2.2.Map 2.3.Map 2.4.Map 2.5.Map 2.6.Map 2.7.Map 2.8.Map 3.1.Map 3.2.Map 3.3.Map 3.4.Map 3.5.Map 4.1.Map 4.2.Map 5.1.Map 5.2.Map 5.3.Map 5.4.Map 5.5.Map 5.6.Map 5.7.Map 6.1.Map 6.2.Map 6.3.LIST OF MAPSInside Front Cover Map. East Asia: Physical GeographyChina, Mongolia, and Tibet: Physical GeographyKorea and Japan: Geography and ClimateSoutheast Asia: The Physical SettingMajor Language and Ethnic Groups of East AsiaThe Spread of Farming in East AsiaNeolithic ChinaThe Shang and Zhou DynastiesLate Warring States and Qin UnificationThe Han EmpireChina in 500 CEEast and Central Asia during the TangThe Spread of Buddhism to 600 CEKorea, ca. 500 CEKorea under the Koryo, 936–1392 CEHeian JapanMainland Southeast Asia, 150 BCE–500 CEDai Viet, ca. 1100 CEThe Mongol EmpireThe Mongol HeartlandThe Ming Empire and the Voyages of Zheng HeChina under the QingCampaigns of QianlongThe White Lotus Movement, 1796–1805The Taiping Movement, 1850–1864Dungan Hui Rebellion and Yuqub Beg’s Rebellion, 1862–1878The Sino-Japanese War, 1894–1895East and Central Asia, ca. 1200 CEHideyoshi’s Invasions of Korea, 1592–1597Manchu Invasions of Choson KoreaPage 1 of 2Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f7.xhtml
Map 7.1.Map 7.2.Map 7.3.Map 8.1.Map 8.2.Map 8.3.Map 8.4.Map 8.5.Map 9.1.Map 9.2.Map 9.3.Map 9.4.Map 9.5.Map 10.1.Map 10.2.Map 10.3.Map 11.1.Map 11.2.Map 11.3.Map 12.1.Map 12.2.Map 12.3.Map 12.4.Map 13.1.Map 13.2.Map 13.3.Map 13.4.Map 13.5.Map 14.1.Mainland Southeast Asia, ca. 1428Dai Nam and Surrounding Regions, ca. 1820French IndochinaFeudal JapanMajor Domains and Regions in the Tokugawa PeriodThe Pacific in the Nineteenth CenturyThe Sino-Japanese WarIndustrializing Japan, ca. 1870–1906Treaty Ports and Foreign Spheres of Influence in China, 1842–1907Warlord Territories and the Northern Expedition, 1926–1928The Jiangxi Soviet and the Long March, 1934–1935Japan in China, 1931–1945The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1949The People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China, 1950Border Clashes and Territorial Disputes between China and India, 1962–1967Open Cities, Special Economic Zones, Autonomous Regions, and Special Administrative Regions in China, 1980–2000319Japanese Expansion in Northeast Asia, 1870–1910338Korea at the End of World War II348The Korean War351French Indochina and Mainland Southeast Asia376Vietnam during the American WarReunified VietnamThe Third Indochinese WarThe Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905The Japanese Empire in 1920Japan in China, 1931–1945World War II in the PacificTerritorial Clauses of the Treaty of San Francisco, 1951China’s Belt and Road InitiativeInside Back Cover Map. Contemporary East AsiaPage 2 of 2Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/vtecy97jrtn2vrdaznbh.vbk/OEBPS/f7.xhtml
PPREFACEatterns of East Asian History marks the third volume in Oxford University Press’s highly successful Patterns series, which currently includes Patterns of World History in its third edition and Patterns of Modern Chinese History. These offerings are college-level introductory texts whose purpose is to provide beginning students with an entree into complex fields of history with which American students have generally had little or no exposure. The approach of all the volumes revolves around the idea of using recognizable and widely accepted patterns of historical development as a loose framework around which to structure the material both as an organizational aid to the instructor and as a tool to make complex material more comprehensible to the student. As we have stressed in previous volumes in the series, this approach is not intended to be reductionist or deterministic, or to privilege a particular ideological perspective, but rather to enhance pedagogical flexibility while providing a subtly recursive format that allows abundant opportunities for contrast and comparison among and within the societies under consideration. As with the other volumes in the series, the overall aim is to simplify the immense complexities of history for the beginning student without making them simplistic.All the historical fields covered in these volumes (world history, Chinese history, East Asian history) now face lively internal debates concerning various topics, and one of the goals of the series is to introduce students to these discussions in order to stress the idea that historians are not monolithic in their ideas or approaches, but more often than not disagree with each other, sometimes vigorously. Thus, all the books employ certain pedagogical features designed to enhance the sense that “the past,” as William Faulkner put it so memorably, “is not dead; it isn’t even past.” Chapters begin with a vignette designed to crystallize a particular situation or idea emphasized within that chapter or section and include a feature, “Patterns Up-Close,” designed to examine a particular concept or event at a deeper level to enhance the material in question. Because chapters 9 and 10 constitute essentially one long chapter on China from 1895 to the present, the vignette for both chapters opens Chapter 9 and the Patterns Up-Close feature for both is in Chapter 10.In the case of East Asia, one problem that immediately presents itself is how to define the area as a specific region. Geography offers some clues but nothing hard and fast and instantly identifiable, such as the Indian subcontinent. China, of course, is at the heart of East Asia geographically, but how far should one define the region beyond its historical borders? Should Mongolia be considered part of East Asia? Should Southeast Asia? In many respects, the cultural connections offer more coherent boundaries, but even these are contested. Some would include what is often called the “Sinitic Frontier” that includes the states and societies on the Chinese periphery that have been touched by Chinese culture in one form or another. This is fairly safe ground for the three states most commonly included in regional histories and sourcebooks: China, Page 1 of 4Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/cxrzuu2ci1b297ubarc3.vbk/OEBPS/f8.xhtml
Korea, and Japan. But even these are not always taken together: for example, the Association for Asian Studies organizes its regional councils on the model of “China and Inner Asia,” “Northeast Asia” (including Japan and Korea), and “Southeast Asia” (including Vietnam). The United Nations Statistics Division includes Mongolia along with China, Japan, and Korea, although Mongolia shares much less culturally with these three nations than Vietnam, which is listed separately in Southeast Asia. Some regional political spokespeople from countries generally designated as “Southeast Asian” have advocated including the members of their regional Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) along with China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, as comprising a greater “East Asia.”One can also find ready opposition to what might be called the “Chinese impact-indigenous response” model. Certainly, much of the history of Vietnam and Korea consists of attempts to break free of Chinese political influence; Mongolians and Manchus have long struggled—even when their empires included China—to not be assimilated culturally by China, and Tibetans and various Central Asian peoples today, as in the past, resist the tide of what they term “cultural genocide” emanating from the People’s Republic.Yet in the case of all these places, contact with China marked vital turning points in their societies. Korean and Vietnamese states for short periods held territory within what ultimately constituted China. More generally, however, both places underwent long periods of invasion and occupation by various Chinese dynasties that left their written language, systems of government, and cultural, philosophical, and religious traditions as their legacies. Japan actively borrowed Chinese systems to make the clan-based central kingdom of Yamato into a self-designated empire. Mongolia existed only as part of a large territorial expanse inhabited by a multitude of nomadic groups who periodically raided and clashed with the Chinese states to the south until the time of Genghis Khan. While remaining culturally distinct from China—even devising their own written language and adopting a variety of religious beliefs—the high point of their imperial ambitions came with the conquest of Song Dynasty China and the creation of their own Chinese regime: the Yuan Dynasty (1280–1368). Tibet, whose language springs from the same family (Sino-Tibetan) as the Chinese dialects, maintained its cultural distinctiveness even when incorporated into the Qing Empire by Manchu rulers—themselves struggling to maintain their own cultural distinctiveness—whose vision was a universal multicultural state.The often fraught relationship of these states with China raises another conceptual problem in studying the area: the question of modernity. How should we define it, and when can we say it began for the region as a whole? Can we even designate a period for the majority of these states when we might say that their modern periods were under way? In the case of China, scholars have over the years suggested beginning the modern era as late as 1840 and as early as the Song Dynasty (960–1279). For Japan, key dates include the wholesale adoption of Chinese political and cultural systems during the Taika (Great Reform) of 645; the beginnings of imperial Heian Japan (after 794); the creation of the shogunate (1185); the Tokugawa period (1603–1867); the “opening” of Japan by Perry in 1853; and the Meiji Restoration (1868–1912). In the case of Korea, the coming of Buddhism and Chinese culture (fourth and fifth centuries); the creation of the han’gul writing system (fifteenth century); and the first treaty with Meiji Japan (1876) might all plausibly be used. Similar problems surface with Vietnam. The creation of the Mongol super-empire in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries seems a fairly logical and convenient place to situate the start of that country’s modern period.Page 2 of 4Patterns of East Asian History2021-10-02http://e.pub/cxrzuu2ci1b297ubarc3.vbk/OEBPS/f8.xhtml
The Mongol interval, although brief, does provide a kind of jumping off point for the organization of this volume. Recent scholarship has suggested that in controlling such a vast area, encouraging trade, setting up a number of proto-capitalist institutions such as the widespread use of checks, paper money, even insurance, and practicing a considerable degree of religious toleration, the Mongols played a direct role in ushering in the early modern period throughout Eurasia. Moreover, their rule touched every region with which we are concerned, except for Japan—though they made two attempts to invade the island empire. Thus, this volume, like Patterns of Modern Chinese History, begins with chapters that provide a prologue to what we have designated as the modern period, whereas the greater part of the book covers material after the Mongol Empire acquired China in 1280.As noted above, the central approach to this book, as with the others in the series, is that of patterns. Within this overall rubric, a considerable amount of attention is given to three elements: origins, interactions, and adaptations. For example, one noticeable pattern, given the widespread effects of the monsoon, is the dominance of rice production throughout much of the area. This is not to adopt a Marxian “Asiatic mode of production” approach or to point to Karl A. Wittfogel’s insistence on the determinism of “hydraulic society,” but to note that the techniques of wet and dry rice production were widely diffused, widely practiced, and allowed for and demanded substantial populations for production. The exact origins of wet rice cultivation are unknown, but interactions among innumerable persons and groups over the centuries spread and continually revitalized its techniques and plant strains, with local and regional adaptations over the course of millennia.More directly traceable are the patterns of cultural diffusion and incorporation—involving origins, interactions, and adaptations from core to periphery—that have continually played out across the region. China’s Shang Dynasty, for example, diffused its culture widely across the Yellow River basin. When the former Shang client state of Zhou conquered the Shang, they spread much of the Shang culture they had adopted over most of North China. We have noted above the profound cultural exchanges that marked China’s relations with Vietnam and Korea, and from Korea to Japan. Sometimes the periphery becomes the new core: Japan, transformed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries into an aggressively expansive industrial power through contact with the West, became for a time a model for Chinese and other East Asian reformers to emulate. Indeed, it provided an important model for China’s present economic power. Moreover, Japan’s colonial occupation of Korea, Manchuria, and Taiwan for half a century left a considerable cultural and industrial legacy in those regions—although one sown with pain
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