Explain how Russian Asians were allowed to flourish and why while Chinese and Japanese were not.
Explain how Russian Asians were allowed to flourish and why while Chinese and Japanese were not.
Response Purpose:
For this assignment, you will write a half page response to terms identified for this course. The topics to be analyzed are listed in the Student Learning Outcomes for Ethnic Studies 101, number 1, listed below. Analyze and then write in your own words your comprehension which will be used throughout the semester.
Angel Island
West Coast Immigration Processing Center:
Located in North Bay of San Francisco: 1910-1940
Processed immigrants from China, Japan, Russia, Philippines and India
10-30% were deported unlike 1-2% at Ellis Island in New York
300,000 Processed unlike Ellis Island which was numbered at 12 million
Later used to Intern Japanese Americans & Japanese
Not welcoming: Chinese held at Angel Island for up to 1 year
Poems were found inside walls of Angel Island
1906 Earthquake destroyed most records of Chinese–who was American citizen or not allowed for wives, sons and daughters to be brought over
60,000 Entered–mainly picture brides or American Japanese (US born)
Gentleman’s Agreement between US & Japan made processing at Angel Island for picture brides no more than 3 days
Philipinos as American Nationals from end of US Spanish War entered primarily to Hawaii Territory
Only about 18000 entered mainland but not much is known because of records lost but as Nationals they were not held
After 1934 movement was limited to US under Tydings McDuffie Act and limited after WW2 when Philippines became independent country then only 50 visas were allotted
3000 People of India immigrants mainly Sikhs entered Angel Island when they were barred from entering Vancouver, Canada
In 1917 the Asiatic Barred Zone closed doors to people from India except for Diplomats and students who had sponsors but Indians were not allowed in until after 1965 Immigration Act
Angel Island closed by the Army in 1946 and preserved by Park Ranger M. Weiss and Asian American students
Angel IslandLinks to an external site.
Immigration Center & Japanese Internment CenterLinks to an external site.
RUSSIAN JEWISH IMMIGRATION: MORE ACCEPTED
Murder of the Russian Czar created blame on Russian Jews which resulted in state sponsored terror and attacks–Pogroms: Russian Soldiers and Non Jewish People burnt their villages
Other factors were land shortages and famines as reasons for fleeing
First wave accounted of 200,000 by late 1880s then 300,000; by
Between 1900-1914 1.5 million arrived & by 1924 when US cutoff immigration 3 million Russian Empire Jews had entered New York
They entered through Ellis Island and most remained in New York remaining close to others from their same villages: 1/2 of total Jewish population lived in New York City primarily in the Lower East Side
Tenements, Factories and the docks would serve as starting point in the US
Synagogues, stores, mutual aid societies, stores, banks, libraries became Jewish run and Jewish owned
Most crowded: 700 people per acre, water was contaminated, disease rampant but still safer than life in Russian Empire
Most worked in garment industry as certain employment was closed off to them due to US bigotry-getting paid for pennies per piece–women and girls dominated this sweat labor–fires such as the Triangle Shirtwaist in 1911 led to death of 146 females half were Jewish girls
Russian Empire Jews were not banned entry unlike Chinese though which included women (demographic growth)
Yiddish language resurfaced in New York City(while it had been banned in Russia), Yiddish Theater, Yiddish Newspaper named as the Forverts had a 20,000 a day circulation by the late 1920s
Books were also published in English which exposed the Jewish immigrant experience to others–Russian Jews were permitted to flourish
Movie Theaters were invested in by Samuel Goldwyn, Warner Brothers, Louis Mayer, Willam Fox as well as Broadway
Red Scare in the US 1919 led some activists to being deported by the US back to Russia
Russian Jews were also banned from Ivy League Universities but many also banned Catholics
German Jews had previously been in the US before Russian Jews arrived
United Hebrew Charities, Council of Jewish Women & Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society assisted at Ellis Island in translation, medical screenings and argued in front of the Board of Special Inquiries to prevent deportations
Deportations from Ellis Island was only 1-2% while at Angel Island it was 10-30% mainly for Chinese
When compared to Chinese or India immigrants, Asian Russian Jews were more accepted and more protected
By 1920:This population supports 12 Jewish theaters, 5,000 grocery and delicatessen stores, 300 stationery, cigar and candy stores, 2,400 meat shops, 800 drug stores, 700 shoe stores, 275 hardware stores, 250 paint shops, 240 furniture stores, and 150 electrical dealers.
Russian JewsLinks to an external site.
Articles on Jewish Life in the USLinks to an external site.
https://meng.house.gov/media-center/press-releases…
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/…
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/05/25…
From Conquest to Civil Wars: Japan, China, Korea, Vietnam
Early to End of World War 2:
Background: in 1930’s Japan was an Imperial Nation and they conquered many countries violently:
Invaded China for land purposes in 1930’s and act violently and harshly to feed a growing population
Invaded Phillipines: Battle of Manila is considered one of the most brutal: took many prisoners for forced labor
Invaded Korea since 1910 which they considered part of their country and had been trying to change the culture into Japanese
They had moved populations of Japanese Families to Korea and Koreans forced labor into Japan;
Forced Many Korean Women into Sex slaves for Japanese Soldiers
Japanese sent settlers, many moved volunteerily for farming purposed which made Koreans tenant farmers
Japan also forced many Korean men as soldiers towards the end of WW2
Japan had attacked the US at Pearl Harbor Naval Base Hawaii Territory
Koreans had also lead an insurgency against Japan
After Hawaii territory attack, US and Japan fought in the South Pacific throughout many islands
US was trying to remove Japan from China, Korea, Phillipines and other countries
US tests which means drop atomic bombs in Central New Mexico where Navajos and other New Mexicans are affected which caused cancer and other ailments
US then drops atomic bombs in Japan but major battles led to destruction of other cities: Tokyo destroyed, over 67 other cities destroyed 330,000 killed from cluster bombs
When Japan surrendered the US took Japan and Korea but Korea was divided in half:
Soviets & China kept North Korea & US South Korea while a civil war raged
That civil war has never ended hence the DMZ Zone today with US involvement in the Korean War
That path would set for US involvement in Korea as they kept Communist China and Soviet Union out from the South
This turmoil from the 1930’s is different from Japanese Americans in the US who were detached from Japan but they get associated with Imperial Japan–US also didnt trust Japanese Americans to be soldiers but many in the Internment Camps signed up as soon as chance was given
This created mistrust from Koreans, Filipinos and Chinese towards Japanese even into the 1990’s which at times carried into US amongst those that arrived afterwards
US Asians did not develop these social divisions from post WW2 because they were American detached from Japan especially Japanese Americans
This US involvement in South Korea, the Phillipines, China, set the path for future immigration
Even the leader of the Viet Cong Ho Chi Minh had been a spy for the US against Japan
The Communist Movements in those countries which created Civil Wars were really about land distribution;
It was believed the Communist Ideals of the Soviet Union would alleviate poverty for the majority of the people because most had been landless whether it was under Japan Occupied Korea, or landed elites in China which left most landless and impoverished.
Right or wrong Communist movements were attempts to end inequality while US supported elites and US companies who wanted to invest in those countries
US involvement would set the path for future Asian immigration because of assistance in WW2 or later by backing non Communist groups and then immigration after 1965 which was base on certain skills so it was not open to all–family reunification sponsorship would bring more immigrants in.
Even in the 1950s there were strict quotas from the Philippines or India
China Civil War of 1949:
-Followers of the National Government Kuomingtang fell to the Chinese Communist Party in 1949:
-Nationalist Leader was Chiang Kai-Chek and Communist Mao Ze Dong
-Communist won because they had more support, arms came from Japanese left in Manchuria and Warlords were not popular
-US ended Diplomatic Ties with Communist China; Nationalist left to Taiwan
-China ended diplomatic ties with US, no trade and limited contact
-Thus Chinese contact from the country was non-existent until after 1977
-Except for Chinese from Hong Kong (British Territory) or Taiwan who are a different Ethnic Group there was limited contact with mainland China to the US
-Your professor remembers how the Olympic Team in 1984 was a major issue because China participated, Soviet Union Boycotted because US Boycotted 1980 Moscow Games Over Invasion of Afghanistan
-Another story was there were Chinese foreign exchange students to Mexicali, Baja California in 1983 but not to the US; my distant cousin attended Universidad de Baja California with one of them
-The fear of the Communist Domino Effect in Asia takes hold in US Foreign Policy, hence Korean War, Cuba, Angola, Greece and Vietnam
-US took sides with non Communist sides many times at invitation
-Immigration Policy changes in the US makes that possible after 1965: End result is below
Japan Control of KoreaLinks to an external site.
US Firebombing of JapanLinks to an external site.
Chinese Revolution of 1949Links to an external site.
“The Americans weren’t the only ones fighting the communist North of Vietnam. In fact, before the U.S. even got involved, the war had already started between the South Vietnamese Army and communist North Vietnam.”
The Vietnam War
US wanted to counter influence of Communist China even though at times Vietnam and China were rivals.
Many American soldiers were killed in both conflicts
This created a path for the US bringing in South Korean and South Vietnamese immigrants in late 70’s and 80’s.
Both groups were settled in Westminster and Garden Grove as well as parts of Los Angeles but also San Jose for Vietnamese.
Definition of Asian is also expanded as is population and culture: Pho is ever present as tacos and its not just Vietnamese eating Pho.
CHINA:
1976 With the Death of Chinese Leader Mao Tse Tchung, China enters new era where they begin to slowly open door.
China had closed door to the US & Europe, only Chinese in US prior to 1980 would have come from Taiwan or Hong Kong which was under British Control
As China opened itself and offered cheap cheap labor under its Community Rules the United States entered and shifted more low wage manufacturing to China.
This policy hurt Ethnic Americans the most as they (Mexican Americans & Blacks) where concentrated in these entry level jobs, Whites too (One reason Trump was elected-railed against this policy)
US slowly opened door to Chinese immigration after 1990 and population growth became exponential San Gabriel Valley: Monterey Park, Alhambra, El Monte, Hacienda Heights, Diamond Bar, San Marino, Irvine, Northern California-Silicon Valley with Hindus too- growth in other states too in East Coast–New York, Philadelphia, Boston
Population is a mix of families and many students, many professionals but also expansion of Chinese State Apparatus which has come under review
Chinese SpiesLinks to an external site.
HMONG:
Part of CIA secret war in Laos fighting communist in Vietnam
Arrive as allies, refugees to Sacramento, Tulare, Minneapolis
Kept quiet in terms of what they did and how they got to the US
50,000 were brought in by US
Hmong Military Allies to USLinks to an external site.
SOUTH KOREANS:
Koreatown west of Downtown Los Angeles
Immigrants from a Civil War that has not ended
Merchants to South Los Angeles & Orange County
Korean adoptees & painful legacy of fraud Korean AdopteesLinks to an external site..
Most adopted in the US for profit with not oversight, first under excuse of Biracial children from American soldiers
Second, unwed mothers forced to give up their children: in 1985 out of 8000 adopted, 6000 were brought to US
Mainly to White Families
Legacy was no regulation
Info on KoreansLinks to an external site.
Analyze and articulate core concepts of Ethnic Studies, including but not limited to race and ethnicity, racialization, equity, ethnocentrism, Eurocentrism, and white supremacy.
GUIDELINES:
PROMPT-
Explain how Russian Asians were allowed to flourish and why while Chinese and Japanese were not.
Write half a page, use module on
Requirements: 1/2 page
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