In your own words, explain the four distinct layers of the conceptual framework of Extended Enterprise Systems?
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Requirements:
Question One
In your own words, explain the four distinct layers of the conceptual framework of Extended Enterprise Systems?
Question Two
In your own words, explain the four Paradigms of Systems Thinking. Support your answers with one example of each paradigm?
Question Three
Toy car Manufacturing has a throughput rate of 100 toy car/hr and it takes 1 h for a toy to go through the process. How many toy cars on average are in the process? (List all steps performed)
Question Four
In your own words, write about Information Architecture. Explain the principal components for describing the Information architecture?
IT402Integrated Enterprise SystemsWeek 2Enterprise Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning
Required Reading1.Chapter 1 (Enterprise Process Management Systems: Engineering ProcessCentricEnterprise Systems using BPMN 2.0 by Vivek Kale)Recommended Reading1.Dunn, C., Cherrington, J., & Hollander, A. (2005). Enterprise information systems: A pattern-based approach (3rd ed.)
Weekly Learning Outcomes1.Introduce the concept of Enterprise Systems (ES) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)2.Describe the importance of business processes in enabling flexible and adaptable enterprise-wide cross-functional integration.
Contents1.Evolution of Enterprise Systems2.Extended Enterprise Systems3.Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)4.Enterprise Business Processes
•Evolution of Enterprise Systems
Evolution of Enterprise Systems
•Extended Enterprise Systems (EES)
•Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Enterprise Resource Planning System•Information andmaterial flowsin a functionalbusiness model
Enterprise Resource Planning System•Informationand material flowsin a business processmodel.
Main Reference1.Chapter 1 (Enterprise Process Management Systems: Engineering ProcessCentricEnterprise Systems using BPMN 2.0 by Vivek Kale)Additional References1.Dunn, C., Cherrington, J., & Hollander, A. (2005). Enterprise information systems: A pattern-based approach (3rd ed.)
College of Computing andInformatics InformationTechnologyIT402Integrated EnterpriseSystems
IT402Integrated EnterpriseSystemsWeek3Characteristics of BusinessProcesses
RequiredReading1.Chapter2(EnterpriseProcessManagementSystems:EngineeringProcessCentricEnterpriseSystemsusingBPMN2.0byVivekKale)RecommendedReading1.Dunn, C., Cherrington, J., & Hollander, A. (2005). Enterprise information systems: A pattern-based approach (3rded.)
Weekly LearningOutcomes1.Describes the framework for measuring business process performanceintermsofthedimensionsoftimeliness,cost, andquality.
Contents.1BusinessProcess.2ProcessPerformance.3Process CycleTime.4ProcessCosts.5ProcessQuality.6Measuring ProcessPerformance
•BusinessProcess
BusinessProcess•A business process is a set of logically related tasks performed toachieve a well-defined businessoutcome.•A business processdefines:ØThe results to beachieved,ØThe context of theactivities,ØThe relationships between theactivities,ØThe interactions with other processes andresources.•Abusinessprocessmayproduceeventsforinputtootherapplicationsor processes.•Abusinessprocessisacoordinatedandlogicallysequencedsetofworkactivitiesandassociatedresourcesthatproducesomethingofvaluetoacustomer.ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ھﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﮭﺎم ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذھﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻣل ﻣﺣددة ﺟﯾداﺗﻌرف ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺟب ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﮭﺎ،ﺳﯾﺎق اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ،اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ، اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻟﻣوارد اﻷﺧرى. ﻗد ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل أﺣداﺛﺎ ﻹدﺧﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت أو ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت أﺧرى.ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﻧﺳﻘﺔ وﻣﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺎ ﻣن أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل واﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﺷﯾﺋﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﯾل.
BusinessProcessBusiness ProcessBusiness StepsStakeholdersBusiness Goals
BusinessProcessA business process has the followingbehaviors:•Itmaycontaindefinedconditionstriggeringitsinitiationineachnew instance and defined outputs at itscompletion.•Itmayinvolveformalorrelativelyinformalinteractionsbetween participants.•It has a duration that may varywidely.•Itmaycontainaseriesofautomatedactivitiesand/ormanualactivities.ﻟدى ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺳﻠوﻛﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ: وﻗد ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷروط ﻣﺣددة ﺗؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟدﯾدة وﯾﺣدد اﻟﻧواﺗﺞ ﻋﻧد اﻛﺗﻣﺎﻟﮫ.وﻗد ﯾﻧطوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت رﺳﻣﯾﺔ أو ﻏﯾر رﺳﻣﯾﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﯾن.ﻣدة ﻗد ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر. وﻗد ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻵﻟﯾﺔ و/أو اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﯾدوﯾﺔ.
Business Process(cont.)A business process has the followingbehaviors:•It exhibits a very dynamicnature.•It is widely distributed and customized across boundaries withinand betweenenterprises.•It is usually long-running—a single instance of a process may runfor months or evenyears.ﻟدى ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺳﻠوﻛﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ: وھو ﯾظﮭر طﺑﯾﻌﺔ دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﺟدا. وھﻲ ﻣوزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ وﻣﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻋﺑر اﻟﺣدود داﺧل اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت وﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭﺎ.وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون طوﯾل اﻷﻣد –ﻗد ﯾﺳﺗﻣر ﻣﺛﯾل واﺣد ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻌدة أﺷﮭر أو ﺣﺗﻰ ﺳﻧوات.
ProcessPerformanceProcess-oriented enterprises consider any enterprise as a process thatconvertsinput into outputcharacterized by:1.Inputs andoutputs:•Inputsareanytangibleorintangibleitemsthatflowintotheprocessfromthe environment.•Outputsareanytangibleorintangibleitemsthatflowfromtheprocessbackinto theenvironment.2.Flowunits:Aflowunitorjobisanitemthatflowsthroughouttheprocess.3.A network of activities andbuffers:•Anactivityisthesimplestformoftransformation;itisactuallyaminiprocessin and ofitself.•Abufferstoresflowunitsthathavefinishedoneactivitybutarewaitingfor the next activity tostart.اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣوﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﺣو اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر أي ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺣول اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت ﻓﻲاﻹﺧراج ﺗﺗﻣﯾز ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت واﻟﻣﺧرﺟﺎت:اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت ھﻲ أي ﻣواد ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ ﺗﺗدﻓق إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ. اﻟﻣﺧرﺟﺎت ھﻲ أﯾﺔ ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ ﺗﺗدﻓق ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣرة أﺧرىﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ. وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق: وﺣدة ﺗدﻓق أو ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﻧﺻر ﯾﺗدﻓق ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ. ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ واﻟﻣﺧﺎزن اﻟﻣؤﻗﺗﺔ:اﻟﻧﺷﺎط ھو أﺑﺳط ﺷﻛل ﻣن أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﺗﺣول؛ ھو ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯾرة ﻓﻲ ﺣد ذاﺗﮫ. ﯾﺧزن اﻟﻣﺧزن اﻟﻣؤﻗت وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ اﻧﺗﮭت ﻣن ﻧﺷﺎط واﺣد وﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻧﺗظر ﺑدء اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ.
ProcessPerformance4.Resources are tangible assets that are usually divided into two categories: capital andlabor.5.Information structure describes the information that is needed and availableinordertoperformactivitiesortomakemanagerialdecisions.ØThe process flow is a dynamic process that starts when an input enters a process and continues processing throughout different kinds of process activities and ends when it leaves the process as its output.اﻟﻣوارد ھﻲ أﺻول ﻣﻠﻣوﺳﺔ ﺗﻧﻘﺳم ﻋﺎدة إﻟﻰ ﻓﺋﺗﯾن:رأس اﻟﻣﺎل واﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ. 5-ﯾﺻف ھﯾﻛل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ واﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻣن أﺟل اﻟﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﺄﻧﺷطﺔ أو ﻻﺗﺧﺎذ ﻗرارات إدارﯾﺔ.ﺗدﻓق اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ھو ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﺗﺑدأ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾدﺧل إدﺧﺎل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ وﯾﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻋﺑر أﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ وﯾﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗرك اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﮭﺎ.
ProcessPerformanceThree key measures of the processflow:1.Cycletimeorflowtime,whichis thetimeittakestocompletean individualflowunitorjobfromstarttofinish.ØProcessingtimeØInspectiontimeØTransportingtimeØStoragetimeØWaitingtime2.Flow rate or throughput, which is the number of jobs per unitof time.ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﯾس رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ:دورة اﻟوﻗت أو وﻗت اﻟﺗدﻓق، وھو اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي ﯾﺳﺗﻐرﻗﮫ ﻹﻛﻣﺎل وﺣدةﺗدﻓق ﻓردﯾﺔ أو ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ.وﻗت اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔوﻗت اﻟﺗﻔﺗﯾش ﻧﻘل اﻟوﻗت وﻗت اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن وﻗت اﻻﻧﺗظﺎرﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق أو اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ، وھو ﻋدد اﻟوظﺎﺋف ﻟﻛل وﺣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ.
ProcessPerformance3.Inventory,whichis thetotalnumberofflowunitspresentwithinthe processboundaries.•Theinventorywithintheframeworkoftheprocessdependsonthedifference between the inflow rate and outflowrate.R(t)meanstheflowrateatacertainpointoftimet.Ri(t)meansinflow;thisistheflowrateofflowunitsthatentertheprocessthrough its entrypoints.Ro(t)meansoutflow;thisistheflowrateofflowunitsthatleavetheprocess through its exitpoints.اﻟﻣﺧزون، وھو إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋدد وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﻣوﺟودة داﺧل ﺣدود اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ.وﯾﻌﺗﻣد اﻟﻣﺧزون ﻓﻲ إطﺎر اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾن ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق وﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق إﻟﻰ اﻟﺧﺎرج.R(t) ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق ﻋﻧد ﻧﻘطﺔ زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ t. ري )ر( ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺗدﻓق؛ ھذا ھو ﻣﻌدل ﺗدﻓق وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﺧل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟدﺧول. Ro(t) ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ؛ ھذا ھو ﻣﻌدل ﺗدﻓق وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗرك اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺧروج اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ.إدراج
ProcessPerformance4.Little’s Law For a stable process: defines the fundamental relationship between average inventory, average flow rate,and average cycle time in a stableprocess.•Averageflowrateorthroughputis theaveragenumberofflowunitsthat flowthroughtheprocess perunitoftime.•A stable process is one in which the average inflow rate is the same as the average outflow rate across an extended period of time; thatis R = Ri = Ro•The average cycle time is the average across all flow units that exitthe process during a specific period oftime.•Averageinventoryisthenumberofflowunitswithintheprocessboundaries at any point intime.ØThe average inventory equals the average flow rate times the average cycletime; that is, I =R*T.ØExample.ﻗﺎﻧون ﻟﯾﺗلﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘرة: ﯾﺣدد اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﻣﺧزون وﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق وﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘرة.ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق أو اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ھو ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻋددوﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗدﻓق ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻛل وﺣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ. واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘرة ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق ھو ﻧﻔس ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق إﻟﻰ اﻟﺧﺎرج ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى ﻓﺗرة طوﯾﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟزﻣن؛ وھذا ھو R = ري = رو ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة ھو اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط ﻋﺑر ﻛﺎﻓﺔ وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧرج ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة. ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﻣﺧزون ھو ﻋدد وﺣدات اﻟﺗدﻓق داﺧل ﺣدود اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗت. وﯾﺳﺎوي ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﻣﺧزون ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓق أﺿﻌﺎف ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟدورة؛ أي، أﻧﺎ =R *T. ﻣﺛل.
Process CycleTime1.Theoretical cycletime•The theoretical cycle time of a process is the minimum amount oftimerequiredforprocessingatypicalflowunitwithoutanywaiting.•Itisthesumofthetimesofthoseactivitiesthattheflowunitpassesthrough and where specific kinds of tasks are undertaken toprocess it.•Activitytimeis thetimerequiredbyatypicalflowunittocompletethe activityonce.1.Critical path: A process flow is presented using a diagrammatic technique like a flowchart. The longest path in the process flowchart is the criticalpath.•Allactivitiesthatconstitutethecriticalpathoftheprocessflowchartare called criticalactivities.دورة ﻧظرﯾﺔ اﻟوﻗت وﻗت اﻟدورة اﻟﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ھو اﻟﺣد اﻷدﻧﻰﻣن اﻟوﻗت ﻣطﻠوب ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ وﺣدة ﺗدﻓق ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ دون أي اﻧﺗظﺎر. وھو ﻣﺟﻣوع أوﻗﺎت ﺗﻠك اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣر ﺑﮭﺎ وﺣدة اﻟﺗدﻓق وﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ أﻧواع ﻣﺣددة ﻣن اﻟﻣﮭﺎم ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﮭﺎ. وﻗت اﻟﻧﺷﺎط ھو اﻟوﻗت اﻟﻣطﻠوب ﻣن ﻗﺑل وﺣدة ﺗدﻓق ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ ﻹﻛﻣﺎل اﻟﻧﺷﺎط ﻣرة واﺣدة.اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج: ﯾﺗم ﺗﻘدﯾم ﺗدﻓق ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﺧطﯾطﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل ﻣﺧطط اﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ. أطول ﻣﺳﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧطط اﻧﺳﯾﺎﺑﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ھو اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج. ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺣرج ﻟﻠﺷﺎري ا
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