In your own words, explain the four distinct layers of the conceptual framework of Extended Enterprise Systems?

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Requirements:

Question One

In your own words, explain the four distinct layers of the conceptual framework of Extended Enterprise Systems?

Question Two

In your own words, explain the four Paradigms of Systems Thinking. Support your answers with one example of each paradigm?

Question Three

Toy car Manufacturing has a throughput rate of 100 toy car/hr and it takes 1 h for a toy to go through the process. How many toy cars on average are in the process? (List all steps performed)

 

Question Four

In your own words, write about Information Architecture. Explain the principal components for describing the Information architecture?

IT402Integrated Enterprise SystemsWeek 2Enterprise Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning

Required Reading1.Chapter 1 (Enterprise Process Management Systems: Engineering ProcessCentricEnterprise Systems using BPMN 2.0 by Vivek Kale)Recommended Reading1.Dunn, C., Cherrington, J., & Hollander, A. (2005). Enterprise information systems: A pattern-based approach (3rd ed.)

Weekly Learning Outcomes1.Introduce the concept of Enterprise Systems (ES) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)2.Describe the importance of business processes in enabling flexible and adaptable enterprise-wide cross-functional integration.

Contents1.Evolution of Enterprise Systems2.Extended Enterprise Systems3.Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)4.Enterprise Business Processes

•Evolution of Enterprise Systems

 

Evolution of Enterprise Systems

 

 

 

 

 

•Extended Enterprise Systems (EES)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

•Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

 

 

 

Enterprise Resource Planning System•Information andmaterial flowsin a functionalbusiness model

Enterprise Resource Planning System•Informationand material flowsin a business processmodel.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Main Reference1.Chapter 1 (Enterprise Process Management Systems: Engineering ProcessCentricEnterprise Systems using BPMN 2.0 by Vivek Kale)Additional References1.Dunn, C., Cherrington, J., & Hollander, A. (2005). Enterprise information systems: A pattern-based approach (3rd ed.)

 

College of Computing andInformatics InformationTechnologyIT402Integrated EnterpriseSystems

IT402Integrated EnterpriseSystemsWeek3Characteristics of BusinessProcesses

RequiredReading1.Chapter2(EnterpriseProcessManagementSystems:EngineeringProcessCentricEnterpriseSystemsusingBPMN2.0byVivekKale)RecommendedReading1.Dunn, C., Cherrington, J., & Hollander, A. (2005). Enterprise information systems: A pattern-based approach (3rded.)

Weekly LearningOutcomes1.Describes the framework for measuring business process performanceintermsofthedimensionsoftimeliness,cost, andquality.

Contents.1BusinessProcess.2ProcessPerformance.3Process CycleTime.4ProcessCosts.5ProcessQuality.6Measuring ProcessPerformance

•BusinessProcess

BusinessProcess•A business process is a set of logically related tasks performed toachieve a well-defined businessoutcome.•A business processdefines:ØThe results to beachieved,ØThe context of theactivities,ØThe relationships between theactivities,ØThe interactions with other processes andresources.•Abusinessprocessmayproduceeventsforinputtootherapplicationsor processes.•Abusinessprocessisacoordinatedandlogicallysequencedsetofworkactivitiesandassociatedresourcesthatproducesomethingofvaluetoacustomer.ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ھﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﮭﺎم ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذھﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻣل ﻣﺣددة ﺟﯾداﺗﻌرف ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺟب ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﮭﺎ،ﺳﯾﺎق اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ،اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ، اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻟﻣوارد اﻷﺧرى. ﻗد ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل أﺣداﺛﺎ ﻹدﺧﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت أو ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت أﺧرى.ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﻧﺳﻘﺔ وﻣﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺎ ﻣن أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل واﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﺷﯾﺋﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﯾل.

BusinessProcessBusiness ProcessBusiness StepsStakeholdersBusiness Goals

BusinessProcessA business process has the followingbehaviors:•Itmaycontaindefinedconditionstriggeringitsinitiationineachnew instance and defined outputs at itscompletion.•Itmayinvolveformalorrelativelyinformalinteractionsbetween participants.•It has a duration that may varywidely.•Itmaycontainaseriesofautomatedactivitiesand/ormanualactivities.ﻟدى ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺳﻠوﻛﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ: وﻗد ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷروط ﻣﺣددة ﺗؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟدﯾدة وﯾﺣدد اﻟﻧواﺗﺞ ﻋﻧد اﻛﺗﻣﺎﻟﮫ.وﻗد ﯾﻧطوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت رﺳﻣﯾﺔ أو ﻏﯾر رﺳﻣﯾﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﯾن.ﻣدة ﻗد ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر. وﻗد ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻵﻟﯾﺔ و/أو اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﯾدوﯾﺔ.

Business Process(cont.)A business process has the followingbehaviors:•It exhibits a very dynamicnature.•It is widely distributed and customized across boundaries withinand betweenenterprises.•It is usually long-running—a single instance of a process may runfor months or evenyears.ﻟدى ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺳﻠوﻛﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ: وھو ﯾظﮭر طﺑﯾﻌﺔ دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﺟدا. وھﻲ ﻣوزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ وﻣﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻋﺑر اﻟﺣدود داﺧل اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت وﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭﺎ.وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون طوﯾل اﻷﻣد –ﻗد ﯾﺳﺗﻣر ﻣﺛﯾل واﺣد ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻌدة أﺷﮭر أو ﺣﺗﻰ ﺳﻧوات.

ProcessPerformanceProcess-oriented enterprises consider any enterprise as a process thatconvertsinput into outputcharacterized by:1.Inputs andoutputs:•Inputsareanytangibleorintangibleitemsthatflowintotheprocessfromthe environment.•Outputsareanytangibleorintangibleitemsthatflowfromtheprocessbackinto theenvironment.2.Flowunits:Aflowunitorjobisanitemthatflowsthroughouttheprocess.3.A network of activities andbuffers:•Anactivityisthesimplestformoftransformation;itisactuallyaminiprocessin and ofitself.•Abufferstoresflowunitsthathavefinishedoneactivitybutarewaitingfor the next activity tostart.اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣوﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﺣو اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر أي ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺣول اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت ﻓﻲاﻹﺧراج ﺗﺗﻣﯾز ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت واﻟﻣﺧرﺟﺎت:اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت ھﻲ أي ﻣواد ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ ﺗﺗدﻓق إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ. اﻟﻣﺧرﺟﺎت ھﻲ أﯾﺔ ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ ﺗﺗدﻓق ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣرة أﺧرىﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ. وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق: وﺣدة ﺗدﻓق أو ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﻧﺻر ﯾﺗدﻓق ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ واﻟﻣﺧﺎزن اﻟﻣؤﻗﺗﺔ:اﻟﻧﺷﺎط ھو أﺑﺳط ﺷﻛل ﻣن أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﺗﺣول؛ ھو ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯾرة ﻓﻲ ﺣد ذاﺗﮫ. ﯾﺧزن اﻟﻣﺧزن اﻟﻣؤﻗت وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ اﻧﺗﮭت ﻣن ﻧﺷﺎط واﺣد وﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻧﺗظر ﺑدء اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ.

ProcessPerformance4.Resources are tangible assets that are usually divided into two categories: capital andlabor.5.Information structure describes the information that is needed and availableinordertoperformactivitiesortomakemanagerialdecisions.ØThe process flow is a dynamic process that starts when an input enters a process and continues processing throughout different kinds of process activities and ends when it leaves the process as its output.اﻟﻣوارد ھﻲ أﺻول ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ ﺗﻧﻘﺳم ﻋﺎدة إﻟﻰ ﻓﺋﺗﯾن:رأس اﻟﻣﺎل واﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ. 5-ﯾﺻف ھﯾﻛل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ واﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻣن أﺟل اﻟﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﺄﻧﺷطﺔ أو ﻻﺗﺧﺎذ ﻗرارات إدارﯾﺔ.ﺗدﻓق اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ھو ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﺗﺑدأ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾدﺧل إدﺧﺎل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ وﯾﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻋﺑر أﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ وﯾﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗرك اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﮭﺎ.

ProcessPerformanceThree key measures of the processflow:1.Cycletimeorflowtime,whichis thetimeittakestocompletean individualflowunitorjobfromstarttofinish.ØProcessingtimeØInspectiontimeØTransportingtimeØStoragetimeØWaitingtime2.Flow rate or throughput, which is the number of jobs per unitof time.ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﯾس رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ:دورة اﻟوﻗت أو وﻗت اﻟﺗدﻓق، وھو اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي ﯾﺳﺗﻐرﻗﮫ ﻹﻛﻣﺎل وﺣدةﺗدﻓق ﻓردﯾﺔ أو ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ.وﻗت اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔوﻗت اﻟﺗﻔﺗﯾش ﻧﻘل اﻟوﻗت وﻗت اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن وﻗت اﻻﻧﺗظﺎرﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق أو اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ، وھو ﻋدد اﻟوظﺎﺋف ﻟﻛل وﺣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ.

ProcessPerformance3.Inventory,whichis thetotalnumberofflowunitspresentwithinthe processboundaries.•Theinventorywithintheframeworkoftheprocessdependsonthedifference between the inflow rate and outflowrate.R(t)meanstheflowrateatacertainpointoftimet.Ri(t)meansinflow;thisistheflowrateofflowunitsthatentertheprocessthrough its entrypoints.Ro(t)meansoutflow;thisistheflowrateofflowunitsthatleavetheprocess through its exitpoints.اﻟﻣﺧزون، وھو إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋدد وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﻣوﺟودة داﺧل ﺣدود اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ.وﯾﻌﺗﻣد اﻟﻣﺧزون ﻓﻲ إطﺎر اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾن ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق وﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق إﻟﻰ اﻟﺧﺎرج.R(t) ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق ﻋﻧد ﻧﻘطﺔ زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ t. ري )ر( ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺗدﻓق؛ ھذا ھو ﻣﻌدل ﺗدﻓق وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﺧل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟدﺧول. Ro(t) ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ؛ ھذا ھو ﻣﻌدل ﺗدﻓق وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗرك اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺧروج اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ.إدراج

ProcessPerformance4.Little’s Law For a stable process: defines the fundamental relationship between average inventory, average flow rate,and average cycle time in a stableprocess.•Averageflowrateorthroughputis theaveragenumberofflowunitsthat flowthroughtheprocess perunitoftime.•A stable process is one in which the average inflow rate is the same as the average outflow rate across an extended period of time; thatis R = Ri = Ro•The average cycle time is the average across all flow units that exitthe process during a specific period oftime.•Averageinventoryisthenumberofflowunitswithintheprocessboundaries at any point intime.ØThe average inventory equals the average flow rate times the average cycletime; that is, I =R*T.ØExample.ﻗﺎﻧون ﻟﯾﺗلﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘرة: ﯾﺣدد اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﻣﺧزون وﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق وﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘرة.ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق أو اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ھو ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻋددوﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗدﻓق ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻛل وﺣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ. واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘرة ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق ھو ﻧﻔس ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق إﻟﻰ اﻟﺧﺎرج ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى ﻓﺗرة طوﯾﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟزﻣن؛ وھذا ھو R = ري = رو ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة ھو اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط ﻋﺑر ﻛﺎﻓﺔ وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧرج ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة. ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﻣﺧزون ھو ﻋدد وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق داﺧل ﺣدود اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗت. وﯾﺳﺎوي ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﻣﺧزون ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق أﺿﻌﺎف ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة؛ أي، أﻧﺎ =R *T. ﻣﺛل.

Process CycleTime1.Theoretical cycletime•The theoretical cycle time of a process is the minimum amount oftimerequiredforprocessingatypicalflowunitwithoutanywaiting.•Itisthesumofthetimesofthoseactivitiesthattheflowunitpassesthrough and where specific kinds of tasks are undertaken toprocess it.•Activitytimeis thetimerequiredbyatypicalflowunittocompletethe activityonce.1.Critical path: A process flow is presented using a diagrammatic technique like a flowchart. The longest path in the process flowchart is the criticalpath.•Allactivitiesthatconstitutethecriticalpathoftheprocessflowchartare called criticalactivities.دورة ﻧظرﯾﺔ اﻟوﻗت وﻗت اﻟدورة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ھو اﻟﺣد اﻷدﻧﻰﻣن اﻟوﻗت ﻣطﻠوب ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ وﺣدة ﺗدﻓق ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ دون أي اﻧﺗظﺎر. وھو ﻣﺟﻣوع أوﻗﺎت ﺗﻠك اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣر ﺑﮭﺎ وﺣدة اﻟﺗدﻓق وﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ أﻧواع ﻣﺣددة ﻣن اﻟﻣﮭﺎم ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﮭﺎ. وﻗت اﻟﻧﺷﺎط ھو اﻟوﻗت اﻟﻣطﻠوب ﻣن ﻗﺑل وﺣدة ﺗدﻓق ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ ﻹﻛﻣﺎل اﻟﻧﺷﺎط ﻣرة واﺣدة.اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج: ﯾﺗم ﺗﻘدﯾم ﺗدﻓق ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﺧطﯾطﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل ﻣﺧطط اﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ. أطول ﻣﺳﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧطط اﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ھو اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج. ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج ﻟﻠﺷﺎري اﻻﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ.

Process CycleTime3.The critical path method is based on calculating a variable calledtheslack time of anactivity.•Theextenttowhichanactivitycouldbedelayedwithoutaffectingprocessflow time.•A critical activity is an activity whose slack time is equal to0.ØThecriticalpathconsistsofallthoseactivitiesforwhichtheslacktimeisequal to0.•To determine the critical path, two schedules have tobe calculated:a.Forward schedule -calculates the earliest possible start time (ES) and the earliest possible finish time (EF) of each activity within theprocess.1st activity, ES = 1, where 1means 1timeunit.Other activities, ES = 1+ max(EF) of immediate predecessor activities. EF = ES + d + 1, where d is duration time of theactivityﺳﻠوب اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج ﯾﺳﺗﻧد إﻟﻰ ﺣﺳﺎب ﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﯾﺳﻣﻰ وﻗت اﻟرﻛود ﻟﻧﺷﺎط.ﻣدى ﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟﻧﺷﺎط دون اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ وﻗت ﺗدﻓق اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﺣرج ھو ﻧﺷﺎط ﯾﺳﺎوي وﻗت اﻟرﻛود ﻓﯾﮫ 0. اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون وﻗت اﻟرﻛود ﻟﮭﺎ = 0ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج، ﯾﺟبﺣﺳﺎب ﺟدوﻟﯾن: a. ﺟدول زﻣﻧﻲ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ -ﯾﺣﺳب أﻗرب وﻗت ﻣﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﺑدء )ES) ووﻗت اﻻﻧﺗﮭﺎء اﻟﻣﺑﻛر اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ﻟﻛلﻧﺷﺎط داﺧل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻷول، ES = 1،ﺣﯾث ﯾﻌﻧﻲ 1وﺣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ واﺣدة. أﻧﺷطﺔ أﺧرى، ES = 1+ اﻟﺣد اﻷﻗﺻﻰ )EF) ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻔورﯾﺔ. EF = ES + d + 1،ﺣﯾث d ھو ﻣدة وﻗت اﻟﻧﺷﺎط

Process CycleTimeb.Backwardschedule -calculatesthelatestpossiblestarttime(LS)andthelatestpossiblefinishtime(LF)foreachactivityoftheprocess.1st activity, LF =EFOther activities, LF = min(LS) of immediate successor activities −1LS = LF − d + 1, where d is the duration time of theactivity.4.Slack time (S): The slack time of an activity is the amount of time that could be spentinadditiontothedurationtimeoftheactivity,withoutcausingadelay tothe start times of immediatesuccessor activities.S = LF − EF = LS −ES5.Cycle-timeefficiency:theratiobetweenthetheoreticalcycle timeand the average cycletime.Cycle-time efficiency = theoretical cycle time/average cycletimeاﻟﺟدول اﻟزﻣﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺧﻠف -ﯾﺣﺳب آﺧر وﻗت ﺑدء ﻣﻣﻛن )LS) وأﺣدث وﻗت اﻻﻧﺗﮭﺎء اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣل )LF) ﻟﻛل ﻧﺷﺎط ﻣن ھذه اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻷول، LF = EF أﻧﺷطﺔ أﺧرى، LF = دﻗﯾﻘﺔ )LS) ﻟﻸﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة −1LS = LF − d + 1،ﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون d ھو ﻣدة اﻟﻧﺷﺎط. وﻗت اﻟرﻛود )S): وﻗت اﻟرﻛود ﻟﻧﺷﺎط ﻣﺎ ھو ﻣﻘدار اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي ﯾﻣﻛن إﻧﻔﺎﻗﮫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣدة اﻟﻧﺷﺎط، دون اﻟﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﯾر أوﻗﺎت ﺑدء اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة. S = LF − EF = LS − ES ﻛﻔﺎءة وﻗت اﻟدورة: اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑﯾنوﻗت اﻟدورة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ وﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة. ﻛﻔﺎءة وﻗت اﻟدورة =دورة ﻧظرﯾﺔ اﻟوﻗت / ﻣﺗوﺳط دورة اﻟوﻗت

1.The sum of the theoretical and waitingtimes.2.Cycle time = theoretical cycle time + waitingtime 3.Average cycle time of a process can be obtainedby:•Treating waiting in each buffer as an additional (passive) activity withan activitytimeequaltotheamountoftimeinthatbuffer.•Addingwaitingtimestothetheoreticalcycletimeoftheappropriatepath.•Obtainingtheaveragecycletimeoftheprocessbyfindingthepathwhose overall length (activity plus waiting) is thelongest.Computing CycleTimeﻣﺟﻣوع أوﻗﺎت اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ واﻻﻧﺗظﺎر. دورة اﻟوﻗت = دورة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻣرة + وﻗت اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺣﺻول ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋن طرﯾق:ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻛل اﻟﻣﺧزن اﻟﻣؤﻗت ك ﻧﺷﺎط إﺿﺎﻓﻲ )ﺳﻠﺑﻲ( ﻣﻊ وﻗت ﻧﺷﺎط ﯾﺳﺎوي ﻣﻘدار اﻟوﻗت ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﻣﺧزن اﻟﻣؤﻗت. إﺿﺎﻓﺔ أوﻗﺎت اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر إﻟﻰ وﻗت اﻟدورة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب.اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟذي اﻟطول اﻟﻛﻠﻲ )اﻟﻧﺷﺎط زاﺋد اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر( ھو اﻷطول.إدراج

Computing CycleTime2.Using value-adding and non-value-addingactivities.•Value-adding activities are those activities that increase theeconomic value of a flow unit because thecustomer values them.•Non-value-addingactivitiesareactivitiesthat,whilerequiredbythefirm’sprocess,donotdirectlyincreasethevalueofaflowunit.Cycle time = value-adding cycle time − non-value-adding cycletime3.Computing the cycle time using Little’slaw.•Computingtheaveragecycletimeofaprocessbyfindingthelongestcycle time of the process flowchart—that is, by finding the critical path of the process.اﺳﺗﺧدام أﻧﺷطﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ. أﻧﺷطﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﻠك اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗزﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟوﺣدة اﻟﺗدﻓق ﻷن اﻟﻌﻣﯾل ﯾﻘدرھﺎ. اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ ﻏﯾر ذات اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ھﻲ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ، ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن ﺗﺗطﻠﺑﮭﺎاﻟﺷرﻛﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ، ﻻ ﺗزﯾد ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻗﯾﻣﺔ وﺣدة ﺗدﻓق.دورة اﻟوﻗت = ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ دورة اﻟوﻗت -ﻏﯾر اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ دورة اﻟوﻗتﺣﺳﺎب دورة اﻟوﻗت ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻗﺎﻧون ﻟﯾﺗل. ﺣﺳﺎب ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺑﺣث ﻋن أطول وﻗت دورة ﻣن ﻣﺧطط اﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ -أي ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ.

Process FlowAspects1.Rework•A process flowchart may contain one or more segments of a number ofsequential activities whose execution needs to be repeated several times, depending on a decision activity, where the value of a certain conditionis defined.•This is known as a rework or execution loop; each repetition of a rework loop is calledavisit.2.MultiplePaths•There are a number of cases in a process flowchart where, after a decision activity, the processflowsplitsintotwoormorepaths.•This formula can be used to compute the average cycle time for a process flowthat splits into multiple paths after a decisionactivity:T = p1*T1+ p2*T2+ …+pm*Tmpiis theprobabilityoffollowingtheflowofpathiTi is the sum of times of activities within pathim is the number ofpathsﻗد ﯾﺣﺗوي اﻟﻣﺧطط اﻻﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘطﻊ واﺣد أو أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻋدد ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺟب ﺗﻛرار ﺗﻧﻔﯾذھﺎ ﻋدة ﻣرات، اﻋﺗﻣﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﻘرار، ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﺗﻌرﯾف ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺷرط ﻣﻌﯾن. ﯾﻌرف ھذا ك ﺣﻠﻘﺔ إﻋﺎدة ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ أو ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ; ﻛل ﺗﻛرار ﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ إﻋﺎدة ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ ﯾﺳﻣﻰ زار.ھﻧﺎك ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﺣﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧطط اﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺣﯾث، ﺑﻌد ﻧﺷﺎط ﻗرار، ﺗدﻓق اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﻘﺳم إﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎرﯾن أو أﻛﺛر. ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام ھذه اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ ﻟﺣﺳﺎب ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة ﻟﺗدﻓق ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﻘﺳم إﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎرات ﻣﺗﻌددة ﺑﻌد ﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﻘرار: T = p1* T1+ p2* T2+ … + pm * TM piھو اﺣﺗﻣﺎل اﺗﺑﺎع ﺗدﻓق اﻟﻣﺳﺎر iTiھو ﻣﺟﻣوع ﻣرات اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ داﺧل اﻟﻣﺳﺎر im ھو ﻋدد اﻟﻣﺳﺎرات

Process FlowAspects3.ParallelPaths•The process flowchart may contain one or more segments thatareconstructed from parallelactivities.•Thecycletimeofthepartoftheprocesswithparallelpathsisrepresentedby themaximumsumoftimesofactivitiesintheparallelpaths.T = max( T1, T2, …,Tm)Ti is the sum oftimes of activities within pathi m is the number ofpathsﻣﺳﺎرات ﻣﺗوازﯾﺔﻗد ﯾﺣﺗوي اﻟﻣﺧطط اﻻﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘطﻊ واﺣد أو أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷﯾدت ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﻣوازﯾﺔ. ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾل وﻗت دورة ﺟزء اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺳﺎرات ﻣﺗوازﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﺣد اﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﻟﻣﺟﻣوع ﻣرات اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﻣﺗوازﯾﺔ.Tiھو ﻣﺟﻣوع ﻣرات اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ داﺧل اﻟﻣﺳﺎر im ھو ﻋدد اﻟﻣﺳﺎرات

•Considering that the average flow rate or throughput is definedas the average number of flow units or jobs that flow through the process per unit of time, the process capacity is the maximum sustainable flow rate of aprocess.•Resources -the capacity of a process depends on the resources that are used in the process. Performing any activity requires one ormore resources, and every resource may be involved in performing one or moreactivities.•Resource pool -a collection of interchangeable resources thatcan perform an identical set ofactivities.•Resource-pooling -associating different resource pools into a joint resource poolinordertocarryoutasetofactivitieswithinaprocess.ProcessCapacityوﺑﺎﻟﻧظر إﻟﻰ أن ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق أو اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﯾﻌرف ﺑﺄﻧﮫ ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻋدد وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق أو اﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗدﻓق ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻛل وﺣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ، ﻓﺈن ﻗدرة اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺣد اﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﻣﺳﺗدام ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ.اﻟﻣوارد -ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻗدرة اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. ﯾﺗطﻠب ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ أي ﻧﺷﺎط ﻣوردا واﺣدا أو أﻛﺛر، وﻗد ﯾﺷﺎرك ﻛل ﻣورد ﻓﻲ ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﻧﺷﺎط واﺣد أو أﻛﺛر.ﺗﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣوارد -ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺑدﯾل اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗؤدي ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺗطﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ. ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣوارد -رﺑط ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت ﻣوارد ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻊ ﻣوارد ﻣﺷﺗرك ﻣن أﺟل ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ ﺿﻣن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ.

ProcessCapacity•Theoretical Capacity -The theoretical process capacity is the maximum sustainable throughput rate for the process operating without interruption. The actual process capacity will always beless than the theoretical capacity dueto:•Resource breakdowns: A machine may become unavailable due toa breakdown or a human resource may beabsent.•Preventive maintenance: Machines require regular maintenance tooperate at maximum efficiency; this scheduled preventive maintenance makes the resource unavailable forprocessing.•Process flow inefficiencies: A resource may become idle due totheunavailability ofwork.•Demand variation: As described earlier, the mismatch between demandand capacity can causeunderutilization.اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ -ﻗدرة اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺣد اﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﻟﻣﻌدل اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗدام ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣل دون اﻧﻘطﺎع. ﺳﺗﻛون ﻗدرة اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ داﺋﻣﺎ أﻗل ﻣن اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻧظرا ل: ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻣوارد: ﻗد ﺗﺻﺑﺢ اﻵﻟﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗوﻓرة ﺑﺳﺑب ﻋطل أو ﻗد ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﻧﻘص ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ. اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ اﻟوﻗﺎﺋﯾﺔ: ﺗﺗطﻠب اﻵﻻت ﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣل ﺑﺄﻗﺻﻰ ﻗدر ﻣن اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة؛ ھذه اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ اﻟوﻗﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺟدوﻟﺔ ﯾﺟﻌل اﻟﻣورد ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗوﻓر ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ. ﻋدم ﻛﻔﺎءة ﺗدﻓق اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ: ﻗد ﯾﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﻣورد ﺧﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﺳﺑب ﻋدم ﺗوﻓر اﻟﻌﻣل. ﺗﺑﺎﯾن اﻟطﻠب: ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ، ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺗﺳﺑبﻋدم اﻟﺗطﺎﺑق ﺑﯾن اﻟطﻠب واﻟﻘدرة ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘص اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام.إدراج

ProcessCapacity•Theflowunitonitswaythroughdifferentactivitiesisprocessedbya numberofresourcepoolswithpredeterminedcapacities;•The pool with the lowest capacity is termed as theresource bottleneck of theprocess.•Since the capacity of a process cannot be better than the process’s bottleneckresourcepool,thiseffectivelymakesitthedefiningcapacityof the wholeprocess.•Assuming that we have a resource pool p with cp resourceunits,Rp = cp /TpRp is the theoretical capacity ofthe resource pool cp is the number of resource units in the pool p Tp is the unit load of the resourcepoolﺗﺗم ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ وﺣدة اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣر ﻋﺑر أﻧﺷطﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻌدد ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﻣوارد ذات اﻟﻘدرات اﻟﻣﺣددة ﺳﻠﻔﺎ؛ﯾﺗم وﺻف اﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ ذو اﻟﺳﻌﺔ اﻷﻗل ﻛزﻧﺎقﻣوارد اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. وﺑﻣﺎ أن ﻗدرة اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون أﻓﺿل ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣوارد اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﻧﻘﺔ، ﻓﺈن ذﻟك ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎ اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻣﺣددة ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺑرﻣﺗﮭﺎ. ﺑﺎﻓﺗراض أن ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣوارد p ﻣﻊ وﺣدات ﻣواردcp،Rp = cp / TpRp ھو اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣوارد cp ھو ﻋدد وﺣدات اﻟﻣوارد ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ P TP ھو ﺗﺣﻣﯾل وﺣدة ﺗﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣوارد

ProcessCapacity•Iftheresourceunitsinacertainresourcepooldonothavethesame theoreticalcapacity,Øthetheoreticalcapacity oftheresource pooliscomputed asthesumofallofthe theoretical capacities of its constituting resource units, provided the following conditions aretrue:1.The flow units are performed by resource units sequentially one byone.2.The resource units are available the same quantity oftime.•Load-batching and scheduled availability are important factors thathave a realeffectonthetheoreticalcapacityoftheprocess.•Loadbatchingastheabilityofaresourceunittoprocessanumberofflowunitssimultaneously•Scheduled availability as the quantity of time in which a resource unitis scheduled to perform a determinedwork•Thus,thetheoreticalcapacityofresourcepoolpwithcpresourcesis, Rp=cp/Tp*loadbatch*scheduledavailabilityإذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﻟدى وﺣدات اﻟﻣوارد ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣواردﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ، ﺗﺣﺳب اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣوارد ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺟﻣوع ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻘدرات اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻟوﺣدات اﻟﻣوارداﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻟﮫ، ﺷرﯾطﺔ أن ﺗﻛون اﻟﺷروط اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ:ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق ﺑواﺳطﺔ وﺣدات اﻟﻣوارد ﺑﺷﻛل ﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﻲ واﺣدا ﺗﻠو اﻵﺧر.ﺗﺗوﻓر وﺣدات اﻟﻣوارد ﺑﻧﻔس ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟوﻗت.ﺗﻌد ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺗﺣﻣﯾل واﻟﺗوﻓر اﻟﻣﺟدول ﻣن اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. ﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟدﻓﻌﺎت ﻛﺈﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺎت وﺣدة ﻣوارد ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻋدد ﻣن وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق ﺷﻛل ﻣﺗزاﻣناﻟﺗوﻓر اﻟﻣﺟدول ﻛﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟوﻗت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗم ﺟدوﻟﺔ وﺣدة ﻣوارد ﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﻋﻣل ﻣﺣدد وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ، ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣوارد ﺗﺟﻣﻊ فﻣﻊ اﻟﻣوارد CP ھو ، RP = CP / TP * ﺗﺣﻣﯾل دﻓﻌﺔ * ﺗواﻓر اﻟﻣﻘرر

ProcessCapacity•Capacity Utilization -measures the degree to whichresources are effectively utilized by aprocess.•Itindicatestheextenttowhichresources,whichrepresentinvestedcapital, are utilized to generateoutputs.•For each resource pool, capacity utilization of the process is definedas the capacity utilization ofthe bottleneck resource pool.ρp = R /RpR is thethroughputRp is the theoretical capacity of a resourcepoolاﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻘدرات -ﯾﻘﯾس درﺟﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼلﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ. وھو ﯾﺑﯾن ﻣدى اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد، اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛل رأس اﻟﻣﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣر، ﻟﺗوﻟﯾد اﻟﻧواﺗﺞ. وﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻛل ﻣﺟﻣﻊ ﻣوارد، ﯾﻌرفاﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻘدرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻘدرات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣواردﻋﻧق اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﺔ. ρp = R / Rp R ھو اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ Rp ھو اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣواردإدراج

ProcessCapacityThe theoretical capacity can be improvedby:1.Decreasing the unit load on thebottleneck resource pool (i.e., work faster, worksmarter)2.Increasing the load batch of resources in thebottleneck resource pool (i.e., increase the scale of theresource)3.Increasing thenumberofunitsinthebottleneckresourcepool(i.e., increase the scale of theprocess)4.Increasing the scheduled availability of the bottleneckresource pool (e.g., worklonger)ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل: ﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟوﺣدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣوارد ﻋﻧق اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﺔ )أي اﻟﻌﻣل ﺑﺷﻛل أﺳرع، واﻟﻌﻣل ﺑﺷﻛل أﻛﺛر ذﻛﺎء(زﯾﺎدة دﻓﻌﺔ ﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟﻣوارد ﻓﻲﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣوارد اﺧﺗﻧﺎق )أي زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻟﻣورد(زﯾﺎدة ﻋدد اﻟوﺣدات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻊ ﻣوارد ﻋﻧق اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﺔ )أي زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ(زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺗوﻓر اﻟﻣﺟدول ﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊﻣوارد ﻋﻧق اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل، اﻟﻌﻣل ﻟﻔﺗرة أطول(

ProcessCostsAcostcomponentisanyactivityforwhichaseparatecostmeasurementisdesired(e.g.thematerialsconsumed,inventory,labor,oroverheadoftheprocess).1.Direct costs -costs that can be directly and exclusively attributed toa particularcostobject.Thesearetracedtotheworkunitandassigned2.Indirect costs -costs that cannot be directly and exclusively attributed to a particularcostobject.Thesecannotbetracedtotheworkunitbecausethey are common to many workunits.Other ways to classify the process cost componentsare:1.Fixedcosts,whichremainconstantforalllevelsofoutput.2.Variable costs,whicharethecosts perworkunitandthereforevarywiththeamount ofsales.ﻋﻧﺻر اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ھو أي ﻧﺷﺎط ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮫ إﺟراء ﻗﯾﺎس ﻣﻧﻔﺻلﻟﻠﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل، اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﺔ أو اﻟﻣﺧزون أو اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ(. اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة -اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻌزى ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة وﺣﺻرﯾﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﺋن ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﯾن. ﯾﺗم ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ھذه إﻟﻰ وﺣدة اﻟﻌﻣل وﺗﻌﯾﯾﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة -اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻌزى ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة وﺣﺻرﯾﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﺋن ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﯾن. ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ھذه إﻟﻰ وﺣدة اﻟﻌﻣل ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن وﺣدات اﻟﻌﻣل. طرق أﺧرى ﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾف ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ھﻲ: اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ، اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗظل ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ. اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرة، وھﻲ اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف ﻟﻛل وﺣدة ﻋﻣل، وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼف ﻣﻘدار اﻟﻣﺑﯾﻌﺎت.

ProcessQualityQualitycanbedefinedfromthetwodifferentperspectives:1.Customer’sperspective-thedegree towhichaproductorservicesatisfiestheneeds and expectations of thecustomer.2.Enterprise’s perspective -the degree to which a product orservice conforms to thespecificationsdesignedfortheproductorservice.•Quality-by-Design –A product or service cannot meet customer needs unless the enterprise perceives those customer needs and designs a product orservice tofulfilthoseneedsand designsaproductorservicetofulfilthoseneeds.ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﺟودة ﻣن ﻣﻧظورﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﯾن: ﻣﻧظور اﻟﻌﻣﯾل -اﻟدرﺟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻠﺑﻲ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ أو اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت وﺗوﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻣﯾل.ﻣﻧظور اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ -اﻟدرﺟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗواﻓق ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ أو اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣواﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣﺻﻣﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ أو اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ. اﻟﺟودة ﺣﺳب اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم –ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ أو اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ ﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﻣﺎ ﻟم ﺗدرك اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﺗﻠك وﺗﺻﻣم ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎ أو ﺧدﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﺗﻠك اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت وﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻣﻧﺗﺞ أو ﺧدﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﺗﻠك اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت.

ProcessqualityTo institute quality processes, an enterprise performs three main functions:1.Design quality products and services by understanding customer needsand translating them into productand service specifications.a.The quality functional deployment methodology and tools translate the customer needs into the attributes of a product or service. The primary tool of quality functional deploymentis:ØThe house of quality, a matrix that denotes the strength of the association between a productorserviceattributeandcustomerexpectationsusingarangefrom0to9,with9indicating a very strongassociation.ØThis matrix indicates the degree of correlation between product attributesas either weak, medium, orstrong.ﻹﻧﺷﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺟودة، ﺗﻘوم اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﺑﺛﻼث وظﺎﺋف رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ: ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت وﺧدﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺟودة ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻓﮭم اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻣﻼء وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣواﺻﻔﺎتاﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ واﻟﺧدﻣﺔ. ﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺟودة اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺷر واﻷدوات ﺗﺗرﺟم اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻣﯾل إﻟﻰ ﺳﻣﺎت ﻣﻧﺗﺞ أو ﺧدﻣﺔ. اﻷداة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺷر اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ اﻟﺟﯾد ھﻲ:ﺑﯾت اﻟﺟودة، ﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗوة اﻻرﺗﺑﺎط ﺑﯾن ﺳﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞأو اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ وﺗوﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن 0إﻟﻰ 9، ﻣﻊ 9ﺗﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ ارﺗﺑﺎط ﻗوي ﺟدا. ﺗﺷﯾر ھذه اﻟﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔاﻻرﺗﺑﺎط ﺑﯾن ﺳﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ إﻣﺎ ﺿﻌﯾﻔﺔ أو ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ أو ﻗوﯾﺔ.

ProcessQualityb. Poka-yoke: To design quality into the product, the process that produces theproduct should befailproof.ØInmanufacturing,partsmaybedesigned sothattheycanonlybeassembledinthecorrect way, thus removing the need for the worker to think about how the parts go together and possibly making anerror.ØInserviceindustries,checklistsareusedtoremindthepersontodoalloftheproceduresfor everycustomer.•Poka-yoke designs the process so as to eliminate the possibility of qualityproblemsbefore they canhappen.c. Taguchi method: Any deviation from the target is undesirable. Normally, any valuethat fell within the lower and upperspecifications was considered good.ØThe quadratic loss function says that any deviation from the target value results ina loss.ﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ، ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞاﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺷل.ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ ، ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻷﺟزاء ﺑﺣﯾث ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﮭﺎ إﻻ ﺑﺎﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ ، وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ أن ﯾﻔﻛر اﻟﻌﺎﻣلﻓﻲ ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻋﻣل اﻷﺟزاء ﻣﻌﺎ ورﺑﻣﺎ ارﺗﻛﺎب ﺧطﺄ.ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت، ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻗواﺋم ﻣرﺟﻌﯾﺔ ﻟﺗذﻛﯾر اﻟﺷﺧص ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻹﺟراءات ﻟﻛل ﻋﻣﯾل. Poka-yoke ﯾﺻﻣم اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺿﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ إﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ وﺟود ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟودة ﻗﺑل أن ﯾﺣدث ذﻟك. طرﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺎﻏوﺷﻲ: أي اﻧﺣراف ﻋن اﻟﮭدف ﻏﯾر ﻣرﻏوب ﻓﯾﮫ. ﻋﺎدة، أي ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻣن اﻟﻣواﺻﻔﺎت اﻟدﻧﯾﺎ واﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﺟﯾدة. وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﺧﺳﺎرة اﻟﺗرﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﺗﻘول أن أي اﻧﺣراف ﻋن اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺧﺳﺎرة.

ProcessQuality2.Deliver quality products and services by having processes that produceno defects and demonstrate littlevariability.•Theunderlyingprincipleofstatisticalqualitycontrolisthatallprocesses exhibit variation in theiroutput.•Some of the variation is called common cause variation and is due tothe inherent characteristics of theprocess.•Othervariationistheresultofspecialcausesthatcanbeattributedtoa specificproblem.•Statistical process control uses control charts to monitorprocesses.•The design of a quality process involves instituting the correct feedbackloops so as to constantly monitor and control theprocess.•Theusageofcontrolchartshelpstomaintainprocess variabilitywithinasmall range of values within which the variability is explained only by common causeﺗﻘدﯾم ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت وﺧدﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺟودة ﻣن ﺧﻼل وﺟود ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﻻ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ أي ﻋﯾوب وﺗظﮭر اﻟﻘﻠﯾل ﻣن اﻟﺗﺑﺎﯾن.واﻟﻣﺑدأ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻟﺟودة اﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﯾﺔ ھو أن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﺗظﮭر ﺗﺑﺎﯾﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﮭﺎ.وﯾﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﻌض اﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﺳﺑب اﻟﻣﺷﺗرك وﯾرﺟﻊ ذﻟك إﻟﻰ اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻣﺗﺄﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. اﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻵﺧر ھو ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻷﺳﺑﺎب ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻌزى إﻟﻰ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ. ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻣﺧططﺎت اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت.ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺟودة ﯾﻧطوي ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺷﺎء ﺣﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺗدة اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ وذﻟك ﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ وﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار.ﯾﺳﺎﻋد اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺧططﺎت اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺑﺎﯾن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺿﻣن ﻧطﺎق ﺻﻐﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻘﯾم اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻔﺳﯾر اﻟﺗﺑﺎﯾن داﺧﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻘط ﻋن طرﯾق ﺗﺑﺎﯾن اﻟﺳﺑب اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻊ.

ProcessQuality3.Improvethequalityoftheirprocessesbyestablishingcontinuousprocess improvement programs (e.g. DMAIC, Six Sigma) that run parallel to the core businessprocesses.The analysis teams need to identify improvement opportunitiesto:•Eliminate waiting time (awaste)•Eliminate wasted movement oreffort•Minimizeinventory•Eliminate repair andrework•Minimize material movement 40Enterprise Process ManagementSystems•Minimizeinspections•Reduce the variation of inputs, process, andoutputs•Reduce cycletime•Improve machinereliability•Improve flexibility ofresourcesﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﺟودة ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل إﻧﺷﺎء ﺑراﻣﺞ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة )ﻣﺛل DMAIC ،Six Sigma) اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣل ﺑﺎﻟﺗوازي ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ. ﺗﺣﺗﺎج ﻓرق اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل إﻟﻰ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻓرص اﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻣن أﺟل: اﻟﻘﺿﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ وﻗت اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر )ﻣﺿﯾﻌﺔ( اﻟﻘﺿﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ أو اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺿﺎﺋﻊﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﻣﺧزوناﻟﻘﺿﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﺻﻼح وإﻋﺎدة ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣواد 40ﻧظم إدارة اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﯾﺔﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻔﺗﯾش إﻟﻰ أدﻧﻰ ﺣد ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﺗﺑﺎﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻟﻣﺧرﺟﺎت ﺗﻘﻠﯾل وﻗت اﻟدورة ﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﮭﺎزﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻣروﻧﺔ اﻟﻣوارد

Measuring ProcessPerformanceAprocess performance measurement system focuses on an individual business process, rather than on the entire company or an organizational unit.

Concepts for PerformingMeasurement1.Process performance measurement based on indicators, measures, andfigures.•Two performance indicators can be identified: time (as an input factor)andservice quantity (as an outputfactor).•Performance measures represent the operationalization ofeach identified performanceindicator.•Performance figures enable the summarization and representation oflarge amounts of data in a condensed and precisemanner.ﻗﯾﺎس أداء اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﺳﺗﻧﺎدا إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣؤﺷرات واﻟﻣﻘﺎﯾﯾس واﻷرﻗﺎم.ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣؤﺷرﯾن ﻟﻸداء: اﻟوﻗت )ﻛﻌﺎﻣل إدﺧﺎل( و ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ )ﻛﻌﺎﻣل إﺧراج(.وﺗﻣﺛل ﻣﻘﺎﯾﯾس اﻷداء ﺗﻔﻌﯾل ﻛل ﻣؤﺷر أداء ﻣﺣدد. وﺗﻣﻛن أرﻗﺎم اﻷداء ﻣن ﺗﻠﺧﯾص وﺗﻣﺛﯾل ﻛﻣﯾﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺔ ودﻗﯾﻘﺔ.

Concepts for PerformingMeasurement2.Measurements to determine processperformance•Performance figures are highly dynamic. •The selection ofstrategicallyimportantperformanceindicatorsisrelatedtothenotionof“criticalsuccessfactors”.•Quality indicators describe the degree towhich the actual product attributes andpropertiesconformtotheunderlyingproductspecifications.•Time indicators are considered to be an indicator ofcompetitiveness and processperformance.•Flexibility indicators describe the degree to which a production or service process can be modified, including the timeline and costs associated withthe restructuring of a production or serviceprocess.ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد أداء اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ أرﻗﺎم اﻷداء دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ. اﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎ ﺗرﺗﺑط ﻣؤﺷرات اﻷداء اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻔﻛرة “اﻟﻧﺟﺎح اﻟﺣﺎﺳم” اﻟﻌواﻣل”.ﺗﺻف ﻣؤﺷرات اﻟﺟودة درﺟﺔ ﺗواﻓق ﺳﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ وﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﮫ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣواﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ. وﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻣؤﺷرات اﻟوﻗت ﻣؤﺷرا ﻟﻠﻘدرة اﻟﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﯾﺔ وأداء اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت.وﺗﺻف ﻣؤﺷرات اﻟﻣروﻧﺔ درﺟﺔ ﺗﻌدﯾل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج أو اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ، ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﺟدول اﻟزﻣﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة ھﯾﻛﻠﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج أو اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ.

Frameworks for Measuring ProcessPerformance•The performance pyramid framework stresses a hierarchical view ofperformance.It considers the relationshipbetween:•Strategic performance (e.g., fulfilling thevision)•Processperformance(e.g., quality, cycletime)•The layer connecting thetwohierarchical levels depicts those performance indicators thatimpact both levels (e.g.,customersatisfaction, flexibility, andproductivity).

Frameworks for Measuring ProcessPerformanceThis framework constructs a process-oriented performance measurement system that highlights the distinction between input, throughput, and output that is considered for determining performance indicators according tothis classification.

MainReference1.Chapter2(EnterpriseProcessManagementSystems:EngineeringProcess-CentricEnterpriseSystemsusingBPMN2.0byVivekKale)AdditionalReferences1.Dunn, C., Cherrington, J., & Hollander, A. (2005). Enterprise information systems: A pattern-based approach (3rded.)

ThankYou

 

College ofComputingandInformatics InformationTechnologyIT402Integrated EnterpriseSystems

IT402IntegratedEnterpriseSystemsWeek4SystemsTheory

RequiredReading1.Chapter3(EnterpriseProcessManagementSystems:EngineeringProcessCentricEnterpriseSystemsusingBPMN2.0byVivekKale)RecommendedReading1.Dunn,C., Cherrington,J.,&Hollander,A.(2005).Enterprise informationsystems:A pattern-basedapproach(3rded.)

WeeklyLearningOutcomes.1Reviewthebasicconceptsof systemsthinking,systemsscience, systemsengineering,andsystemsarchitecting..2Understandtheoriginofthesignificanceofenterprisearchitecture andtheconstitutingbusinessarchitecture,informationarchitecture, applicationarchitecture,andtechnicalarchitecture..3Providethecontextforthesignificanceofbusinessprocessesin contemporaryenterprises.

Contents.1SystemsThinking.2SystemsEngineering.3SystemsArchitecting.4EnterpriseProcesses

SystemsTheory

SystemsThinkingAsystemisdefinedasa setofelementsthathaveoneor more relationshipsbetweenthem.Systemsthinkingistheprocessbywhichoneseekstounderstand thoseelementsandrelationshipssoastobeabletounderstandthe behaviorof the systemas awhole.Therelationshipsbetweensystemelementscanbe:Strictlydeterministic(i.e., controlledbyphysical or otherlaws)Completelystochastic(subjecttochance)MorecomplexSystempredictability-theabilitytoforecastthesystem’snextstate orstates.Thischangeinstatemightbe:An inevitableresponsetoendogenousvulnerabilitiesthatarealready present inthesystemAnunanticipatedresponse to anexogenousshockﯾﺗم ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ واﺣدة أو أﻛﺛر ﺑﯾﻧﮭﺎ.اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظم ھو اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺳﻌﻰ اﻟﻣرء ﻣن ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻔﮭم ﺗﻠك اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﻛون ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﮭم ﺳﻠوك اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻛﻛل.ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯾن ﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﻧظﺎم: ﺣﺗﻣﯾﺔ ﺑﺣﺗﺔ )أي، ﺗﺳﯾطر ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ أو ﻏﯾرھﺎ( ﻣﺗﺑﻠد ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ )ﻋرﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺻدﻓﺔ( أﻛﺛر ﺗﻌﻘﯾدا ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻟﻧظﺎم -اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻟدوﻟﺔ أو اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم.ﻗد ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ: اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺗﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺿﻌف اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗوﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﺻدﻣﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ

ParadigmsofSystems Thinking1.Hardsystemsthinking(HST)•Goal-seeking strategies using quantitative tools to achieve an optimal or near-optimalsolution.•Require a clear definition of ends and the optimal means for achieving those ends.•Best-suitedfortacklingproblemsthat don’tinvolvehumanactivitysystems.2.Soft systemsthinking(SST)•A form of systemic thinking that understands reality as the creative thinking ofhuman beings.•Takes into consideration social reality as the construction of people’s interpretation of their experiencesand workswiththeaspirationsofpeople’s views, interpretations,andintentions.اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺻﻌﺑﺔ HST) (اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﺣث ﻋن اﻷھداف ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام أدوات ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق اﻟﺣل اﻷﻣﺛل أو ﺷﺑﮫ اﻷﻣﺛل ﺗﺗطﻠب ﺗﻌرﯾف واﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺎت واﻟوﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﺗﻠك اﻟﻐﺎﯾﺎت. اﻷﻧﺳب ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻧطوي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﺑﺷري. اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﻋﻣﺔ )SST(ﺷﻛل ﻣن أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر اﻟﻣﻧﮭﺟﻲ اﻟذي ﯾﻔﮭم اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر اﻹﺑداﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﺷر. ﯾﺄﺧذ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر اﻟواﻗﻊ اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﺑﻧﺎء ﺗﻔﺳﯾر اﻟﻧﺎس ﻟﺗﺟﺎرﺑﮭم وﯾﻌﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺗطﻠﻌﺎت آراء اﻟﻧﺎس وﺗﻔﺳﯾراﺗﮭم وﻧواﯾﺎھم.

ParadigmsofSystems Thinking3.Criticalsystemsthinking•PractitionershaveusedbothHSTandSST,andfoundthatemancipatory interests for dealing with inequalities, such as power and economic differencesinsociety,werenotbeingadequatelyconsideredbySST.•Criticalsystemsthinkingemergedto addresstheseinequalities.4.Multimodalsystemsthinking(MST)•MST uses 15performance indicators to question the validity of decisions madebyplannersandpolicy-makers.•Manyoftheseperformance indicatorscoverissuesofsustainabilityaswellasenvironmentalandethicalissues.اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺣرﺟﺔوﻗد اﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳون ﻛﻼ ﻣن HST وSST ،ووﺟدوا أن اﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺗﺣررﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ أوﺟﮫ ﻋدم اﻟﻣﺳﺎواة ، ﻣﺛل اﻟﻘوة واﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ، ﻟم ﯾﺗم اﻟﻧظر ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺎف ﻣن ﻗﺑل SST. وظﮭر اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظم اﻟﺣرﺟﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ أوﺟﮫ ﻋدم اﻟﻣﺳﺎواة ھذه.اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟوﺳﺎﺋط )MST) ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم MST 15ﻣؤﺷر أداء ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻛﯾك ﻓﻲ ﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﻘرارات اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗﺧذھﺎ اﻟﻣﺧططون وﺻﺎﻧﻌو اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت. وﯾﻐطﻲ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن ﻣؤﺷرات اﻷداء ھذه ﻗﺿﺎﯾﺎ اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ وﻛذﻟك اﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ واﻷﺧﻼﻗﯾﺔ.

Principlesof SystemsScience1.Theideaofsystemness.Systems interact withothersystems,forming still larger systems. Theuniverseiscomposedofsystemsof systems.2.Systemsareprocessesorganizedin structuraland functionalhierarchies.3.Systemsarethemselvesandcanberepresentedabstractlyasnetworksof relationsbetweencomponents.4.Systemsare dynamiconmultipletimescales.5.Systemsexhibitvariouskindsand levelsofcomplexity.6.Systemsevolve.ﻓﻛرة اﻟﻧظﺎم. ﺗﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻷﺧرى، وﺗﺷﻛل أﻧظﻣﺔ أﻛﺑر. ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﻛون ﻣن أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ. اﻟﻧظم ھﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼت اﻟﮭرﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ واﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ. ﻓﺎﻟﻧظم ھﻲ ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ وﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل ﺗﺟرﯾدي ﻛﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯾناﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت. اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﯾس زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة. ﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌرض أﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ وﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد. ﺗﺗطور اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ.

PrinciplesofSystems Science7.Systemsencode knowledge andreceiveandsendinformation.8.Systems haveregulationsubsystemstoachieve stability.9.Systemscontainmodelsofothersystems(e.g.,protocolsforinteractionwithanticipatorymodels).10.Sufficientlycomplexadaptivesystemscancontainmodelsofthemselves (e.g.,brainsandmentalmodels).11.Systemscanbe understood(acorollary of9)—science.12.Systemscanbeimproved(acorollaryof6)—engineering.ﻧظم ﺗرﻣﯾز اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ وﺗﻠﻘﻲ وإرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت. أﻧظﻣﺔ ﻟدﯾﮭﺎ ﻧظم ﻓرﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق اﻻﺳﺗﻘرار. ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻣﺎذج ﻣن اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻷﺧرى )ﻣﺛل ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ ﻧﻣﺎذج ﺗوﻗﻌﯾﺔ(. وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟﻧظم اﻟﺗﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﻛﻔﺎﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻣﺎذج ﻣن ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ )ﻣﺛل اﻟﻌﻘول واﻟﻧﻣﺎذج اﻟﻌﻘﻠﯾﺔ(. ﯾﻣﻛن ﻓﮭم اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ )ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ل 9( -اﻟﻌﻠم. ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ )ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ 6( -اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ.

System’sProperties1.Elements-thekindsofparts(thingsorsubstances)thatmakeupa system.Thesepartsmaybeatomsormolecules,orlargerbodiesof matter likesandgrainsandplants.2.Attributes-characteristicsoftheelementsthatmaybeperceived andmeasured(e.g.quantity,size,color,volume,andmass)3.Relationships-theassociationsthatoccur betweenelementsand attributes.Theseassociationsarebasedoncauseandeffect.اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر -أﻧواع اﻷﺟزاء )اﻷﺷﯾﺎء أو اﻟﻣواد( اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻟﻧظﺎم. ﻗد ﺗﻛون ھذه اﻷﺟزاء ذرات أو ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت، أو أﺟﺳﺎم أﻛﺑرﻣن اﻟﻣﺎدة ﻣﺛل اﻟﺣﺑوب اﻟرﻣﻠﯾﺔ واﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت. ﺳﻣﺎت -ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻧظر إﻟﯾﮭﺎ وﻗﯾﺎﺳﮭﺎ )ﻣﺛل اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔواﻟﺣﺟم واﻟﻠون واﻟﺣﺟم واﻟﻛﺗﻠﺔ( اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت -اﻻﻗﺗراﻧﺎتاﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدث ﺑﯾن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر واﻟﺳﻣﺎت. وﺗﺳﺗﻧد ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻌﯾﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﺑب واﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ.

System’sClassification1.Isolatedsystem,whichhasnointeractionsbeyonditsboundary layer.Manycontrolledlaboratoryexperimentsarethistypeof system.2.Closedsystem,whichisa systemthattransfersenergy,butnot matter,acrossitsboundarytothesurroundingenvironment.Our planetisoftenviewedas aclosedsystem.3.Opensystem,whichisa systemthattransfersbothmatterand energyacrossitsboundarytothesurroundingenvironment.Most cosystemsareexamplesof opensystems.ﻧظﺎم ﻣﻌزول، واﻟذي ﻟﯾس ﻟﮫ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﺧﺎرج طﺑﻘﺔ ﺣدوده. اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرب اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑرﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠرﻗﺎﺑﺔ ھﻲ ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﻧظﺎم. ﻧظﺎم ﻣﻐﻠق، وھو ﻧظﺎم ﯾﻧﻘل اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ، وﻟﻛن ﻻ ﯾﮭم، ﻋﺑر ﺣدوده إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ. ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻧظر إﻟﻰ ﻛوﻛﺑﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻧظﺎم ﻣﻐﻠق. ﻧظﺎم ﻣﻔﺗوح، وھو ﻧظﺎم ﯾﻧﻘل اﻟﻣﺎدة واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺑر ﺣدودھﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ. ﻣﻌظم اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ھﻲ أﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ.

SystemsEngineering•Thepurpose ofsystemsengineering(SE)is tosupportorganizationsthatdesire improvedperformance.•SE is a comprehensive, iterative technical management process that includes translatingoperational requirementsintoconfiguredoperationalsystems.•SE is a life cycle activity that demands a concurrent approach to both product and processdevelopment.•SEencouragestheuse ofmodelingand simulationtovalidateassumptionsor theoriesonsystemsandtheinteractionswithinthem.اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ا./ﻧﻈﻤﺔ )SE) ﻫﻮ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ا./داء. SE ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻣﺘﻜﺮرة ﻟLMدارة اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ. SE ﻫﻮ ﻧﺸﺎط دورة اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻬﺠﺎ ﻣﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء. ﺗﺸﺠﻊ SE اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔواﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ا.fﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت أو اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت ﺣﻮل ا./ﻧﻈﻤﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋLfت داﺧﻠﻬﺎ.

SystemDynamicsviaSimulationModelling•System dynamics simulations enables one not only to observe events but also see patternsof behaviorovertime.•Understanding patterns ofbehavior,insteadof focusingonday-to-dayevents,can offeraradicalchangeinperspective.•Itshowshowasystemstructureis thecauseof itssuccesses andfailures.•Systemdynamics simulationsaregoodatcommunicatingnotjustwhatmighthappen,butalsowhy.•Theprimaryassumption ofthesystemdynamicsparadigmisthatthepersistent dynamictendencies ofanycomplexsystemarisefromitsinternalcausal structure.•Asystemdynamicistislikelytolookforexplanationsofrecurringlong-termsocialproblemswithinthisinternalstructureratherthaninexternaldisturbances,smallmaladjustments,orrandomevents.ﺗﻣﻛن ﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎة دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣرء ﻟﯾس ﻓﻘط ﻣن ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻷﺣداث وﻟﻛن أﯾﺿﺎ رؤﯾﺔ أﻧﻣﺎط اﻟﺳﻠوك ﺑﻣرور اﻟوﻗت. إن ﻓﮭم أﻧﻣﺎط اﻟﺳﻠوك، ﺑدﻻﻣن اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺣداث اﻟﯾوﻣﯾﺔ، ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺣدث ﺗﻐﯾﯾرا ﺟذرﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧظور. وﯾﺑﯾن ﻛﯾف أن ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم ھﻲ ﺳﺑب ﻧﺟﺎﺣﺎﺗﮭﺎ وإﺧﻔﺎﻗﺎﺗﮭﺎ. ﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎة دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﺎتاﻟﻧظﺎم ﺟﯾدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗواﺻل ﻟﯾس ﻓﻘط ﻣﺎ ﻗد ﯾﺣدث ، وﻟﻛن أﯾﺿﺎ ﻟﻣﺎذا. واﻻﻓﺗراض اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻧﻣوذج دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﺎتاﻟﻧظﺎم ھو أن اﻻﺗﺟﺎھﺎت اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ﻷي ﻧظﺎم ﻣﻌﻘد ﺗﻧﺷﺄ ﻋن ھﯾﻛﻠﮫ اﻟﺳﺑﺑﻲ اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ. وﻣن اﻟﻣرﺟﺢ أن ﯾﺑﺣث أﺣد دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋن ﺗﻔﺳﯾرات ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻛررة طوﯾﻠﺔ اﻷﻣد داﺧل ھذا اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن اﻻﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ أو ﺳوء اﻟﺗﻛﯾﻔﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة أو اﻷﺣداث اﻟﻌﺷواﺋﯾﺔ.

SystemDynamicsviaSimulationModelling•Systemdynamicistsunderstandsystemstructurebasedontheideaoftwo-way causation orfeedback.•It is assumed that social or individual decisions are made on the basis of informationabout the stateof thesystemor environmentsurroundingthe decision-makers.•Thedecisionsleadtoactionsthatareintendedtochange (ormaintain)thestate ofthesystem.•New informationaboutthesystemstatethenproducesfurtherdecisions and changes.•Eachsuchclosed chainof causalrelationshipsformsafeedbackloop.•Systemdynamics modelsaremadeupofmanysuchloops linkedtogether,which arebasicallyclosed-system representations.ﯾﻔﮭم دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾو اﻟﻧظﺎم ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﺳﺗﻧﺎدا إﻟﻰ ﻓﻛرة اﻟﺳﺑﺑﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺗدة ذات اﻻﺗﺟﺎھﯾن. وﯾﻔﺗرض أن ﺗﺗﺧذ اﻟﻘرارات اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ أو اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم أو اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ ﺑﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ اﻟﻘرار. اﻟﻘرارات ﺗؤدي إﻟﻰ اﻹﺟراءات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﮭدف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر )أواﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ(ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم. ﺛم ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺟدﯾدة ﺣول ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻘرارات واﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات. ﻛل ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺳﺑﺑﯾﺔﺗﺷﻛل ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺗدة. و ﺗﺗﻛون ﻧﻣﺎذج دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻣن اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن ھذه اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض، واﻟﺗﻲ ھﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻼت اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣﻐﻠق.

ChangeableSystems1.IncreasingComplexity-Newtechnologiescreatenewopportunitiesand challenges.Interfacesareincreasinglymorecomplexand systemintegration is moredifficult.2.MoreDynamic-Systems interactwith theirenvironmentand theneedsof stakeholders evolve in concert with this interaction. Rapid changes in the environmentrequiresystemstobedynamictocontinuetoprovidevalueto consumersof productsandservices.3.GrowingSecurityConcerns-Manysystems faceincreasingsecurity challengesduetothreatsfrom maliciousadversariesranging fromhackersto terrorists.4.RisingPrivacyConcerns-Assystemsbecomemorecomplex,more interconnected, andfacemoresecuritychallenges,thepotentialforprivacy violationsincreases.زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد -ﺗﺧﻠق اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎت اﻟﺟدﯾدة ﻓرﺻﺎ وﺗﺣدﯾﺎت ﺟدﯾدة. اﻟواﺟﮭﺎت أﻛﺛر ﺗﻌﻘﯾدا ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗزاﯾد وﺗﻛﺎﻣل اﻟﻧظﺎم أﻛﺛر ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ. أﻛﺛر دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ -ﺗﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﯾﺋﺗﮭﺎ وﺗﺗطور اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق ﻣﻊ ھذا اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل. وﺗﺗطﻠب اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ أنﺗﻛون اﻟﻧظم دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻣواﺻﻠﺔ ﺗوﻓﯾر ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﯾن ﻣن اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت. اﻟﻣﺧﺎوف اﻷﻣﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗزاﯾدة -ﺗواﺟﮫ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣناﻷﻧظﻣﺔ ﺗﺣدﯾﺎت أﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺗزاﯾدة ﺑﺳﺑب ﺗﮭدﯾدات ﻣن ﺧﺻوم ﺧﺑﯾﺛﯾن ﺗﺗراوح ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﻠﯾن واﻹرھﺎﺑﯾﯾن. ﻣﺧﺎوف اﻟﺧﺻوﺻﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗزاﯾدة -ﻣﻊﺗزاﯾد ﺗﻌﻘﯾد اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ وﺗراﺑطﮭﺎ وﻣواﺟﮭﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﺗﺣدﯾﺎت أﻣﻧﯾﺔ أﻛﺛر، ﺗزداد إﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻧﺗﮭﺎك اﻟﺧﺻوﺻﯾﺔ.

5.IncreasingInterconnectedness-TheInternetand advancesin information technology (IT) have led to business-to-business collaboration and a global economyenabledby pervasiveinterconnectedness.6.ManyStakeholders-Theincreasingcomplexityandinterconnectednesshas contributed tothe riseinthe numberof stakeholdersinvolvedin thesystemlife cycle.ChangeableSystemsزﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ -أدت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ا45ﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ واﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟKLﻛﺎت وا4Nﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻣﻜﻨﻪ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻔKU. اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ -ﺳﺎﻫﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ واﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ دورة ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﻈﺎم.

SystemsArchitecting•Architecture design is turning the corner from the requirements space to the designspace.•Coarse-grained designs that describe gross partitioning of a system into some collectionof elementsthatcanbecode-oriented,runtime, orphysicalstructures.•Architectureprovidesa meanstopartitionthesystemintoelementsthatcan laterbe designed in detail.•Architecturecanbescrutinized and studiedtoexposeweaknessesprior to detailedelementdesignand implementation.•Architecture can be used to guide overall construction by serving as a prescription for how the elements can be assembled, resulting in a system with predictable propertiesandbehavior.ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ھو ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟزاوﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم. ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﺎت ﺧﺷﻧﺔ اﻟﺣﺑﯾﺑﺎت ﺗﺻف اﻟﺗﻘﺳﯾم اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ﻣوﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﺣو اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ أو وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل أو اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ. ﺗوﻓر اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ وﺳﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﺳﯾم اﻟﻧظﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻔﺻﯾل. ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺗدﻗﯾق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﺎرة ودراﺳﺔھﺎﻟﻛﺷف ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺿﻌف ﻗﺑل ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ وﺗﻧﻔﯾذھﺎ. ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ اﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣل ﻛوﺻﻔﺔطﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر ، ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﻧظﺎم ﻣﻊ ﺧﺻﺎﺋص وﺳﻠوك ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﮫ.

Comparisonof ArchitecturalandDetailedDesigns

SystemsDesignTheprocessofdefiningthearchitecture,components,interfaces,and othercharacteristicsof asystemorcomponentofa systemwhere:•“Component”referstoaphysicalpartor elementthatisa memberof thesystem.•“Interface”referstotheboundaryofacomponentandthepointof connectionbetweencomponents.•“Othercharacteristicsofasystemorcomponentofasystem”referstothefunctionalbehaviorofthesystemaswellasthebroadsystemicpropertiesitpossesses(e.g.performanceandscalability)ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت واﻟواﺟﮭﺎت واﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻷﺧرى ﻟﻧظﺎم أو ﻣﻛون ﻧظﺎم ﺣﯾث: ﯾﺷﯾر “اﻟﻣﻛون” إﻟﻰ ﺟزء ﻓﻌﻠﻲ أو ﻋﻧﺻر ﻋﺿو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم. “واﺟﮭﺔ” ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ ﺣد ﻣﻛون وﻧﻘطﺔ اﻻﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت. “اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻷﺧرى ﻟﻧظﺎم أو ﻣﻛون ﻣن ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم” ﺗﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم وﻛذﻟك اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻧظﺎﻣﯾﺔ اﻟواﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﺗﻠﻛﮭﺎ )ﻣﺛل اﻷداء وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ(

•Systems architecture is concerned with partitioning the system into components andidentifyingtheirresponsibilitiesand rules forinteractiontoensurethatthe necessaryfunctionalandqualityattributerequirementsaremet.•Architecturaldesignis nota stateofbeingbut rather ofbecoming—itis aprocess.•Architecturaldesignsidentifythepartsof thesystem,enterprise, orsoftwareand howtheywillinteractto rendera service.•Architectural requirements are those that will influence the architecture utmost as itinitiallydecomposesthesystemand selectsthefundamentalstructures that willformit.SystemsArchitecturalDesignﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ا./ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟLfزﻣﺔ. اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ أن ﻳﺼﺒﺢ -ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ. ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻨﻈﺎم أو اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ أو اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ وﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ. اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻮى ./ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ وﺗﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ا./ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺸﻜﻠﻪ.

FunctionalArchitecturalRequirements•Functionalarchitecturalrequirementshavetheleastinfluence on design.•High-levelfunctionalrequirementsarebest describedwithusecases.•Usecases arenotmodels forfunctional decomposition,nor should designersuse themtodescribehowthe systemprovidesservices.•Use case models describe what is needed in a system in terms of functional responses to givenstimuli.•Use case models serve as a communication vehicle and encourage dialog betweentechnicalandnontechnicalstakeholders.اﻟﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ أﻗل ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم. أﻓﺿل وﺻف ﻟﻠﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻻتاﻻﺳﺗﺧدام. ﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام ﻟﯾﺳت ﻧﻣﺎذج ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠل اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ، وﻻ ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺻﻣﻣﯾن اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻟوﺻف ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗوﻓﯾر اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻟﻠﺧدﻣﺎت. ﻧﻣﺎذج ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام ﺗﺻف ﻣﺎ ھو ﻣطﻠوب ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﺣﻔزات ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ. اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻧﻣﺎذج اﻟﺣﺎﻻت ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ وﺳﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺻﺎلوﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ اﻟﺣوار ﺑﯾن أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ.

NonfunctionalArchitectural Requirements•Nonfunctionalarchitecturalrequirementswillhavethemost influenceoverthedesign.•Nonfunctionalscenariosdescribesomerequirementintermsof:•Stimulus.•Source(s)ofthestimulus.•Relevantenvironmentalconditions.•Architecturalelement(s).•Systemresponse.•Responsemeasure.•Forchange stimuli,wemighthaveresponsemeasuresthatmeasurethecostofchangeintermsoftimeandcost.•For a performance stimulus, we might have response measures in terms of throughput andresponsetime.ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ. ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ: اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ. ﻣﺼﺪر)ﻣﺼﺎدر( اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ. اﻟﻈﺮوفاﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ. اﻟﻌﻨƒ„ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري )اﻟﻌﻨﺎ…„(. اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم. ﻣﻘﻴﺎسا.fﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ. ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ، ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ واﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ. ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ا./داء، ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ا.Mﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ووﻗﺖ ا.fﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ.

EnterpriseArchitecture•Enterprise architecture frameworks (EAF) are essentially design methodologies focusedonbusinessmodeling,businessprocesses,applicationfunctionality, andthe technologicalinfrastructure thatsupportstheenterprise.•EAF embody design strategies and provide step-by-step guidance and even templatesfordesigninganddocumentingthe enterprise.•EAFsprescribea setofartifactsforspecificenterprisestakeholders.•Usingan EAF,theenterprisearchitectcreatesvariousartifactsintendedtobeviews ofthe systemfromtheperspective of theenterprisestakeholders.أطر ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت )EAF) ھﻲ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻣذﺟﺔاﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ، واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ، وظﺎﺋف اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق ، واﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻋم اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. ﺗﺟﺳد EAF اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم وﺗوﻓر إرﺷﺎدات ﺧطوة ﺑﺧطوة وﺣﺗﻰ ﻗواﻟب ﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم وﺗوﺛﯾق اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. ﺗﺻف EAFs ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻘطﻊ اﻷﺛرﯾﺔ ﻷﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺣددة. ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام EAF ،ﯾﻘوم ﻣﮭﻧدس اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺷﺎء اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻘطﻊ اﻷﺛرﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﮭدف إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﻛون وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم ﻣن وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ.

EnterpriseArchitecture•ThepurposeEAFistohelpenterprisearchitectsmanagethe complexityof highlydistributedsystemsof systemsbyproviding techniquesandmethodstoidentifykeystakeholdersandtheirrolein theenterprise.•MostEAFsidentifyanumberofconcernsthatwillguidethedesignof enterprises,suchas:•Businessrequirements•Stakeholders•Businessprocesses•Environment•Software•Data•Infrastructureاﻟﻐرض ﻣن EAF ھو ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻣﮭﻧدﺳﻲ اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ إدارة ﺗﻌﻘﯾد أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣوزﻋﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗوﻓﯾر اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت واﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾن ودورھم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. ﺗﺣدد ﻣﻌظم ﺻﻧﺎدﯾق اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﻋددا ﻣن اﻟﺷواﻏل اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗوﺟﮫ ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت، ﻣﺛل: ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﻣل أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ وﺳط ﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ

OrganizationalArchitecture

BusinessArchitecture•Business Architecture dictates the functional requirements of business processes that determine the ISs that will operationally support the business.•Thecoreconceptwithin thebusinessarchitectureisthebusinessprocess.•Abusinessprocess isasetofvalue-addingactivitiesthat operatesover inputentitiesproducingoutput entities.•An activity describes the business roles required of the organizational entitiesforits operation.1.Theactorrole–requiresoneactororacombinationorteamofactorstobe executed.2.Theresourcerole–used asinputor outputofan activityduringitsoperation.3.Theobservablestaterole–usedasameanstoobservethestatusofanactivity.ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﺗﻣﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدد ISs اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗدﻋم اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ. اﻟﻣﻔﮭوم اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ھو ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل. ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ ذات اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﺑر ﻛﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻹدﺧﺎل اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻟﻛﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺧرﺟﺎت. ﯾﺻف اﻟﻧﺷﺎط أدوار اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻛﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻧظﯾﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮭﺎ. دور اﻟﻣﻣﺛل –ﯾﺗطﻠب ﻣﻣﺛل واﺣدأو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ أو ﻓرﯾق ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذھﺎ. دور اﻟﻣورد –اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻣدﺧل أو إﺧراج ﻟﻧﺷﺎط أﺛﻧﺎء ﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮫ. دور اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻼﺣظ –اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛوﺳﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧﺷﺎط.

BusinessArchitectureThe majorcomponentsfordescribingthebusinessarchitectureare:•Businessstrategy:keybusinessrequirements,processes,goals, strategies,keyperformanceindicators,businessrisks,andthe business-operatingmodel•Businessfunction:keybusinessservices,processes,andcapabilities thatwillbe affectedbytheorganizationarchitectureefforts•Businessorganization:thehigh-levelnatureof organizational structures;businessroles(internalaudiences,externalcustomers, andpartners);thedecision-makingprocess;andorganizational budgetinformationاﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟوﺻف ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ھﻲ: اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل: ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻷﻋﻣﺎل واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻷھداف واﻻﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎت وﻣؤﺷرات اﻷداء اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ وﻣﺧﺎطر اﻷﻋﻣﺎل وﻧﻣوذج ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻷﻋﻣﺎل وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل: ﺧدﻣﺎت اﻷﻋﻣﺎل واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻟﻘدرات اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗﺗﺄﺛر ﺑﺟﮭود ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﺗﻧظﯾم اﻷﻋﻣﺎل: اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟرﻓﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﻟﻠﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﺗﻧظﯾﻣﯾﺔ؛ أدوار اﻷﻋﻣﺎل )اﻟﺟﻣﺎھﯾر اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻣﻼء اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﯾن واﻟﺷرﻛﺎء(؛ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺻﻧﻊ اﻟﻘرار؛ وﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﯾزاﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧظﯾﻣﯾﺔ

InformationArchitecture•Theinformationarchitecturedescribeswhattheorganizationneedstoknowinordertorunitsprocessesandoperationsasdescribedinthebusinessarchitecture.•Theprincipalcomponentsfordescribinginformationarchitectureare:•Informationstrategy:Informationarchitectureprinciples, informationgovernanceandcompliancerequirements,and canonicaldatamodels.•Informationassets:Acatalogofcriticalbusinessdatatypesandmodels;relationshipsbetweensuchbusinessdatatypes;andalltheprocessesandservicesthatinteractwiththesedata.ﺗﺻف ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌرﻓﺗﮫ ﻣن أﺟل ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل. اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟوﺻف ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ھﻲ: اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت: ﻣﺑﺎدئ ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت، وﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت إدارة اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت واﻻﻣﺗﺛﺎل، وﻧﻣﺎذج اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ. أﺻول اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت: ﻛﺗﺎﻟوج ﻷﻧواع اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وﻧﻣﺎذج اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ؛ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯾن أﻧواع ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ھذه؛ وﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ ھذه اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت.

ApplicationArchitectureTheapplicationarchitecturefulfillstwomajorgoals:1.Supportingthe businessrequirements2.Allowingefficientmanagementoftheorganization’sentities•It definestheapplicationsrequiredtoenablethebusiness architecture.•It includesdescriptionsofautomatedservicesthatsupportthe businessprocessesandoftheinteractionsandinterdependencies betweenanorganization’sapplicationsystems.•Itplansfordevelopingnewapplications,andrevisionsof old applicationsbasedontheenterprisesobjectives.ﺗﺣﻘق ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق ھدﻓﯾن رﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾن: دﻋم ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺳﻣﺎح ﺑﺈدارة ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻛﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ وھو ﯾﺣدد اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﻛﯾن ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل. وﯾﺗﺿﻣن وﺻﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﺧدﻣﺎت اﻵﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻋم اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت واﻟﺗراﺑط ﺑﯾن ﻧظم اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. وھﻲ ﺗﺧطط ﻟﺗطوﯾر ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﺟدﯾدة، وﺗﻧﻘﯾﺣﺎتﻟﻠﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس أھداف اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت.

ApplicationArchitecture•Serviceistheaggregationof asetof operationsprovidedbyan architecturalblock.•Service is composedofthree types:1.Businessservice,or asetofoperationsprovidedbyIS blocks supportingbusinessprocesses.2.ISservice,orasetofoperationsprovidedbyanIS blocktootherIS blocks.ThisisusedtoaggregatemultipleIS blocks.3.ITservice,or asetoftechnologicalservicesprovidedbythespecific applicationplatforms.اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗوﻓرھﺎ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ. ﺗﺗﻛون اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ ﻣن ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧواع: ﺧدﻣﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل، أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾوﻓرھﺎ IS ﻛﺗل دﻋم اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ. ﺧدﻣﺔ IS،أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾوﻓرھﺎ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ IS إﻟﻰ ﻛﺗل IS اﻷﺧرى. ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ھذا ﻟﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻛﺗل IS ﻣﺗﻌددة. ﺧدﻣﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت، أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘدﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﻧﺻﺎت ﺗطﺑﯾقﻣﺣددة.

ApplicationArchitectureTheprincipalcomponentsfordescribingapplicationarchitectureare:•Applicationstrategy:Thekeyapplicationarchitectureprinciples(e.g.,build vs.buy,hostedvs.in-house)applicationgovernance; portfoliomanagement; andasetof referenceapplicationarchitecturesrelevanttothe customer•Applicationprocesses:Aseriesofapplication-specificprocessesthat support thebusiness processes in BA•Applicationservices:Aninventoryof thekeyapplicationservices exposed to internalandexternalapplicationsthatsupportthe business services•Logicalcomponents:Aninventoryofrelevantproduct-agnosticenterprise applicationsystemsthatisrelevanttostatedbusiness objectives•Physical components: Actual products that support the logical application componentsandtheirrelationshipstorelevantcomponentsandservices in informationandtechnologyarchitecturesاﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟوﺻف ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق ھﻲ: اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق: ﻣﺑﺎدئ ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل، اﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﻣﻘﺎﺑل اﻟﺷراء، اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿﺎﻓﺔﻣﻘﺎﺑل اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ( إدارة اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت؛ إدارة اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظ؛ وﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن ﺑﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﯾﺔ ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣﯾل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق: ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗطﺑﯾق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻋم اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ اﻹﺳﻛﻧدرﯾﺔ ﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق: ﺟرد ﻟﺧدﻣﺎتاﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌرض ﻟﻠﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ واﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻋم ﺧدﻣﺎت اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ: ﺟرد ﻷﻧظﻣﺔ ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎتاﻟﻼأدرﯾﺔذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺄھداف اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﻌﻠﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ: اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻋم ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ

AbstractionGranularityLevels

TechnicalArchitecture•Representsthetechnologiesbehindapplicationimplementationas wellastheinfrastructureandenvironmentrequiredforthe deploymentof thebusinessprocesssupportsystems.•Addressesa largenumberof conceptssinceitmustcope simultaneouslywithcontinuoustechnologicalevolutionsandthe needtoprovidedifferentspecializedtechnologicalperspectives.•Theseconceptsareabstractedas anITblock.•AnITblock istheinfrastructure,applicationplatform,and/or technologicalorsoftwarecomponentthatrealizesorimplementsa set ofISblocks.ﯾﻣﺛل اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ وراء ﺗطﺑﯾق اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق وﻛذﻟك اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ واﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻧﺷر أﻧظﻣﺔ دﻋم اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ. ﯾﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻋددا ﻛﺑﯾرا ﻣن اﻟﻣﻔﺎھﯾم ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻓﻲ وﻗت واﺣد ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗطورات اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة واﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗوﻓﯾر وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ. ﯾﺗم ﺗﺟرﯾد ھذه اﻟﻣﻔﺎھﯾم ﻛﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت. ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ھﻲ اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ، ﻣﻧﺻﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق، و / أو اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ أو ﻣﻛون اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدرك أو ﺗﻧﻔذ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن ﻛﺗل IS.

Principalcomponentsfordescribingtechnologyarchitecture•Technologystrategy,comprisestechnologyarchitectureprinciples;technologyassetgovernancemethodology;portfoliomanagementstrategy;andtechnologystandards,patterns,andRAs.•Technologyservices,oran inventoryof specifictechnology services andtheirrelationshipsaswell asthebusinessservices,application services,informationassets,andlogicalor physicaltechnology componentsthatrealizesuchservices.•Logicalcomponents,ortheproduct-agnosticcomponentsthatexist atthe technologyinfrastructuretiertosupporteach technology service.•Physicalcomponents,orthesetoftechnologyproductsthatexists behindeach logical technologycomponenttoimplementthe technologyservice.اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ، وﺗﺗﺄﻟف ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ؛ ﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺔ إدارة اﻷﺻول اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ؛ اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ إدارة اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظ؛ وﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ، وأﻧﻣﺎط، وRAs. ﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ، أو ﺟرد ﺧدﻣﺎت ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة وﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﮭﺎ، ﻓﺿﻼ ﻋن ﺧدﻣﺎت اﻷﻋﻣﺎل، وﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت، وأﺻول اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت، وﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ أو اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻘق ﻣﺛل ھذه اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت. اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ، أو اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻼأدرﯾﺔﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ﻟدﻋم ﻛل ﺧدﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ. اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ، أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﺧﻠف ﻛل ﻣﻛون ﺗﻘﻧﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﻲ ﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﺧدﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ.

EnterpriseProcesses•Enterpriseprocessesarebusinessstructuresthatmakeupthe enterprise.•Anenterprisemightbecomposedof customerservice,inventory, shipping,andproductionorganizations.•Abusiness processisadescriptionofthedynamicinteractionof stakeholdersandtheflowofinformationbetweenthevariousentities thatcomposetheenterprise.•Businessprocessesdrivetheanalysisanddesignoftheenterprise architectureandareusedtoidentifyorganizations,pertinent stakeholders,systems,data,andotherentitiesrelevanttothe enterprise.ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ھﻲ ھﯾﺎﻛل اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. ﻗد ﺗﺗﻛون اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣن ﻣﻧظﻣﺎت ﺧدﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻼء واﻟﻣﺧزون واﻟﺷﺣن واﻹﻧﺗﺎج. ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ھﻲ وﺻف ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﻲ ﺑﯾن أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ وﺗدﻓق اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻟﻛﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. ﺗﻘود اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﻠﯾل وﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت وأﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﯾن واﻷﻧظﻣﺔ واﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻛﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﺧرى ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ.

EnterpriseProcesses•Processesaremeansforidentifying,documenting,andanalyzing complexnetworksofhumaninteractionswithorganizationsandthe IT systemstheyusetoprovideservices,communicate,andgenerally conductbusinessoperations.•Businessprocessesmightdescribethe dynamicaspectsof•How acustomer’sorderisprocessed.•How theproductismanufactured.•Howtheinventoryisupdated.•How quicklytheproductisdeliveredto thecustomerاﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت ھﻲ وﺳﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد وﺗوﺛﯾق وﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة ﻣن اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت وأﻧظﻣﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدﻣوﻧﮭﺎ ﻟﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت واﻟﺗواﺻل وإﺟراء اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم. ﻗد ﺗﺻف اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺟواﻧب اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ ل ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ طﻠب اﻟﻌﻣﯾل. ﻛﯾف ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ. ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺣدﯾث اﻟﻣﺧزون. ﻣدى ﺳرﻋﺔ ﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﯾل

MainReference1.Chapter3(EnterpriseProcessManagementSystems:EngineeringProcess-CentricEnterpriseSystemsusingBPMN2.0byVivekKale)AdditionalReferences1.Dunn,C.,Cherrington,J.,&Hollander,A.(2005).Enterprise informationsystems:A pattern-basedapproach(3rded.)

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College ofComputingandInformatics InformationTechnologyIT402Integrated EnterpriseSystems

IT402IntegratedEnterpriseSystemsWeek5EnterpriseArchitecture(EA)

RequiredReading1.Chapter4(EnterpriseProcessManagementSystems:EngineeringProcessCentricEnterpriseSystemsusingBPMN2.0byVivekKale)RecommendedReading1.Dunn,C., Cherrington,J.,&Hollander,A.(2005).Enterprise informationsystems:A pattern-basedapproach(3rded.)

WeeklyLearningOutcomes.1Explainenterprisearchitectureasawell-definedpracticeforconductingenterpriseanalysis,design,planning,andimplementation, usingaholisticapproachatalltimes,forthesuccessfuldevelopmentandexecutionofenterprisestrategy..2Describetheviewpoints,views,andperspectivesthatenablean enterprisearchitecture.

Contents.1Architecture.2Viewpointsand Views.3Change,Availability,andScalabilityPerspectives.4EnterpriseArchitectureFrameworks

Architecture•AnEAprovidesahigh-leveldesignof theentireenterprisethatwill guide allother enterpriseprojects.•Anarchitecturerepresentssignificant,broaddesigndecisionsforthe enterprise,fromwhichallotherdesigndecisionsshouldbe consistent.•TheSoftwareEngineeringInstitute(SEI)definesarchitectureas: “Thearchitectureofasoftware-intensivesystemisthestructureor structuresofthesystem,whichcomprisesoftwareelements,the externallyvisiblepropertiesof thoseelements,andtherelationshipsamongthem”.ﯾوﻓر EA ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﺎ رﻓﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﻟﻠﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗوﺟﮫ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت اﻷﺧرى.ﺗﻣﺛل اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﻗرارات ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻛﺑﯾرة وواﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ، واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻗرارات اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻷﺧرىﻣﺗﺳﻘﺔ ﻣﻧﮭﺎ.ﯾﻌرف ﻣﻌﮭد ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت )SEI) اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ: “إن ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻛﺛﯾف اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت ھﻲ ھﯾﻛل أو ھﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻧظﺎم ، واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿم ﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ ، واﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻣرﺋﯾﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺎ ﻟﺗﻠك اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر ، و اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭﺎ”.

EnterpriseArchitectureEAsmajorgoals:1.FortheEA,itsunits,policies,processes,strategies,and technologicalinfrastructure(e.g.,ITsystems)tosuccessfully supportallstakeholdersinachievingshortandlong-termbusiness goals andobjectivesof the enterprise.2.FortheEAtofosteranalignmentof thetechnologicalsystems developedbyandusedbyan enterprisewithitsbusinessgoalsand strategicdirection3.FortheEAtohelpanenterprisetolearn,grow,innovate,and respondtomarketdemandsandchangingbasicconditions4.FortheEAfosterandmaintainthelearningcapabilitiesof enterprisessothattheymaybe sustainableاﻷھداف اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ل Eas: ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ إﻟﻰ EA ووﺣداﺗﮭﺎ وﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ واﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ واﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ )ﻣﺛل أﻧظﻣﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت( ﻟدﻋم ﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﺑﻧﺟﺎح ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﯾق أھداف وأھداف اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﻗﺻﯾرة وطوﯾﻠﺔ اﻷﺟل ﻟﻠﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. أن ﺗﻌزز EA ﻣواءﻣﺔ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ طورﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ واﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ أھداف أﻋﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ واﺗﺟﺎھﮭﺎ اﻻﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﻲﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﺳﺎﻋد EA اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﻠم واﻟﻧﻣو واﻻﺑﺗﻛﺎر واﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﺳوق واﻟظروف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرة لEA ﺗﻌزﯾز واﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗدرات اﻟﺗﻌﻠم ﻟﻠﺷرﻛﺎت ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ

ArchitecturalElement•Anarchitecturalelementisafundamentalpiecefromwhichasystem canbe consideredtobeconstructed.•Anarchitecturalelementpossessesseveralkeyattributes:•Aclearlydefinedset ofresponsibilities•Aclearlydefinedboundary•A set of clearly defined interfaces, which define the services that the element providestothe other architecturalelementsاﻟﻌﻧﺻر اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎري ھو ﻗطﻌﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣن ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ اﻋﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻣﺑﻧﯾﺎ.ﻋﻧﺻر ﻣﻌﻣﺎري ﯾﻣﺗﻠك اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺳﻣﺎت اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ: ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺣددة ﺑوﺿوح ﻣن اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺎتب ﺣد ﻣﺣدد ﺑوﺿوح ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟواﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻣﺣددة ﺑوﺿوح، واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدد اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾوﻓرھﺎ اﻟﻌﻧﺻرﻟﻠﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ اﻷﺧرى

SystemsStructuresSystemstructuresareoftwokinds:1.The staticstructuresofasoftwaresystemdefineitsinternaldesign-time elementsandtheirarrangement.•Internaldesign-timesoftwareelementsmightbemodules,object-oriented classesor packages.•Internaldataelementsincludeclasses,relational databaseentities/tables,anddatafiles.•Internal hardware elements include computers or their constituent parts such asdiskor centralprocessingunit andnetworkingelementssuchascables.1.The dynamicstructuresofasoftwaresystemdefineitsruntime elementsandtheirinteractions.•Theyshowhowthesystemactuallyworks,what happensatruntime,and whatthe systemdoesinresponsetoexternal(or internal)stimulus.ھﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻧظﺎم ھﻲ ﻣن ﻧوﻋﯾن: ﺗﺣدد اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت ﻋﻧﺎﺻره اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم وﺗرﺗﯾﺑﮭﺎ. ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟوﻗت اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم وﺣدات ﻧﻣطﯾﺔ أو ﻓﺋﺎت أو ﺣزم ﻣوﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﺣو اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت. ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﺋﺎت وﻛﯾﺎﻧﺎت/ﺟداول ﻗواﻋد ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻼﺋﻘﯾﺔ وﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت. ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ أﺟﮭزة اﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر أو اﻷﺟزاء اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻘرص أو وﺣدة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔاﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ وﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼت. ﺗﺣدد اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ ﻋﻧﺎﺻر وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل وﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺗﮭﺎ. وھﻲﺗﺑﯾن ﻛﯾف ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ، وﻣﺎذا ﯾﺣدث ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل، وﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺣواﻓز اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ )أو اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ(.

SystemStructuresExternalpropertiesmanifestin two forms:1.Theexternally visiblebehaviorofasoftwaresystemdefinesthe functionalinteractionsbetweenthesystemanditsenvironment.•Theexternallyvisiblebehaviorof asystem(i.e.,what itdoes) isdetermined bythecombinedfunctional behaviorof itsinternal elements.2.Aqualitypropertyisanexternallyvisible,nonfunctionalpropertyof asystemsuchas performance,security,orscalability.•Thequalitypropertiesofasystemsuchas performance, scalability,and resilience (how it does it) arise from the quality properties of its internal elements.ﺗظﮭر اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾن: ﯾﺣدد اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟﻣرﺋﻲ ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺎ ﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼتاﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧظﺎم واﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ. ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟﻣرﺋﻲ ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم )أي ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ( ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ اﻟﻣﺷﺗرك ﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻره اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ. ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ اﻟﺟودة ھﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﻣرﺋﯾﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺎ، ﻏﯾر وظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟﻧظﺎم ﻣﺛل اﻷداء أو اﻷﻣﺎن أو ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ. ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺟودة ﻟﻧظﺎم ﻣﺛل اﻷداء، وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ، واﻟﻣروﻧﺔ )ﻛﯾف ﯾﻔﻌل ذﻟك( ﺗﻧﺷﺄ ﻣن ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺟودة ﻣن ﻋﻧﺎﺻره اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ.

QualityAttributes.1Implementationattributes(notobservableatruntime);include:.aInteroperability: Universalaccessibilityandthe abilitytoexchangedataamonginternalcomponentsandwiththeoutsideworld..bMaintainabilityand extensibility:Theabilitytomodifythesystemand convenientlyextendit..cTestability:Thedegreetowhichthesystemfacilitatestheestablishmentof testcases..dPortability:Thesystem’slevelofindependenceonsoftwareandhardware platforms. Systems developed using high-level programming languages usuallyhavegoodportability(e.g.Java).eScalability:Asystem’sabilitytoadapttoan increaseinuserrequests.Scalabilitydisfavorsbottlenecksinsystemdesign..fFlexibility:Theeaseofsystemmodificationtocatertodifferentenvironmentsor problemsforwhichthe systemwasnotoriginallydesigned.ﺳﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ )ﻏﯾر ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل(؛ أدﺧل: اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺗداﺧل: إﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟوﺻول اﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ واﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ وﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ. اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗوﺳﻌﺔ: اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌدﯾل اﻟﻧظﺎم وﺗوﺳﯾﻌﮫ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻼﺋم. إﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر: اﻟدرﺟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺳﮭل ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻧظﺎم إﻧﺷﺎء ﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﻘل: ﻣﺳﺗوى اﺳﺗﻘﻼﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺻﺎت اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ واﻷﺟﮭزة. اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗطوﯾرھﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻟﻐﺎت ﺑرﻣﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻧﻘل ﺟﯾدة )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل Java) ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛﯾف ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة طﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔاﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻻ ﺗﻔﺳدوا اﻻﺧﺗﻧﺎﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻧظﺎم. اﻟﻣروﻧﺔ: ﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺗﻌدﯾل اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻟﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺎت أو اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟم ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻل.

QualityAttributes.2Runtimeattributes(observableatruntime);include:.aAvailability:A system’s capabilityto be available24/7..bSecurity: A system’s ability to cope with malicious attacks from outside or insidethesystem..cPerformance: Increasing a system’s efficiency with regard to response time, throughput, and resource utilization, which are attributes that are usually in conflictwitheachother..dUsability:Thelevelof humansatisfactionderivedfromusingthesystem..eReliability: Thefailurefrequency,theaccuracyof output results,the meantime-to-failure, theabilitytorecoverfrom failure,and thefailure predictability.fMaintainability(extensibility,adaptability,serviceability,testability,compatibility, andconfigurability);the easeofsoftwaresystemchange.ﺳﻣﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل )ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﻼﺣظﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل(؛ أدﺧل: اﻟﺗواﻓر: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﻛون ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدار اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ طوال اﻷﺳﺑوع. اﻷﻣﺎن: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﮭﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﺿﺎرةﻣن ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻧظﺎم أو داﺧﻠﮫ. اﻷداء: زﯾﺎدة ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠق ﺑوﻗت اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ واﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ واﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد، وھﻲ ﺳﻣﺎتﺗﺗﻌﺎرض ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام: ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟرﺿﺎ اﻟﺑﺷري اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻧظﺎم. اﻟﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ: ﺗردد اﻟﻔﺷل، ودﻗﺔ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﺧراج، وﻓﺗرة اﻟﻔﺷل، واﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺷل، وإﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺷل ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ )اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗوﺳﻌﺔ، اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛﯾف، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر، اﻟﺗواﻓق، وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛوﯾن(؛ ﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت.

QualityAttributesBusinessattributes,include:.aTimetomarket:Thetimeittakesfromrequirementsanalysistothe dateaproductisreleased..bCost:Theexpenseofbuilding,maintaining,andoperatingthe system..cLifetime:Theperiodoftimethattheproductis“alive”before retirement.ﺳﻣﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل )ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﻼﺣظﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل(؛ أدﺧل: اﻟﺗواﻓر: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﻛون ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدار اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ طوال اﻷﺳﺑوع. اﻷﻣﺎن: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﮭﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﺿﺎرة ﻣن ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻧظﺎم أو داﺧﻠﮫ. اﻷداء: زﯾﺎدة ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠق ﺑوﻗت اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ واﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ واﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد، وھﻲ ﺳﻣﺎت ﺗﺗﻌﺎرض ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام: ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟرﺿﺎ اﻟﺑﺷري اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻧظﺎم. اﻟﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ: ﺗردد اﻟﻔﺷل، ودﻗﺔ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﺧراج، وﻓﺗرة اﻟﻔﺷل، واﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺷل، وإﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺷلﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ )اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗوﺳﻌﺔ، اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛﯾف، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر، اﻟﺗواﻓق، وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛوﯾن(؛ ﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت.

AttributeTradeoffs.1Tradeoffbetweenspaceandtime:Forexample,toincreasethetime efficiencyof ahashtablemeansa decreaseinits spaceefficiency..2Tradeoffbetweenreliabilityandperformance:Forinstance,Java programs are well protected against buffer overflow due to security measures such as boundary checks on arrays. Such reliability features come at the cost of time efficiency, as compared with the simpler and fasterClanguagethatprovidesthe “dangerous,”yetefficient,pointers..3Tradeoffbetweenscalabilityandperformance:Forexample,onetypical approach to increase the scalability of a service is to replicate servers. To ensure consistency of all servers, performance of the whole service is compromised.ﺳﻣﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل )ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﻼﺣظﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل(؛ أدﺧل: اﻟﺗواﻓر: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﻛون ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدار اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ طوال اﻷﺳﺑوع. اﻷﻣﺎن: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﮭﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﺿﺎرة ﻣن ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻧظﺎم أو داﺧﻠﮫ. اﻷداء: زﯾﺎدة ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠق ﺑوﻗت اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ واﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ واﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد، وھﻲ ﺳﻣﺎت ﺗﺗﻌﺎرض ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام: ﻣﺳﺗوىاﻟرﺿﺎ اﻟﺑﺷري اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻧظﺎم. اﻟﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ: ﺗردد اﻟﻔﺷل، ودﻗﺔ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﺧراج، وﻓﺗرة اﻟﻔﺷل، واﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺷل، وإﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺷل ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ )اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗوﺳﻌﺔ، اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛﯾف، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر، اﻟﺗواﻓق، وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛوﯾن(؛ ﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت.

CandidateArchitecture•Acandidatearchitectureforasystemis aparticulararrangementof staticanddynamicstructuresthathavethepotentialtoexhibitthe system’srequiredexternally visiblebehaviorsandqualityproperties.•Anarchitecturestyle(alsoknownasan“architecturepattern”) abstractsthecommonpropertiesof afamilyofsimilardesigns.•Anarchitecturestylecontainsasetofrules,constraints,andpatterns of howtostructurea systemintoasetofelementsandconnectors.•Anarchitecturestyleisaviewpointabstractionforasoftware structurethatisdomain-independent.•Asystemcanadoptheterogeneousarchitectures—thatis,morethan onearchitecturestylecancoexistinthe samedesign.ﺳﻣﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل )ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﻼﺣظﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل(؛ أدﺧل: اﻟﺗواﻓر: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﻛون ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدار اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ طوال اﻷﺳﺑوع. اﻷﻣﺎن: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﮭﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﺿﺎرة ﻣن ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻧظﺎم أو داﺧﻠﮫ. اﻷداء: زﯾﺎدة ﻛﻔﺎءةاﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠق ﺑوﻗت اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ واﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ واﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد، وھﻲ ﺳﻣﺎت ﺗﺗﻌﺎرض ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام: ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟرﺿﺎ اﻟﺑﺷري اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻧظﺎم. اﻟﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ: ﺗردد اﻟﻔﺷل، ودﻗﺔ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﺧراج، وﻓﺗرة اﻟﻔﺷل، واﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺷل، وإﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺷل ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ )اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗوﺳﻌﺔ، اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛﯾف، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر، اﻟﺗواﻓق، وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛوﯾن(؛ ﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت.

ArchitectureStyleKeycomponentsofanarchitecturestyle:•Elementsthatperformfunctionsrequiredbyasystem•Connectors that enable communication, coordination, and cooperation among elements•Constraintsthatdefinehowelementscan beintegratedtoform thesystem•Attributesthatdescribethe advantagesanddisadvantagesofthechosenstructureForexample:•In the data-centric style, the data store plays a central role and is accessed frequentlybyotherelementsthatmodify data.•In the dataflow style,inputdata aretransformedbyaseries ofcomputational ormanipulativeelements.ﺳﻣﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل )ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﻼﺣظﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل(؛ أدﺧل: اﻟﺗواﻓر: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎمﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﻛون ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدار اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ طوال اﻷﺳﺑوع. اﻷﻣﺎن: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﮭﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﺿﺎرة ﻣن ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻧظﺎم أو داﺧﻠﮫ. اﻷداء: زﯾﺎدة ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠق ﺑوﻗت اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ واﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ واﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد، وھﻲ ﺳﻣﺎت ﺗﺗﻌﺎرض ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام: ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟرﺿﺎ اﻟﺑﺷري اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻧظﺎم. اﻟﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ: ﺗردد اﻟﻔﺷل، ودﻗﺔ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﺧراج، وﻓﺗرة اﻟﻔﺷل، واﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺷل، وإﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺷل ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ )اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗوﺳﻌﺔ، اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛﯾف، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر، اﻟﺗواﻓق، وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔاﻟﺗﻛوﯾن(؛ ﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت.

ArchitectureStyleMultitierarchitectureiscommonlyusedfordistributedsystems.It usuallyconsistsof threeelementtypes,as follows:.1Theclientelementisresponsibleforgraphical userinterfacepresentation, acceptinguser requests, and renderingresults..2Themiddlewareelementgetstherequestsfrom the clientelement, processes the requests based on the business logic, and sends a data requesttothebackendtier..3Thedata storeserverelementmanagesdataqueryingand updating.Allthreetypesofelementsareconnectedviaanetwork(e.g.,the Internet).ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻌﻣﺎرة ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻷﺟﮭزة ﺑﺷﻛل ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻸﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣوزﻋﺔ. وھو ﯾﺗﺄﻟف ﻋﺎدة ﻣن ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر، ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺣو اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ: ﻋﻧﺻر اﻟﻌﻣﯾل ﻣﺳؤول ﻋن ﻋرض واﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟرﺳوﻣﯾﺔ وﻗﺑول طﻠﺑﺎتاﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم وﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ. اﻟﻌﻧﺻر اﻟوﺳﯾط ﯾﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطﻠﺑﺎت ﻣن ﻋﻧﺻر اﻟﻌﻣﯾل، ﯾﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟطﻠﺑﺎت اﺳﺗﻧﺎدا إﻟﻰ ﻣﻧطق اﻟﻌﻣل، وﯾرﺳل طﻠب ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ. ﻋﻧﺻر ﺧﺎدم ﻣﺧزن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إدارة اﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼم ﻋن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺣدﯾﺛﮭﺎ. ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﻧواع اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﺑر ﺷﺑﻛﺔ )ﻣﺛل اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت(.

•Astakeholderinaarchitectureisaperson,group,orentitywithan interestinorconcernsabouttherealizationofthearchitecture.•Aconcernaboutanarchitectureisarequirement,anobjective,an intention,oranaspirationastakeholderhasforthatarchitecture.•Agoodarchitectureisonethatsuccessfullymeetstheobjectives, goals,andneedsof itsstakeholders.•Stakeholders (explicitly or implicitly) drive the whole shape and direction of the architecture, which is developed solely for their benefitandtoservetheirneeds.•Stakeholdersultimatelymakeordirectthefundamentaldecisions aboutscope,functionality,operationalcharacteristics,andstructure oftheeventual productor system.Stakeholderﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ھو ﺷﺧص أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ أو ﻛﯾﺎن ﻟدﯾﮫ ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﯾقاﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ أو ﻣﺧﺎوف ﺑﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ. إن اﻻھﺗﻣﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ھو ﻣطﻠب أو ھدف أو ﻧﯾﺔ أو طﻣوح ﻟدى ﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻟﮭذا اﻟﮭﯾﻛل. إن اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﯾدة ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻘق ﺑﻧﺟﺎح أھداف وأھدافواﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ. أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ )ﺻراﺣﺔ أو ﺿﻣﻧﺎ( ﻣﺣرك ﻛﺎﻣل ﺷﻛل واﺗﺟﺎه اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ، اﻟﺗﻲ وﺿﻌت ﻓﻘط ﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺗﮭم وﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮭم. وﯾﺗﺧذ أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﺎف أو ﯾوﺟﮭون اﻟﻘرارات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﺄن ﻧطﺎق اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ أو اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ ووظﺎﺋﻔﮫ وﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﮫ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ وھﯾﻛﻠﮫ.

ViewpointsandViews•A view is a representation of structural aspects of an architecture that illustrateshowthearchitectureaddressesconcernsheldbystakeholders.•An architectural view is a way to portray those aspects of the architecture thatarerelevanttotheconcernswith referencetothis view.•A viewpoint is a collection of patterns, templates, and conventions for constructingonetypeofview.•A viewpoint defines the stakeholders whose concerns are reflected in the viewpoint and the guidelines, principles, and template models for constructingitsviews.•Viewpoints make available a library of templates and patterns that can be used to guide the creation of an architectural view that can be inserted into anarchitecturaldescription.ﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ھو ﺷﺧص أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ أو ﻛﯾﺎن ﻟدﯾﮫ ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﯾقاﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ أو ﻣﺧﺎوف ﺑﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ. إن اﻻھﺗﻣﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ھو ﻣطﻠب أو ھدف أو ﻧﯾﺔ أو طﻣوح ﻟدى ﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻟﮭذا اﻟﮭﯾﻛل. إن اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔاﻟﺟﯾدة ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻘق ﺑﻧﺟﺎح أھداف وأھداف واﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ. أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ )ﺻراﺣﺔ أو ﺿﻣﻧﺎ( ﻣﺣرك ﻛﺎﻣل ﺷﻛل واﺗﺟﺎه اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ، اﻟﺗﻲ وﺿﻌت ﻓﻘط ﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺗﮭم وﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮭم. وﯾﺗﺧذ أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﺎف أو ﯾوﺟﮭون اﻟﻘرارات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﺄن ﻧطﺎق اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ أو اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ ووظﺎﺋﻔﮫ وﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﮫ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ وھﯾﻛﻠﮫ.

ViewpointCatalog•Information, describes the way that the architecture stores, manipulates, manages,anddistributesinformation.•Functional, describes the system’s functional elements, their responsibilities,interfaces,andprimaryinteractions.•Concurrency,describestheconcurrencystructureofthesystemandmapsfunctionalelementstoconcurrencyunits toclearlyidentifythepartsofthesystem that can execute concurrently and how this performance is coordinated andcontrolled.•Development, describes the architecture that supports the software developmentprocess.•Deployment, describestheenvironmentinto whichthesystemwillbedeployed, including capturing the dependencies the system has on its runtimeenvironment.•Operations, describes how the system will be operated, administered, and supportedwhenit is runningin itsproductionenvironment.ﺗﺻف اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺗﺧزﯾن اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﮭﺎ وإدارﺗﮭﺎ وﺗوزﯾﻌﮭﺎ. وظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ، وﯾﺻفﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ، وﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ ، واﺟﮭﺎت ، واﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ. اﻟﺗزاﻣن ، وﯾﺻف ھﯾﻛل اﻟﺗزاﻣن ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم واﻟﺧراﺋط ﻋﻧﺎﺻر وظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟوﺣدات اﻟﺗزاﻣن ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد أﺟزاء ﻣن اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟذيﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗزاﻣن وﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﺳﯾق ھذا اﻷداء واﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ. اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ، وﯾﺻف اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻋم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت. اﻟﻧﺷر، ﯾﺻف اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﯾﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻧﺷر، ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﺗﻘﺎط اﻟﺗﺑﻌﯾﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ. اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت، ﺗﺻف ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻧظﺎم وإدارﺗﮫ ودﻋﻣﮫ ﻋﻧد ﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ.

ViewpointBenefits•Management ofcomplexity•Communicationwithstakeholdergroups•Separationofconcerns•Improveddeveloperfocusconsiderstheideathatthearchitectural descriptionisthe foundationof thesystemdesignإدارة اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد اﻟﺗواﺻل ﻣﻊ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﻔﺻل ﺑﯾن اﻟﺷواﻏل ﺗﺣﺳﯾنﺗرﻛﯾز اﻟﻣطور ﯾﻌﺗﺑر ﻓﻛرة أن اﻟوﺻف اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎري ھو أﺳﺎس ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻧظﺎم

•Anarchitecturalperspectiveisacollectionofactivities,tactics,and guidelinesthatareusedtoensurethatasystemexhibitsa particular setofrelatedqualitypropertiesthatrequireconsiderationacrossa numberofthesystem’sarchitecturalviews.•Mostimportantperspectivesforlargeinformationsystemsinclude:•PerformanceandScalability•AvailabilityandResilience•Security•EvolutionPerspectivesاﻟﻣﻧظور اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎري ھو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ واﻟﺗﻛﺗﯾﻛﺎت واﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﺿﻣﺎن أن ﯾﻌرض اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺟودة ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗطﻠب اﻟﻧظر ﻋﺑر ﻋدد ﻣن وﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم. وﺗﺷﻣلأھم وﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر ﻟﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ: اﻷداء وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ اﻟﺗواﻓر واﻟﻣروﻧﺔ أﻣن ﺗطور

PerspectivesAdvantages.1Aperspectiveisausefulstoreof knowledge,helpingonetoquickly reviewtheirarchitecturalmodelsforaparticularqualityproperty withouthavingtoabsorbalargequantityof highlydetailed material..2A perspective acts as an effective guide when one is working in an area that is new to them/when they are unfamiliar with its typical concerns,problems,andsolutions..3Aperspectiveisausefulmemoryaid whenoneisworkinginan areathattheyaremorefamiliarwith,tomakesurethattheydon’t forgetanythingimportant.اﻟﻣﻧظور ھو ﻣﺧزن ﻣﻔﯾد ﻟﻠﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ، ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺎﻋد اﻟﻣرء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣراﺟﻌﺔ ﻧﻣﺎذﺟﮫ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺎر ذي ﺟودة ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ دون اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺗﯾﻌﺎب ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ. ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﻧظور ﻛدﻟﯾل ﻓﻌﺎل ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣرء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎل ﺟدﯾد ﻋﻠﯾﮫ / ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻏﯾر ﻣﺄﻟوف ﻣﻊ اھﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ وﻣﺷﺎﻛﻠﮫ وﺣﻠوﻟﮫ. اﻟﻣﻧظورھو ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻣﻔﯾدة ﻟﻠذاﻛرة ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣرء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ھم أﻛﺛر دراﯾﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ ،ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن أﻧﮭم ﻻ ﯾﻧﺳونأي ﺷﻲء ﻣﮭم.

BenefitsofApplyingPerspectivestoaView•Providescommonconventions,measurements,orevena notationor languagethatcanbe usedtodescribethe system’squalities.•Definesconcernsthatguidearchitecturaldecision-makingtohelp ensurethattheresultingarchitecturewillexhibitthe quality propertiesconsideredbytheperspective.•Describeshowonecanvalidatethearchitecturetodemonstratethat itmeetsitsrequirementsacrosseach of theviews.•Mayofferrecognizedsolutionstocommonproblems,thushelpingto shareknowledgebetweenarchitects.•Helpsworkinginasystematicwaytoensurethattherelevant concernsareaddressedbythesystem.اﻟﻣﻧظور ھو ﻣﺧزن ﻣﻔﯾد ﻟﻠﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ، ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺎﻋد اﻟﻣرء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣراﺟﻌﺔ ﻧﻣﺎذﺟﮫ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺳرﻋﺔﻟﻌﻘﺎر ذي ﺟودة ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ دون اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺗﯾﻌﺎبﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ. ﯾﻌﻣلاﻟﻣﻧظور ﻛدﻟﯾل ﻓﻌﺎل ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣرء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎل ﺟدﯾد ﻋﻠﯾﮫ / ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻏﯾر ﻣﺄﻟوف ﻣﻊ اھﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ وﻣﺷﺎﻛﻠﮫ وﺣﻠوﻟﮫ. اﻟﻣﻧظور ھو ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻣﻔﯾدة ﻟﻠذاﻛرة ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣرء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ھم أﻛﺛردراﯾﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ ، ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن أﻧﮭم ﻻ ﯾﻧﺳون أي ﺷﻲء ﻣﮭم.

PerspectivesCatalog

PerspectivesCatalogPerspectivesaredefinedwithdetailslike:•Applicability:explainswhichof yourviewsaremostlikelytobe affectedbyapplyingthe perspective.•Concerns:definesthequalitypropertiesthattheperspective addresses.•Activities:identifiestheimportantqualityproperties,analyzingthe viewsagainsttheseproperties,andmakingarchitecturaldesign decisionsthatmodifyandimprovetheviews.•Architecturaltactics:an establishedandprovenapproachonecan usetohelpachieveaparticularqualityproperty.•Problemsandpitfalls:explainsthe mostcommonthingsthatcango wrongandgivesguidanceonhowtorecognizeandavoidthem.اﻟﻣﻧظور ھو ﻣﺧزن ﻣﻔﯾد ﻟﻠﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ، ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺎﻋد اﻟﻣرء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣراﺟﻌﺔ ﻧﻣﺎذﺟﮫ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺎر ذيﺟودة ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ دون اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺗﯾﻌﺎب ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ. ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﻧظور ﻛدﻟﯾل ﻓﻌﺎل ﻋﻧدﻣﺎﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣرء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎل ﺟدﯾد ﻋﻠﯾﮫ / ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻏﯾر ﻣﺄﻟوف ﻣﻊ اھﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ وﻣﺷﺎﻛﻠﮫ وﺣﻠوﻟﮫ.اﻟﻣﻧظور ھو ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻣﻔﯾدة ﻟﻠذاﻛرة ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣرء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ھم أﻛﺛر دراﯾﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ ، ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن أﻧﮭم ﻻ ﯾﻧﺳون أيﺷﻲء ﻣﮭم.

PerspectivesCatalog

TheChangePerspective•Desiredquality:Theabilityofthesystemtobeflexibleinthefaceofthe inevitablechangeexperiencedafter deployment.•Applicability:Moreimportantforlonger-livedandwidelyusedsystems.•Concerns: Magnitude of change, dimensions of change, likelihood of change,timescaleforchange,andwhentopay forchange.•Activities:Characterizethechangeneeds,assessthecurrenteaseof change,andconsiderthechangetradeoffs.•Architectural tactics: Contain change, create flexible interfaces, apply change-orientedarchitecturalstyles,andbuildvariationpointsintothe software.•Problems and pitfalls: Prioritization of the wrong dimensions, changes that neverhappen,andimpactsofchangeon criticalqualityproperties.اﻟﺟودة اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﻛون ﻣرﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣواﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﺣﺗﻣﻲ اﻟذي ﺷﮭدﺗﮫ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻧﺷر. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق: أﻛﺛر أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻧظﻣﺔ اﻷطول ﻋﻣرا واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ. اﻟﺷواﻏل: ﺣﺟم اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر، وأﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر، واﺣﺗﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر، واﻟﺟدول اﻟزﻣﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﯾﯾر، وﻣﺗﻰ ﻧدﻓﻊ ﺛﻣن اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر. اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ: ﺗﻣﯾز اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر، وﻗﯾم اﻟﺳﮭوﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﯾﯾر، واﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺿﺎت اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر. اﻟﺗﻛﺗﯾﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ: ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر، وإﻧﺷﺎء واﺟﮭﺎت ﻣرﻧﺔ، وﺗطﺑﯾق أﻧﻣﺎط ﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣوﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﺣو اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر، وﺑﻧﺎء ﻧﻘﺎط اﻻﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ. اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل واﻟﻣزاﻟق: ﺗﺣدﯾد أوﻟوﯾﺎت اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺧﺎطﺋﺔ، واﻟﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺣدث أﺑدا، وﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺟودة اﻟﺣرﺟﺔ.

ApplicabilityoftheChangePerspective.aFunctionalviewmaybeinformedbytheChangeperspectiveby enabling thefunctionalstructuretoreflecttherequiredchange..bInformation view may be informed by the Change perspective by mandatinga flexibleinformationmodel..cConcurrencyviewmaybeinformedbytheChangeperspectiveby dictating a particular element packaging or some constraints on the concurrencystructure.dDevelopmentviewmaybeinformedbytheChangeperspectiveby determiningtheimpact on thedevelopmentenvironment..eDeploymentviewmaybeinformedbytheChangeperspective by defining impact on the Deployment view because system change usually affectsstructuresdescribedinotherviews..fOperational view may be informed by the Change perspective to the extentthatit impactson theoperationalview.وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌرض اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرة ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﺑﺗﻣﻛﯾن اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ ﻣن أن ﯾﻌﻛس اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﻣطﻠوب. وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرة ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔوﯾض ﻧﻣوذج ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣرن. ﻗد ﯾﺗم إﻋﻼم طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﺗزاﻣن ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻣن ﺧﻼل إﻣﻼء ﺣزﻣﺔ ﻋﻧﺻرﻣﻌﯾن أو ﺑﻌض اﻟﻘﯾود ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗزاﻣن وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺳﺗﻧد وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻷﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ. ﻗد ﯾﺗم إﻋﻼم طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﻧﺷر ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرضاﻟﻧﺷر ﻷن ﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﻧظﺎم ﯾؤﺛر ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻣوﺿﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ طرق اﻟﻌرض اﻷﺧرى. وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون وﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻧظر اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرةﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﺑﻘدر ﻣﺎ ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻧظر اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ.

Tacticsforenhancement•Containchange•Createflexible interfaces•Buildvariationpointsintothe system•Use standardextensionpoints•Implementreliable changes•Applychange-orientedarchitecturalstylesاﺣﺗواء اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر إﻧﺷﺎء واﺟﮭﺎت ﻣرﻧﺔ إﻧﺷﺎء ﻧﻘﺎطﺗﺑﺎﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺗﻣدﯾد اﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻣوﺛوﻗﺔ ﺗطﺑﯾقأﻧﻣﺎط ﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ذات ﺗوﺟﮫ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر

AvailabilityPerspectives•Desired quality: the ability of the system to be fully or partly operational as and when requiredandtoeffectivelyhandlefailuresthat couldaffectsystem availability.•Applicability:anysystemthathascomplexorextendedavailabilityrequirements, complex recoveryprocesses,or ahighvisibilityprofile•Concerns:classesofservice,planneddowntime,unplanneddowntime,time to repair,and disaster recovery•Activities:capturetheavailabilityrequirements,producetheavailability schedule, estimate platform availability, estimate functional availability, and assessagainst the requirements.•Architecturaltactics:select fault-toleranthardware,usehardware-clustering andload-balancing,logtransactions, andapplysoftwareavailability solutions.•Problemsandpitfalls:a single pointoffailure,ineffectiveerrordetection, overlookedglobalavailabilityrequirements,andincompatibletechnologies.اﻟﺟودة اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ أنﯾﻛون ﺟﺎھزا ﻟﻠﻌﻣل ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺎﻣل أو ﺟزﺋﻲ ﻋﻧد اﻻﻗﺗﺿﺎء واﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻋطﺎل اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰﺗواﻓر اﻟﻧظﺎم. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق: أيﻧظﺎم ﻟدﯾﮫ ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت ﺗوﻓر ﻣﻌﻘدة أو ﻣوﺳﻌﺔ، أو ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﺳﺗرداد ﻣﻌﻘدة، أو ﻣﻠف ﺗﻌرﯾف ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟوﺿوح اﻟﻣﺧﺎوف: ﻓﺋﺎت اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ، واﻟﺗوﻗف اﻟﻣﺧطط ﻟﮫ، واﻟﺗوﻗف ﻏﯾراﻟﻣﺧطط ﻟﮫ، ووﻗت اﻹﺻﻼح، واﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻛوارث اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ: ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﺗواﻓر، وإﻋداد ﺟدول اﻟﺗواﻓر، وﺗﻘدﯾر ﺗواﻓر اﻟﻣﻧﺻﺔ، وﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﺗواﻓر اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ، واﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻼﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت. اﻟﺗﻛﺗﯾﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ: ﺣدد اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﺗﺳﺎﻣﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧطﺎء، واﺳﺗﺧدم ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺟﮭزة و ﻣوازﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻣﯾل وﺗﺳﺟﯾل اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت وﺗطﺑﯾق ﺣﻠول ﺗوﻓر اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ. اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل واﻟﻣزاﻟق: ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻓﺷل واﺣدة، واﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻷﺧطﺎء ﻏﯾر اﻟﻔﻌﺎل، وﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﺗواﻓر اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ، واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎت ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗواﻓﻘﺔ.

ApplicabilityoftheAvailabilityPerspective•The Functional view may be informed by the Availability perspective by enablingthebusiness’sability tooperateeffectively.•The Information view may be informed by the Availability perspective by consideringthesetof processesandsystemsforbackupandrecovery.•The Concurrency view may be informed by the Availability perspective by incorporating featuressuchashardwarereplicationandfailoverinthe system.•The Development view may be informed by the Availability perspective by imposingdesignconstraintson thesoftware modules•The Deployment view may be informed by the Availability perspective by mandatinga fault-tolerantproductionenvironment.•The Operational view may be informed by the Availability perspective to allow the identification and recovery of problems in the production environment.وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون وﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻧظر اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرة ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗواﻓر ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﻣﻛﯾن ﻗدرة اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻣل ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ. ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرة ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗوﻓر ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻧظر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻷﻧظﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺳﺦ اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ واﻻﺳﺗرداد. ﻗد ﯾﺗم إﻋﻼم طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﺗزاﻣن ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗوﻓر ﻋن طرﯾق دﻣﺞ ﻣﯾزات ﻣﺛل اﻟﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﻣﺗﻣﺎﺛل ﻟﻸﺟﮭزة و ﺗﺟﺎوز اﻟﻔﺷل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم. ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون رأي اﻟﺗطوﯾر ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرا ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗوﻓر ﺑﻔرض ﻗﯾود ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣدات اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ ﻗد ﯾﺗم إﻋﻼم طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﻧﺷر ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗوﻓر ﻋن طرﯾق ﺗﻔوﯾض ﺑﯾﺋﺔ إﻧﺗﺎج ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻣﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧطﺎء. وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون وﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻧظر اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرة ﺑﻣﻧظور اﻟﺗواﻓر ﻟﻠﺳﻣﺎح ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻓﻲ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج واﺳﺗردادھﺎ.

TacticsforEnhancement•Selectfault-toleranthardware•Usehardwareclusteringandloadbalancing•Logtransactions•Implementfault-tolerantsoftware•Implementsoftwareavailabilitysolution•Implementbackupanddisasterrecoverysolutionsﺗﺣدﯾد اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺣﻣل اﻷﺧطﺎء اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت اﻷﺟﮭزة وﻣوازﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻣﯾل ﺗﺳﺟﯾل اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﺑراﻣﺞ ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻣﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧطﺎء ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﺣل ﺗوﻓر اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﺣﻠول اﻟﻧﺳﺦ اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻛوارث

ScalabilityPerspective•Desiredquality:the abilityof the systemtopredictablyexecute withinitsmandatedperformanceprofile.•Applicability:systemswithcomplexperformancerequirements;and systemswherefutureexpansionislikelytobesignificant•Concerns:responsetime,throughput,scalability,predictability, hardwareresourcerequirements,andpeakloadbehavior.•Activities:capturetheperformancerequirements,createthe performancemodels,andanalyzetheperformancemodels.•Architecturaltactics:optimizerepeated processing,reduce contentionviareplication,andprioritizeprocessing.•Problemsandpitfalls:impreciseperformanceandscalabilitygoals, unrealisticmodels,anduseof simplemeasuresforcomplexcases.اﻟﺟودة اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ: ﻗدرة اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﺿﻣن ﻣﻠف اﻷداء اﻟذي ﺗم ﺗﻛﻠﯾﻔﮫﺑﮫ. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق: أﻧظﻣﺔ ذات ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت أداء ﻣﻌﻘدة؛ واﻟﻧظم اﻟﺗﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻣرﺟﺢ أن ﯾﻛون اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻲ ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻛﺑﯾرا اﻟﻣﺧﺎوف: وﻗت اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ واﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ وإﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ وﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت ﻣوارد اﻷﺟﮭزة وﺳﻠوك اﻟﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟذروة. اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ: اﻟﺗﻘﺎط ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻷداء، وإﻧﺷﺎء ﻧﻣﺎذج اﻷداء، وﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﻧﻣﺎذج اﻷداء. اﻟﺗﻛﺗﯾﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ: ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻛررة، واﻟﺣد ﻣن اﻟﺧﻼف ﻋﺑر اﻟﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﻣﺗﻣﺎﺛل، وﺗﺣدﯾد أوﻟوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ. اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل واﻟﻣزاﻟق: أھداف اﻷداء واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗوﺳﻊ ﻏﯾر اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ، واﻟﻧﻣﺎذج ﻏﯾر اﻟواﻗﻌﯾﺔ، واﺳﺗﺧدام ﺗداﺑﯾر ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة.

ApplicabilityoftheScalabilityPerspective•TheFunctionalviewmaybeinformedbytheScalabilityperspective byrevealing theneedforchangesandcompromisestoone’sideal functionalstructuretoachievethesystem’sperformance requirements.•TheInformationviewmaybeinformedbytheScalabilityperspective byprovidingusefulinputtoperformancemodels,identifyingshared resourcesandthetransactionalrequirementsofeach.•TheConcurrencyviewmaybeinformedbytheScalability perspective tochangetheconcurrencydesignbyidentifyingproblemssuchas excessivecontentionon keyresources.ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌرض اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرة ﺑﻣﻧظور ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻛﺷف ﻋن اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯾﯾرات وﺗﻧﺎزﻻتﻟﻠﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت أداء اﻟﻧظﺎم. ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺗم إﻋﻼم طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﻣﻧظور ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗوﻓﯾر ﻣدﺧﻼت ﻣﻔﯾدة ﻟﻧﻣﺎذج اﻷداء وﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ وﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻟﻛل ﻣﻧﮭﺎ.ﻗد ﯾﺗم إﻋﻼم طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﺗزاﻣن ﺑﻣﻧظور ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺗزاﻣن ﻋن طرﯾق ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻣﺛل اﻟﺗﻧﺎزع اﻟﻣﻔرط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣوارد اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ.

ApplicabilityoftheScalabilityPerspective•TheDevelopmentviewmaybeinformedbytheScalability perspectivethroughasetofguidelinesrelatedtoperformanceand scalabilitythatshouldbefollowedduringsoftwaredevelopment.•The Deployment view may be informed by the Scalability perspective through crucial inputs to the process of considering performance and scalability.•TheOperationalviewmaybeinformedbytheScalabilityperspective byhighlightingthe needforperformancemonitoringand management capabilities.وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرة ﺑﻣﻧظور ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷداء وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ اﺗﺑﺎﻋﮭﺎ أﺛﻧﺎء ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت. ﻗد ﯾﺗمإﻋﻼم طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋرض اﻟﻧﺷر ﺑﻣﻧظور ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣدﺧﻼت ﺣﺎﺳﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻧظر ﻓﻲ اﻷداء وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ. وﯾﻣﻛن أنﺗﻛون وﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻧظر اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾرة ﺑﻣﻧظور ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﺳﻠﯾط اﻟﺿوء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻗدرات رﺻد اﻷداء وإدارﺗﮫ.

TacticsforEnhancement•Optimizerepeatedprocessing•Reducecontentionthroughreplication•Prioritizeprocessing•Minimizeuseofsharedresources•Minimizepartitionandparallelize•Makedesigncompromisesﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﺧﻼف ﻣن ﺧﻼلاﻟﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﻣﺗﻣﺎﺛل ﺗﺣدﯾد أوﻟوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﺗﺻﻐﯾر اﻟﺗﻘﺳﯾم واﻟﺗوازي ﺗﻘدﯾم ﺗﻧﺎزﻻت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم

EnterpriseArchitectureFrameworks•Helps stakeholders to make decisions about enterprise design and operation.•Provides users with some confidence that the use of the reference architecturewill besuccessfulin thecurrentproject.•Facilitates communicationof theenterprisedesign.•Applicabletoawiderangeofenterprisesystemsand scenarios.•Establishesacommonmeanstoorganize,interpret,and analyze architecturaldescriptions•Identifies architectural concerns, generic stakeholders, viewpoints, and abstractionlevels.•Encouragesreuse.•Providesaunified,unambiguousdefinitionofterminology.ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺧﺎذ ﻗرارات ﺑﺷﺄن ﺗﺻﻣﯾم وﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت. ﯾوﻓر ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن ﺑﻌض اﻟﺛﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ أن اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ ﺳﯾﻛون ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺷروع اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ. ﯾﺳﮭل اﻟﺗواﺻل ﻣن ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ.ﯾﻧطﺑق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣن أﻧظﻣﺔ وﺳﯾﻧﺎرﯾوھﺎت اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. إﻧﺷﺎء وﺳﯾﻠﺔ ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﻟﺗﻧظﯾم وﺗﻔﺳﯾر وﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻷوﺻﺎفاﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﯾﺣدد اﻟﺷواﻏل اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ وأﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﯾن ووﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر وﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺟرﯾد. ﯾﺷﺟﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻋﺎدة اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام. ﯾوﻓر ﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎ ﻣوﺣدا ﻻ ﻟﺑس ﻓﯾﮫ ﻟﻠﻣﺻطﻠﺣﺎت.

TheZachmanFrameworkSixtypesofviews.1Planner’sView-executivesummaryfortheproject..2Owner’sView-ahigh-levelviewof thesystemfromtheowner’spointofview..3Designer’sView-moretechnicallydetailedview ofthesystem..4Builder’sView-emphasiswillbeonimplementationissuesand constraints..5Subcontractor’sView-detaileddesignsthataregiventothedevelopment team..6ActualSystemView-the actualsystemsthatarebeingdeveloped.ﺳﺗﺔ أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﻣﺷﺎھدات ﻋرض اﻟﻣﺧطط -ﻣﻠﺧص ﺗﻧﻔﯾذي ﻟﻠﻣﺷروع. ﻋرض اﻟﻣﺎﻟك -ﻋرض رﻓﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم ﻣن وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر اﻟﻣﺎﻟك ﻣﻧظر. ﻋرض اﻟﻣﺻﻣم -ﻋرض أﻛﺛر ﺗﻔﺻﯾﻼ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧظﺎم. رأي ﻣﻧﺷﺊ –وﺳوف ﯾﻛون اﻟﺗرﻛﯾزﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺿﺎﯾﺎ اﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ واﻟﻘﯾود.ﻋرض اﻟﻣﻘﺎول ﻣن اﻟﺑﺎطن -ﺗﺻﺎﻣﯾم ﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻌطﻰ ﻟﻔرﯾقاﻟﺗطوﯾر. ﻋرض اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ-اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗطوﯾرھﺎ.

The OpenGroupArchitectureFramework•TOGAFprovidesanapproachfordesigning,planning,implementing, andgoverninganenterpriseITarchitecture.•TOGAFisasetofphasesandassociatedprocessesintheformofan architecturedevelopmentmethod(ADM)thatwillenableanEAtobe createdforan organization.•Insteadof views,TOGAFfocuseslargely onmanagementand planning,ratherthantheactualdevelopmentofthearchitectureand itsviews.ﯾوﻓر TOGAF ﻧﮭﺟﺎ ﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم وﺗﺧطﯾط وﺗﻧﻔﯾذ وإدارة ﺑﻧﯾﺔﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت. TOGAF ھو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣراﺣل واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل أﺳﻠوب ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ )ADM) اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗﻣﻛن EA ﻟﯾﺗم إﻧﺷﺎؤھﺎ ﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ. وﺑدﻻ ﻣن اﻵراء، ﯾرﻛز ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹدارة واﻟﺗﺧطﯾط إﻟﻰ ﺣد ﻛﺑﯾر، ﺑدﻻ ﻣن اﻟﺗطوﯾر اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ وآراﺋﮭﺎ.

TOGAFADMThe ADMisan iterativeprocess coveringallphasesofEAdevelopment thatisadaptabletothe specificneeds ofanyenterprise.ADM ھﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛرارﯾﺔ ﺗﻐطﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣراﺣل ﺗطوﯾر EA ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﯾف ﻣﻊ اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﺣددة ﻷي ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ.

FederalEnterpriseArchitectureFramework•FEAFisprimarilyintendedforEAdevelopmentongoinginfederal agenciesforthepurposeof standardizingthedevelopmentanduseof architectureswithinandbetweenthesefederalagencies.•FEAFprovidesboth,astructure(theConsolidatedReferenceModel) andamethodology(theCollaborativePlanningMethodology).•TheConsolidatedReferenceModelconsistsofsixreferencemodels andprovidesstandardizedcategorizationforstrategic,business,and technologymodel.•TheCollaborativePlanningMethodologyisafullplanningand implementationlifecycleforfederalEAsconsistingoftwomain phases:(1)organizeandplanand(2)implementandmeasure.وﯾﮭدف FEAF ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻘﺎم اﻷول ﻟﺗطوﯾر EA اﻟﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻛﺎﻻت اﻻﺗﺣﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻐرض ﺗوﺣﯾد ﺗطوﯾر واﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑﻧﻰ داﺧل وﺑﯾن ھذه اﻟوﻛﺎﻻت اﻻﺗﺣﺎدﯾﺔ. ﯾوﻓر FEAF ﻛﻼ ﻣن ھﯾﻛل )اﻟﻧﻣوذج اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﻲ اﻟﻣوﺣد( وﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺔ )ﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط اﻟﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻲ(. ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﻧﻣوذج اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﻲ اﻟﻣوﺣد ﻣن ﺳﺗﺔ ﻧﻣﺎذج ﻣرﺟﻌﯾﺔ وﯾوﻓر ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﺎ ﻣوﺣدا ﻟﻠﻧﻣوذج اﻻﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﻲ واﻟﺗﺟﺎري واﻟﺗﻘﻧﻲ. ﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط اﻟﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻲ ھﻲ دورة ﺣﯾﺎة ﺗﺧطﯾط وﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔل EAs اﻻﺗﺣﺎدﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن ﻣرﺣﻠﺗﯾن رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺗﯾن: )1( اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم واﻟﺗﺧطﯾط و )2( اﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ واﻟﺗداﺑﯾر.

Departmentof DefenseArchitectureFramework•DODAFisaview-orientedarchitectureframeworkthatprovidesan organizedmeta-model-basedvisualizationinfrastructurefor addressingspecificstakeholdersconcerns.•Theframeworkconsistsofeightmainviewpointsthatdefinespecifies rulesforconstructinga viewonthesystemunderdevelopment.•AllDODAFviewsmustfollowaUnifiedModelingLanguage-based meta-model.•DODAFcontainsonlya high-level,six-stepphasemodelfordealing withthedevelopmentprocessof anEA.22-إن DODAF ھو إطﺎر ﻣﻌﻣﺎري ﻣوﺟﮫ ﻧﺣو اﻟرؤﯾﺔ ﯾوﻓر ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺻور ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻧﻣوذج ﺗﻠوي ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺷواﻏل ﻣﺣددة ﻷﺻﺣﺎباﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ. وﯾﺗﺄﻟف اﻹطﺎر ﻣن ﺛﻣﺎﻧﻲوﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﺗﺣدد ﻗواﻋد ﺑﻧﺎء وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر ﺑﺷﺄن اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻗﯾد اﻟﺗطوﯾر. ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ طرق اﻟﻌرض DODAF ﻧﻣوذج ﺗﻌرﯾﻔﻲ ﯾﺳﺗﻧد إﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻧﻣذﺟﺔاﻟﻣوﺣدة. ﻻ ﯾﺣﺗوي DODAF إﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻣوذج ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ رﻓﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﻣن ﺳت ﺧطوات ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗطوﯾر EA.

Ministryof DefenseArchitectureFramework•Eachviewpointof MODAFoffersadifferentperspectiveonthesystem of asystemsprojecttosupportdifferentstakeholderconcernsand interests.•MODAFconsistsof sevendifferentviewpoints:.1AllViewsviewpoint–definethegeneric,high-levelinformation thatappliestoalloftheotherviewpoints..2StrategicViewviewpoint–definesviewsthatsupporttheanalysis andoptimizationof militarycapability..3OperationalViewviewpoint–containsviewsthatdescribethe operationalelementsrequiredtomeetthecapabilitiesdefinedin thestrategicviews.15-وﺗﻘدم ﻛل وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر ﻣن وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر وزارة اﻟدﻓﺎع ﻣﻧظورا ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺎ ﺑﺷﺄن ﻧظﺎم ﻣﺷروع اﻟﻧظم ﻟدﻋم ﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﺷواﻏل وﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ. ﯾﺗﻛون MODAF ﻣن ﺳﺑﻊ وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ: ﺟﻣﯾﻊ وﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر –ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ رﻓﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧطﺑق ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ وﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر اﻷﺧرى. وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر اﻟرؤﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ –ﺗﺣدد وﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻋم ﺗﺣﻠﯾل وﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ. وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر ﻋرض اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل -ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر ﺗﺻف اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻘدراتاﻟﻣﺣددة ﻓﻲ وﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر اﻻﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ.

MODAFViewpoints.4SystemViewviewpoint–containsviewsthatrelatedirectlytothe solutionthatisbeingofferedtomeettherequiredcapabilitiesthat havebeenidentifiedinthestrategicviewsandexpandeduponinthe operationalviews..5TechnicalStandardsViewviewpoint–containstwoviewsthatallow allof the relevantstandardstobedefined..6AcquisitionViewviewpoint –usedtoidentifyprogramsandprojects thatarerelevanttothe frameworkandthatwillbeexecutedto deliverthecapabilitiesthathavebeenidentifiedinthestrategy views.وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر System View -ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﺑﺎﻟﺣل اﻟذي ﯾﺗم ﺗﻘدﯾﻣﮫ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻘدرات اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾدھﺎ ﻓﻲ وﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر اﻻﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ وﺗوﺳﻌت ﻓﻲ وﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻧظر اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﯾﺔ. وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر ﻋرض اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ –ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ رأﯾﯾن ﯾﺳﻣﺣﺎن ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ. وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر Acquisition View –ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ واﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻹطﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذھﺎ ﻟﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﻘدرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾدھﺎ ﻓﻲ طرق ﻋرض اﻻﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ.

MainReference1.Chapter4(EnterpriseProcessManagementSystems:EngineeringProcessCentricEnterpriseSystemsusingBPMN2.0byVivekKale)AdditionalReferences1.Dunn,C.,Cherrington,J.,&Hollander,A.(2005).Enterprise informationsystems:A pattern-basedapproach(3rded.)

ThankYou

IT402IntegratedEnterpriseSystemsWeek6ProcessArchitecture

Lewin’sChangeManagementModelLewinobservedthreestagesof change:.1Unfreezephase:In ordertoencouragechange,itisnecessaryto unfreezetheenvironmentbymotivatingpeopletoacceptthe change..2Transitionphase:Thisiswherethechange(plan)isexecutedand actualchangeisbeingimplemented..3Refreezestage:Thisiswhentheorganizationonceagainbecomes unchanging/frozenuntilthenexttimea changeis initiated

DemingCycle ChangeManagementModel•A continuous improvement model composed of four sequentialsubprocesses..1Plan: Recognize an opportunity and plan a change. Understand the gap between residents’ expectations and what is being delivered; set priorities forclosinggaps;anddevelopanactionplantoclosethegaps..2Do:Executetheplan inasmallscale toprovetheconcept.Implement changesandcollectdatatodetermineif gaps areclosing.3Check:Evaluatetheperformanceofthechangeandreporttheresultstothesponsor(s).Observetheeffectsofthechangeandtest—analyzedataandpinpointproblems..4Act:Decideonacceptingthechangeandstandardizingitaspartoftheprocess

HierarchicalOrientationThekeyconceptsassociatedwithhierarchicalorientationare.aEnvironmentsarecharacterized bystability,limited uncertainty,andlimited“consumerism”..bPeople followthestructureandrulesdefinedby virtue of their position andresponsibilities..cMarkets do not change rapidly and the focus is not on flexibility,quality,service,or innovation.

ProcessOrientation•Aprocessorientationadoptsahorizontalviewoforganizationsby emphasizingnotionsofprocesses,processowners,teams,and empowermentanddeemphasizinghierarchicalstructures.•Businessprocesschangeintegratesdifferentviewsfromquality, informationtechnology,organizationalchange,innovation,andwork redesign.•Aprocess-orientedorganizationisanorganizationthatdefinesand manages businessprocessesexplicitly.

BusinessProcessManagement•Modelsof businessprocessesarethebasisforBPM.BPM•BPMincludesareassuchasbusinessprocessmodeling,formal models,analysisandverificationofbusinessprocesses,process mining,andworkflowmanagement.BPM •ABPMsupportsystemisagenericsoftwaresystemdrivenbyexplicit businessprocessdesignsthatenactsandmanagesoperational businessprocesses.BPM •ABPMsystemallowsforthemodificationof theprocessesit supports,thedeletionofprocesses,ortheincorporationofnew processes.BPM •

Process Architecture•Processarchitectureisthedesignandorganizationofbusinessprocessesandrelatedcomponentsintoaunifiedstructureandhierarchy.•Processcomponents,alsoknownasprocesselements,describethevariousunitsofaprocess.•ProcessArchitecturealignsperspectivesandeffortsacrossalllevelsandfunctionsinabusiness.

ProcessArchitectureBenefits•Process ownership: ensures accountability for the improvement of end-to-endprocessesacrosstheenterprise.•Strategy creation: A comprehensive overview of the processes across a company aidinthecreationandadjustmentofbusinessstrategies.•Strategicalignment:providesa lineofsight betweencorporatestrategies andfrontlineoperationalimprovementactivities.•Changemanagement:helpsgetemployeesready,willing,andableto acceptandembracenewwaysof working•.•Standardization:servesasa guidelineforprocessanalyststodevisebest practicesforhigh-levelandbasic processes.•Costing: assist with highlighting areas of waste as well as where process outputsdonot justifyinvestment.

ProcessArchitectureBenefits•Automationopportunities:identifyactivitieswithinprocessesthat couldbeautomatedtoreducetheburdenonstaffmembersand increasespeedandefficiency.•Simplification:enablesprocessarchitecturestohighlightredundant andcomplicatedprocesses.•Processvisibility:providestheabilitytoviewandanalyzeend-to-end processesindividuallyandinthewidercontextoftheenterprise.•Performancemetrics:embedskeyperformanceindicatorswithin processestoprovideimmediatefeedbackonprocessperformance.•Reducedcost:Theautomationofprocessesshouldresultinreduced operationalcostsfortheenterprise.

ProcessArchitectureBenefits•Fasterreactions:Simplificationandincreasedautomationshouldalso resultinquickerreactiontochangingmarketconditions.•Impactprediction:offermanagersinsightintohowprocesses interrelateandhowmodificationstoanyprocessmayaffect synchronizedprocesses.•Trainingbenefits:provideavisualrepresentationoftheprocessesandproceduresofanenterpriseandcanbeapowerfulfortrainingneworexistingstaff.

•Process architecture designs and organizes business processes and related componentsintoaunifiedstructureandhierarchy.•Architecting the business processes entails looking at it through various perspectivesorviewpoints•Functional perspective: describes the processes themselves and their structures.•Data and dataflow perspective: describes which data (or documents) a processstepconsumesorproduces•Behavioral perspective: describes the order in which processes must be executed.•Organizationalperspective:definespersonsorrolesthatareresponsible fortheexecutionof a given process.•Operationalperspective:definestoolsor systemsthatsupportthe executionof a process.ProcessPerspectives

ProcessViews•Anarchitecturalviewisarepresentationof asystemfromthe perspectiveof a relatedsetof concerns.•Thearchitecturalviewconceptoffersaseparationofconcernsthathas thepotentialtoresolvethecomplexitychallengesofaService OrientedArchitecture(SOA)process.SOA)•Perspectivesonbusinessprocessandserviceinteractionsareusedas centralviews,inwhicheach ofthemrepresentsacertainpartofthe processesandservices.•Abasicviewisdefinedcalledthecoreviewasafoundationforthe other views.•Otherviewsaredefinedbyextendingthecoreview.

TheCoreView•Thecoreviewistheplacewhereintherelationshipsamongtheviews aremaintained.•Thecoreviewprovidesanumberofimportantabstractelements, specifically,View,Process,andService.•Attheheartofthecoreviewis the Viewelementthatcaptures the architecturalviewconcept.•Eachspecificviewrepresents oneperspectiveonaparticular Process.

•AServicespecifiesexternalfunctionsthattheProcessprovidesor requires.•Aviewactsasa containerforviewelementsrepresentingthe objects whichappear insidetheProcess.•Theviewthatrepresentsconcernsofabusinessprocessaremostly derivedfromthecoreview.•The hierarchicalstructuresinwhichthoseelementsarerootscanbe usedtodefinetheintegrationpointsthatareusedtomergeviews.TheCoreView

TheControl-flowView•AnActivityelementisthebaseclassforotherelementssuchas Sequence,Flow,andSwitch.•Sequence:Anactivityisonlyenabledafterthecompletionofanother activityinthe samesequencestructure.•Flow:Allactivitiesofaflowstructureareexecutedinparallel.•Switch:Onlyoneofmanyalternativepathsofcontrolinsideaswitch structureisenabledaccordingtoaconditionvalue.•ASimpleActivityelementrepresentsaconcreteactionsuchasa serviceinvocation,a dataprocessingtask,andso on.SimpleActivity•TheStructuredActivityelementisan abstractrepresentationofa groupof relatedactivities.•

TheCollaborationView•ThecollaborationviewextendstherelationshipbetweenProcessandServiceelementsinthecoreview.•The Service element from the core view is extended by a specific Service elementthatexposesa numberof Interfaces.•An Operation represents an action that might need some inputs and producessomeoutputs viacorrespondentChannels.•AChannelonlyholdsareferencetoaMessageentity.•The ability and the responsibility of an interaction partner are modeled by theRoleelement.•These concepts are captured by using the PartnerLink and the PartnerLinkType elements, as are their relationships with the Role element.PartnerLinkPartnerLinkType•An interaction between the process and one of its partners is represented bytheInteractionelementthat associateswithaparticularPartnerLink.PartnerLink

TheControl-flow(a)vs.CollaborationView(b)

TheInformationView•Involvestherepresentationofdataobjectflowsinsidetheprocessandmessageobjectstravelingbackandforthbetweentheprocessandtheexternalworld.•ConsistsofanumberofBusinessObjectselements.•Dataflowinginsidethe processmightgothroughsome transformationsthatconvertexistingdatatoformnewpiecesofdata.•ThetransformationsareperformedinsideaDataHandlingobject.DataHandling•The sourceorthe targetofacertain transformationisan ObjectReferenceentitythatholdsareferencetoaparticular BusinessObject.ObjectReferenceBusinessObject

•TheHumanviewdefineshumanrolesandtheirrelationshipstothe respectiveprocessandtasks.•ItProcesselementsthatrequirehumaninteractionsarecalledasTasks.•It establishesarole-basedabstraction.••Role-basedaccesscontrolisadministeredthroughrolesandrole hierarchiesthatmirroranenterprise’sjobpositionsand organizational structure.•Usersareassignedmembershipintorolesconsistentwiththeir duties,competency,andresponsibility.TheHumanView

TheInformation(a) vs.Human(b)View(a)(b)

ReferenceProcessArchitecture:WorkflowSystems•Workflows are useful for the coordination of interrelated activities carried out by organizationmembersin order toexecuteabusinessprocess.•A WfMS defines, creates and manages the execution of workflows through theuseof software,runningon one or moreworkflowengines.WfMS•Workflow is defined, according to the WfMC, as the automation of a business process, in which documents, information, or tasks move from one participant to another in order to perform some actions in accordance witha setof procedurerules.WfMC•A distributed workflow is executed across an extended enterprise, in whichdifferentindividualsparticipateinordertoreachglobal objectives.•Collaborativeprocessplanningcanbeconsideredasabusinessprocess thatcanbemanagedusingdistributedworkflows.•

BasicWorkflowComponents•Activity:Adescriptionofapieceofworkthatformsonelogicalstepwithina process.•Participant: A resource that performs the work represented by a workflow activityinstance.•Role: A mechanism that associates participants to a collection of workflow activities.•Routing: A route defines the sequence of the steps that information must followwithin a workflow.•Transition rule: A transition rule is a logic expression that determines what actionsneedtobecarried out, dependingon thevalue oflogicoperators.•Event: An occurrence of a particular condition that causes the workflow managementsoftware totakeoneormoreactions.•Deadline:A time-basedschedulingconstraint, which requiresthatacertain activityworkbecompletedbya certaintime.•

TypesofWorkflow.1Administrativeworkflow:usedtoperformworkflowprocesses withdefinedprocedures,thoughnotasstructuredasinthecaseof Productionworkflow,aseachinstanceof theworkflowcanhavea differentamountof workassociatedwithit..2Productionworkflow:consistsofhighlyautomatedworkflow processes—thegoalof aProductionworkflowistoautomatethe processasmuchas possible..3Adhocworkflow:implementedbya usertoperformastringof actionsthatarise forabusinessscenario..4Collaborativeworkflow:involvesateam of peopleworking together.

WorkflowPerspectives1.Dataor InformationalPerspective:•Consistsof dataflowbetweenworkflowactivities.•Eachactivityisassignedasetofinputanda setofoutputparameters.•Thetransferof databetweenworkflowactivitiesisknownasdata flow.•Themodelingof dataisrequiredtopermitworkflowmanagement systemstocontrolthe transferofworkflowrelevantdataas generatedbyworkflowactivitiesduringworkflow executions.•Byprovidinggraphiclanguageconstructstorepresentdataflow betweenactivities,theinformationalperspectivecanbevisualized andusedtovalidateandoptimizeapplicationprocesses.

WorkflowPerspectives2.ContextofOrganizationalPerspective:•WfMS requires information on the context that is organizational as well as onthetechnicalenvironmentinwhichtheworkflowswillbeexecuted.WfMS•Atomicworkflowscanbeeitherautomatic ormanual.•Manual atomic workflows are executed by persons who may use applicationprograms todoso.•automatic atomic workflows are executed by software systems without humaninvolvement.•The role concept is defined dependent on the structure of an organization inwhichtheworkflowis executed.•Whenanactivityisabouttostart, thesystemusespredefinedrole informationtoselectpeopletoperformtherequestedactivity.

WorkflowPerspectives.3InteractionorOperationalPerspective:.1When persons are selected by role resolution to perform workflow activities..2When a person chooses to perform an activity, then the defined application program is started and the input data as specified in the workflowmodel aretransferredtothatapplicationprogram..3When the person completes that activity, the output data generated by that activity are collected in the output parameters of the activity to be transferred by the WfMS to the next workflow activity, as specifiedin therespectiveworkflowmodel.WfMS

WorkflowPerspectives4.ProcessingorFunctionalandBehavioralPerspective:•Theprocessingperspectivecoversthefunctionaldecompositionof activitiesas presentinapplicationprocesses.•It specifieswhichactivitieshavetobe executedwithinaworkflow.•Workflowshaveatreestructure,whererootnoderepresentsthetop-level workflow,innernodesrepresentothercomplexworkflows,and leafnodesrepresentbottom-levelatomicactivities.•The controlledexecutionof acomplexworkflowbyaWfMShasto takeintoaccountinterrelationshipsofthesubworkflowscoveredin thesubordinatebehavioralperspective.WfMS•

WorkflowReferenceModel•The WRMdividestheworkflowsystemintofivecomponents:WRM .1Processdefinitiontool.2Workflowengine.3Workflowclientapplication.4Invokedapplication.5Administrationandmonitoring tool•The WRMprovidesthe followingguidelines:WRM •WRM WRM •Common terminologyfortheworkflowproduct category•WRMisthefunctionalcomponentsnecessaryinaWfMS.WRM WfMS.•Interfacesthat connectthevariousfunctional components

WRMComponents andInterfaces

WorkflowProcessDefinitionTool•Theprocessdefinitiontoolisadesigntoolthatallowstheworkflow designertodesignandmodeltheworkflowprocess.•Itprovidesagraphicalinterfacefortheprocessdesignertographically designthe businessprocess.•Theresultof thedesignactivityisaworkflowprocessmodel.•Oncetheworkflowprocessmodelhasbeendesigned,theprocess definitiontoolcreatesanoutputofthemodelusingaprocess definitionlanguage.•The workflowprocessthatisincludedinthe callingworkflowprocess iscalledasubprocessandcanbe nestedfurther.

WorkflowProcessDefinitionTool•Anactivityisworkperformedbyaspecificresource.•Theparticipantsinaworkflowprocesscouldbeanexplicitlynamedhumanuser,aroledefinedinanorganizationalstructure,apositionthatispartoftheorganizationalunit,oraninformationsystem.•Therearefourgenericflowcontrolmechanisms:sequential,parallel, iteration,andnesting.•Transitiondefinesthecriteriaformovingtothenextactivityanditis usuallyrepresentedasalinefromoneactivitytothenextinthe graphicalworkflowprocessmodel.•Transitioncanbeoftwotypes:conditionalandunconditional.

WorkflowClientApplication•Workflowclientapplicationisanapplicationthatrequestsservices fromtheworkflow engineincludingtheretrieval ofaworklist generatedbytheworkflow engineforparticipantstoexecute.•Theworkflowenginegeneratestheworkitemsassignedtospecific users,whichareretrievedbytheworkplaceportalandthendisplayed toeach userforaction.•Theworkflowclientapplicationwouldneedtoinstantiateaworkflowprocessinstance,executeaworkitem,andupdatetheworklistintheworkflowengineastothestatusofaparticularworkitem.

WorkflowEngine•Theworkflowengineisthe runtimeenvironmentoftheWfMSWfMS.•It createsprocessinstancesoftheworkflowprocessbasedona triggereventforthecreation ofa workflowprocessinstance.•Aneventisapredefinedcircumstancetheworkflowengineis listeningfor.•Thetriggercouldbe some statuschangeofanapplication transaction.••.Whena workflowprocessinstanceiscreated,the workflowengine manages workflowrelevantdatathroughoutthelifecycleof the workflowprocessinstanceinstanc

InvokedApplication•Theworkflowenginetoperformworkcallstheinvokedapplication.•Theinvokedapplicationisthebackendapplicationthatcreates businesstransactions.•It isasystemparticipantthatusuallyperformsatransactionas a resultof the workflowprocess.•Anexampleisthepurchasingrequisitionprocess;an onlinerequest formcompletedbyahumanparticipantmighttriggertheprocess.•Oncethe workflowenginehasreceivedthepurchaserequestform, thenextactivityintheworkflowprocessistocreate apurchase requisitioninthebackendERPsystem.

Administration andMonitoringTool•AllowssystemadministratorstomanagetheWfMSusers,roles,and resourcesWfMS.•Providesfunctionssuchasauditreporting,queryingofprocessstatus, andupdatingactiveprocessinstances.•Workflowenginesstoreeventsandrecordupdatestoprocess instancesinworkflowlogs.•Theadministrationandmonitoringtoolretrievesworkflowlogsfor processinstancesthathavecompletedandinstancesthatarestillin progress.•Thesestatisticsprovidedataforprocessanalysis,whichleadto processimprovements

Workflow ReferenceModelInterfaces.1Interface1linkstheworkflowprocessdefinitiontooltothe workflowengine..2Interface2linkstheworkflowclientapplicationtotheworkflow engine..3Interface3connectsthe workflowenginetothe business applicationsinvokedduringtheprocessingoftheworkflowmodel..4Interface4enablesintegrationbetweenheterogeneousworkflow enginesbyprovidinga setofAPIsthatoneWfMScaninvokeon another.WfMS.5Interface5enablesintegrationbetweenworkflowengineswiththe administrationandmonitoringtool.

IT402IntegratedEnterpriseSystems Week7 -EnterpriseandProcessModeling

EnterpriseModeling

EnterpriseModelling•Implementingprocess-orientedarchitectureshasproventobe difficultformanycompanies.••Implementingprocessconceptswithinorganizationsisonlyonestep towardachievinganenterprise-widefocusonprocesses.•Processmanagementdealswiththeefficientandeffectiveexecution of businessprocesses.

EnterpriseModelling•Itconsistsoftheplanning,implementation,enactment,andcontrollingofprocessesandformsalifecyclethatleadstocontinuousprocessimprovement.•Thereisagapbetweenapproachesformodelingbusinessprocessesandthoseformodelinginformationsystems.•Thereisastrongneedforamethodologyforcreatingasupportinginformationsystemthatisbasedontheprocessarchitectureofanorganization.•

Model•Amodelisaformofrepresentingsomething:itisnotareplicationbutratheranintentionalselectiveconstructionofanewthingorsystemthathasthepurposeofrepresentinganotherthingorsystem.•Nomodelisuniqueorexclusive,astherecanbeamultitudeofthem;furthermore,modelsaregenerallynotcorrectorincorrect—itisonlywhatitiswithreferencetothedefiningpurposeoftherespectivemodel.•

CharacteristicsofamodelCharacteristicDescriptionAbstraction:Amodelisareduceddescriptionofthesystem.Accuracy:Forthepropertiesofinterest,amodelprovidesatrue-to-liferepresentationofthe system.Understandability:Removingdetailsthatareirrelevantforagivenvieworviewpointandspecifyinginaformthatisintuitiveenableseasierunderstandingoftheconcernedsystemproperties.Reasoning:Amodelhelpswithcorrectlyanalyzingandreasoningabouttheinterestingbutnonobviouspropertiesofthesystem,eitherthroughsometypeofformalanalysisorexperimentation(e.g.,bysimulatingthemodelonacomputer).Inexpensiveness:Amodelis drasticallycheapertoconstructandanalyzethanthesystem.

TypesofModels

TypesofModels•Descriptive:Adescriptivemodelisusedtodescribeormimicareal-worldphenomenonorsystem.Withadescriptivemodel,onecanreasonaboutthepropertiesorthebehaviorofthesystem.•Prescriptive:Aprescriptivemodelisusedtodefinehowayet-to-be-builtsystemissupposedtobe.Prescriptivemodelsareadoptedaspartofso-calledforwardengineering.

TypesofModels•Structural:Astructuralmodelisfocusedonthestaticaspectsofasystem.Thesemodelsareusedfordescribingthecomponentsormodulesthatarepartofthesystem,sotheyserveforconceptualizingthesystemarchitecture.•Behavioral:Abehavioralmodelemphasizesthedynamic,functional,andtemporalaspectsofthesystem.

TypesofModels•Symbolic:Thesemodelsaremuchmoreeasilychangedincomparisonwithphysicalmodels.Bymanipulatingandchangingthemathematicalrelationships,onecanseehowthemodelreactsandconsequentlyhowthesystemwouldreact.Thecreationofasymbolicmodelrequires:••Asetofsigns(orsymbols)•Asetofrulestooperateonthosesigns•Physical:Typically,aphysicalmodelisasmallerrepresentationoftheoriginalobjectbut,sometimes,itcanbelargeriftheoriginalobjectistoosmallforhumans.

Modeling•Modelingistheprocessofidentifyingadequateconceptsandselectingadequateabstractionstoconstructamodelthatreflectsagivenuniverseofdiscourseappropriately.•Modelingpermitsthecost-effectiveuseofthemodelinplaceofthereal-worldobjectorprocessforsomepurpose,suchassimulation,constructioneffortestimation,andsoon.•

ModelingOntology•Anontologyisanexplicitrepresentationofasharedunderstandingof theimportantconceptsinsome domainofinterest.•Ontologiesarerepresentedbyconceptualmapsthatconstitutea simpleandwell-knownformoforganizationalknowledge•Thisontologyconsiderstwo differentseparateperspectives:•Reverseengineering••Forwardengineering

ModelingOntology•Reverseengineeringemploysdescriptivemodelstomodelanexistingsystem.Reverseengineeringisaprocessofanalysisinwhichthesystemisseenbymeansofamodel.•Forwardengineeringemploysprescriptivemodelsformodelingtheenvisagedsystem.Forwardengineeringisaprocessofsynthesiswhereinthesystemisdevelopedstartingfromamodel.

ModelingOntology•Reverseengineeringemploysdescriptivemodelstomodelanexistingsystem.Reverseengineeringisaprocessofanalysisinwhichthesystemisseenbymeansofamodel.•Forwardengineeringemploysprescriptivemodelsformodelingtheenvisagedsystem.Forwardengineeringisaprocessofsynthesiswhereinthesystemisdevelopedstartingfromamodel•.

RequirementsofModeling•DomainModels•Adomainmodelconstitutesadescriptionofthecommonpropertiesand variablesof thedomain related tothesystemthatisbeing developed.•Thismodelrepresentsthethings (entitiesorevents)thatexistinthatdomain; thatis,itisaconceptualreferenceoftheproblemdomain•Thedomainmodelexpressesenduringtruthsabouttheuniversethatis relevanttothesystemathand, including:•Adefinitionofthescopeofthatdomain,providingexamplesofsystemsorgenericrules ofinclusion•Avocabularyofthedomain (i.e.,the glossary withtheprincipalterms)•A modelof conceptsthatidentifiesand relatestheconcepts ofthatdomain

RequirementsofModeling•UseCaseModels••Ausecasemodeldefinestheboundariesofthesystemwithintheenvironmentandspecifiesthefunctionalitiesprovidedbythesystem.•Ausecasemodelisrelatedtooneormorerequirements:themostcomplexusecasesareassociatedwithmanyrequirements,whilstthesimplestonesarerelatedtofewernumbersofrequirements.••Usecasemodelsarerepresentedbyusecasediagramsconsistingof:••Usecases(representedbyellipses)•Actors(representedbystylizedhumanfigures)

RequirementsofModeling•ClassModels•Classmodelsareanessentialpartoftheobject-orientedparadigm;class modelsarenecessarytoindicatetheexistingclassesandtheirrelations.•:Eachclassisdivided intothreeparts•Thetoppart isusedtoindicatetheclassname•Thecentralpartindicatestheclassattributes•Thebottompart liststhe classoperations•Thename ismandatory,but the otherpartscanbeomitted.•UMLbasicallyconsidersfourtypesofrelationsbetweenobjectsthatcanbe shown betweenthe classesinthe respectivediagrams.UML •

RequirementsofModeling•InteractionModels•Aninteractionmodelisusedforrepresentinganinstanceof ausecase•InteractionmodelsdescribehowagroupofobjectscommunicateamongstthemSequencemodelsareusedtodescribethe behaviorof the system•Theprincipalelementsof sequencediagrams are:•As indicatedbythetemporalaxis,thediagramisread fromtop tobottom•Textualannotationsarelocatedontheleftsideofthediagramtoidentifyinitialconditions,actions,andactivities.•Eventidentifiers:Nearamessage•Forreal-timesystemsthatareconsciousoftimerestrictions,timingmarkscanbeused, withtheavailableoptions•Statemarks:Thesecan beadded to the sequencediagrams

RequirementsofModeling•StateModels••Statediagramscanbeusedfordefiningthe(dynamic,temporal)behaviorofa class(i.e.,itsinstances).•statediffersfrom other statesinthefollowing:•Theeventsitaccepts•Thetransitionsittakesasaresultoftheacceptedevents•Theactionsit performs•Atransition isaresponsetoan eventthatcauses astatechange.•Statemachinesareusedwhenatransitionbetweenstatesoccurs,mainlyas ananswertosignificantevents.•Statemachinesextendthemostconventionaldiagramsalongthreeaxes related tohierarchy,concurrency,andcommunication.

RequirementsofModeling•ActivityModels••Activitymodelsareusefultorelatethecontrolflowamongtheactivitiesofagivenbusinessprocess.••Thesemodelsaddressbehavioralaspectsofthesystemsorentitiesunderconsideration.••Thesemodelsareappropriatewhenthebehaviorchangeoccurs,mainlyduetotheendoftheaction/activityexecutedandnottotheoccurrenceofevents,asisthecasewithstatemodels.•

EnterpriseModeling•Enterprisemodelingistheprocessofcreatinganintegratedenterprisemodelthatcapturestheaspectsoftheenterpriserequiredforthemodelingpurposeathand.•Enterprisemodelingcanberepresentedby:•Textual representation•Spreadsheetrepresentation•Graphicrepresentationwithoutthe use ofaspecific notation•Graphicrepresentationwiththeuse ofaspecificnotation

EnterpriseModelComponents•Avisualmodelconsistsofsymbolsintheformofgeometricshapessuchasrectanglesandellipsesandthelinesconnectingthem(e.g.,arrows).•Thesymbolsarereferredtoasmodelcomponentsandtheconnectionsasrelationships.•Manymodelinglanguagessupportviewsandlevelstoenablereductionofthecomplexityoftherepresentation.

EnterpriseKnowledgeDevelopment•Anenterprisemodelconsistsofanumberofrelated“submodels,”eachdescribingtheenterprisefromaparticularperspective.•Enterpriseknowledgedevelopmentisanexampleofatypicalenterprisemodelingthatincludesanoverallmodelcomposedofinter-relatedsubmodelsforintegratingdifferentviewsoftheorganization.•Enterpriseknowledgedevelopmentiscomposedofsixintegratedsubmodelsfocusingonadifferentaspectoftheenterprise.

EnterpriseKnowledgeDevelopment

ProcessModeling•Abusinessprocessmodelistheresultofmappingabusinessprocess.•Thisbusinessprocesscanbeeitherareal-worldbusinessprocessas perceivedbya modelerora conceptualizedbusinessprocess.••Businessprocessmodelingisthehumanactivityofcreatinga businessprocessmodel.•Businessprocessmodelinginvolvesanabstractionfromthereal-worldbusinessprocessbecauseitservesacertainmodelingpurpose.•Abusinessprocessmodelinglanguagecanbespecifiedusinga metamodel.•

SemioticLadder•Processmodelsareassembledfromsignsand,likeinthecaseofanyothersigns,themodelingeffortsareguidedbythetheoriesfromsemiotics.•Thestudyofsignsspansacrossthesemioticladder,asfollows:•Pragmatic•Semantic•Empirical•Physical

SQUEALframework•TheSQUEALframeworkhasbeenusedfortheevaluationofmodelingandmodelinglanguagesofalargenumberofperspectives,includingdata,object,process,enterprise,andgoal-orientedmodelingonthecorrespondingdimensions:•SQUEAL•Socialquality•Pragmaticquality•Semanticquality•Syntacticquality•Empiricalquality•Physicalquality

ProcessModelingLanguages•PetriNets•C.A. Petri proposedPetrinets as a meansofdescribingtheoperationof discretedistributed systems.•APetrinettakestheformofadirectedbipartitegraphwhereinthenodesare eithertransitionsor•TheoperationalsemanticsofaPetrinetaredescribedintermsoftokens, whichsignifyathreadofcontrolflowingthrough aprocess.Petri •Itdemands that aprocessshouldhave:•Theoptiontocomplete•Proper completionguaranteed•Nodeadtasksthat willneverbeexecuted•

ProcessModelingLanguages•Event-DrivenProcessChains•Event-drivenprocesschains(EPCs)ScheeraspartoftheArchitectureweredevelopedbyAugust-Wilhelm ofIntegratedInformationSystemsframework.•AnEPCmodeldescribesabusinessprocessintermsofaseriesoffunction-basedtransformationsbetweenasetofinputeventsandasetofoutputeventsEPC.•AnEPCmodeltakestheformofadirectedgraph,whichalwaysstartsandendswithevents.EPC•Forthedefinitionofcomplexroutingrules,therearethreekindsofconnectortypes:AND(symbol),OR(symbol∨),andXOR(symbol)EPCEPC•AND(A)OR(XOR(•

ProcessModelingLanguages•YetAnotherWorkflowLanguage•YetAnotherWorkflowLanguage(YAWL)canbeconsideredasupersetofboth Petrinets andEPCsintermsof modelingelements.YAWL) EPCs •TheanalysisofbothPetrinetsandEPCsrevealedthattheselanguageshave problemswithrepresentingcertainbehaviorEPCs •Amultipleinstancetaskmightbeexecutedseveraltimesinparalleluntila conditionisfulfilled. Suchmultipleinstancetasksspecifyfourparameters:•Theminimum•Themaximumnumberofinstances••Athresholdforcontinuation••Whethernewinstancesmaybecreateddynamicallyor not

BusinessProcessModelingNotation•BPMNisanExtensibleMarkupLanguage-basedlanguagefordefiningbusinessprocesseswithaformalmetamodelandanassociatedgraphicalnotationBPMN.•BPMNversion2.0.2isdesignedtobeutilizedasBPMN2.0.2:•High-level,graphicalbusinessmodelinglanguage(withalimitedrangeofmodellingconstructs).••Detailedgraphicalmodelinglanguage(withacomprehensiverangeofmodellingconstructs).•Executablebusinessprocesslanguage,capturingsufficientdetailsaboutthecontrol-flow,data,andresourceaspectsofabusinessprocesssothatitcanbedirectlyexecutedbyabusinessprocessengine.

ProcessDescriptionfor StoringBusinessProcessModels•Modelingofprocessesisacomplexandtime-consumingtaskthatcanbesimplifiedbythereuseofprocessmodels.•Arepositoryis,therefore,necessarytostoreandmanageprocessmodels.•IntheUniversalProcessRepository,processdefinitionsexistattwolevels:theuserlevelandtherepositorylevel.•Atthislevel,abusinessprocessismodeledbyusinggraphicalconstructsofaprocessmodelinglanguagesuchasBPMN,EPC,orYAWL.BPMNEPCYAWL.•

ProcessDescriptionfor StoringBusinessProcessModels•Thereareseveralprocessmodelinglanguages(e.g.,EPC,YAWL,BPMN)thatcanbeusedformodelingbusinessprocesses.EPCYAWLBPMN)•InordertoprovidesupportfordifferentmodelinglanguagesintheUniversalProcessRepository,acommonformatforstoringandsharingprocessmodelsisneeded,whereinthecommonformatonlystoresfundamentalelementsofprocessmodels.•Theconcreteelementsareobtainedbyemployingthefollowingfourperspectives:•Functionalperspective•Behavioralperspective•Organizationalperspective•Informationalperspective

Summary•Amodelrepresentsinasimplifiedwaytherealityforagivenpurpose,emphasizingsomeelementsandignoringothers.•Modelscanbecharacterizedaccordingtothreedimensions:representativeness(e.g.,prescriptive,descriptive);perspective(e.g.,behavioral,structural);andform(e.g.,symbolic,physical).••Anontologythatintroducesrelevantconceptsrelatedtomodelingandpermitsonetodistinguishandassociateconceptslikemodel,specification,description,diagram,language,andnotation.•Severalfrequently-usedbusinessprocessmodelinglanguagesincludingPetrinets,EPCs,YAWL,UMLactivitydiagrams,andBPMNPetriEPCsYAWLUMLBPMN.

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