What are ferrofluids and why are they important?

Attached files contain everything that is needed. One of the file is the guide for the format of the lab report. Follow the instructions.

Requirements: as required

3 LAB #1 SYNTHESIS OF AQUEOUS FERROFLUID Important Background Information: • What are ferrofluids and why are they important? • Magnetism o Paramagnetism o Diamagnetism o Ferromagnetism o Superparamagnetism • Surfactants • Magnetite Nanoparticles Purpose: To synthesize ferrofluid and study its magnetic properties. Introduction: Liquid magnetic materials have some very interesting uses, such as for controlling fluids in space, separating diamonds from sand, and for magnetic inks printed on paper money. In this lab you will a make a ferrofluid mad of magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetite is a mixed Fe(II)/Fe(III) oxide, with empirical formula Fe3O4. From Berger, P.; Adelman, N. B.; Beckman, K. J.; Campbell, D. J.; Ellis, A. B.; Lisensky, G. C. Journal of Chemical Education, 1999, 76, 943. The synthesis consists of two steps: making magnetite nanoparticles and stabilize those nanoparticles by the surfactant to help them stabilize in a liquid carrier. You will find all the background in the paper cited above. Procedure: 1. Make 10 mL of a 2 M HCl solution using concentrated HCl. 2. Make 4 mL of a 1M solution of FeCl3 in 2 M HCl. 3. Make 1 mL of a 2M solution of FeCl2 in 2 M HCl. 4. Check that the iron solutions are good since Fe(II) slowly reacts with O2 to become Fe(III). Verify the solution colors! a. 1 M FeCl3 in 2 M HCl (orange) b. 2 M FeCl2 in 2 M HCl (light green) 5. Add 4.0 mL of 1M FeCl3 and 1.0 mL of 2M FeCl2 solution to a 100 mL beaker. 6. Make 50 mL 1 M NH3 solution from concentrated ammonium hydroxide. CAUTION: Although 1 M NH3 is fairly dilute, it will still be corrosive! 7. If a magnetic stir bar was used to make the solutions, replace it by stirring manually with a glass rod. Continue stirring throughout the addition of 50 mL 1.0 M aqueous NH3 solution over a period of about 5 minutes, adding approximately 1 mL every 10 seconds. Avoid addition that is faster than the solution can be mixed, but also avoiding addition that is so slow that the particles grow large. CAUTION: Although 1 M NH3 is fairly dilute, NH3 is still corrosive! 8. Stop stirring and remove the glass rod from the beaker. Let the magnetite settle. You can speed the settling process by putting a strong magnet under the container. 9. Decant (pour off) and discard the clear liquid without losing a substantial amount of solid. This works best if you keep a magnet under the container. 10. Transfer the solid to a weighing boat with the aid of a few squirts from a wash bottle.

4 11. Use a strong magnet to attract the ferrofluid to the bottom of the weighing boat. 12. Pour off and discard as much clear liquid as possible, again keeping the magnet under the weighing boat. Rinse with water from a wash bottle and decant the rinse as before. 13. Add 1-2 mL of 25% tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Gently stir with a glass rod for at least a minute to suspend the solid in the liquid. Use a strong magnet to attract the ferrofluid to the bottom of the weighing boat. Pour off and discard the dark liquid. Move the strong magnet around and again pour off any liquid. If the ferrofluid does not spike, continue to move the strong magnet around, pouring off any liquid. 14. What happens when you move a magnet under the ferrofluid? Vary the distance between the magnet and the ferrofluid and record your observations. Use magnets of varying strength and record any observations. IN YOUR LAB REPORT: • Show the chemical reaction used for the synthesis. How would you classify this reaction using a classifications from your textbook. • Based on the background information provided in reference paper, briefly describe the type of magnetism featured by these nanoparticles. In the paper, the authors cite two other materials that show similar behavior. Name them. • Outline briefly the procedure steps without getting into detail, but rather explaining what chemically happened in each step. • What effect did the strength of magnet have on the ferrofluid? Explain this effect.

CHEM 314: Inorganic Chemistry Guidelines for Laboratory Deliverables General: You are normally told that laboratory deliverables are like research papers and, thus, should be formatted as such. This is not the case in CHEM314. The deliverables are structured to be only your presentation of the data you collected and your assessment of the success of the experiment versus its goals. Therefore, we want you to be succinct, and focus on presenting data clearly. The writing portions of the deliverables, i.e., not counting figures and tables, should not take more than 1-2 pages per week of lab activity! – All lab deliverables are treated as though they are being turned into a supervisor. Therefore, presentation is also factored into the score of the lab report. – All lab reports must be typed. – Text should be formatted in standard 1” margins. – All lab reports must be typed in a font that is legible (examples: Times New Roman, Arial, Helvetica, Palatino, etc.) and of reasonable size (11-12 point). – Formulas must be written with proper subscripts. – Write in the third person in past tense with passive voice (GOOD: “The solution was heated to 50°C for 12 h.”) Never use the first person (BAD: “I heated the solution to 50°C for 12 h.” or “I heat the solution to 50°C for 12 h.”). – Use the appropriate number of significant figures at all times. – All numbers must be accompanied by the appropriate units at all times. – Use your own words. Do not copy wording from the laboratory manual or any other source, including another report, a research paper or anything you find on the internet. – We understand that for many students, English is not their first language and that grammar can be an issue. We do not take points off purely for incorrect grammar. However, we cannot give points for explanations that we do not understand. If you face challenges communicating your ideas, talk to us to find strategies or seek the many resources available at UIC to assist you. – Any figures used should be numbered and referred to in the text. (Ex: When a magnetic field is applied to the complex the orbitals split into a pattern as shown in Figure 3.) – Numbers and units are separated by a space. (Ex: 24.5 mg – not 24.5mg) – Any mention of the instruments used in the lab should include the instrument name. (Ex: UV/Vis is the HP 4500A Diode Array Spectrophotometer) Introduction: – The introduction must not be any more than a paragraph. – Purpose. In no more than 2-3 sentences, describe the main skills that you perceived you practiced in this lab.

– In one sentence, describe the main outcomes you obtained in this lab. – The intro does not contain data from the lab. Results: – Data is any value collected before applying calculations. Data may be collected by you in person or, sometimes, provided to you by us. – All calculations used in the lab should be shown. This includes simple dilution calculations. Only one sample calculation should be shown but all results from that calculation should be given. – Calculations can be NEATLY written out on a blank sheet of white paper or typed out in the lab report. – All spectra should be included here. Sometimes, you will want to extract key data from the spectra and present it separately (e.g., frequencies of interest in an infrared spectrum). – Graphs should contain a descriptive title and labeled axes. Please avoid screenshots of the computer connected to the instrument. Use proper graph format (i.e. do not connect data points with a line unless necessary). If a trend line is included, the line equation and R2 value should be shown on the graph. – Where relevant, data should be organized into neat tables. Data tables are labelled with a table number and descriptive title. They include units. – Make your tables easy to follow and find data. – All tables and graphs must have labels (Example: Figure 2) and captions. In the text of the report, the reader must be directed to each such figure (Example: “The reaction was set up as shown in Figure 2.”) Description and discussion of results: – Briefly describe the data in the Results section. What is each table or figure showing? – Briefly interpret the data for the reader. What do you learn from each of the results you got? – Make sure you cover all the questions in our lab manual, at the end of the protocol for each experiment. They have explicit instructions on how to show the results in complicated labs, and what aspects to discuss in your interpretation. – You may write this as a separate section, or you may combine these elements with the Results section. In other words, you can describe and interpret the data after each figure is shown or you can show all data at once without discussion and have a separate description and discussion section. Assessment of the experiment: – Assess whether the experiment was successful exactly as described in the manual. o Describe any difficulties you had and all deviations from the procedure.

o There is always error in every lab. Even if you obtain the expected results, your data will not be perfect. Any abnormalities should be discussed with a potential reason as to why the data resulted that way. Explain how errors affected your results, and how you would change the lab to not get them. This is essentially error analysis, and it is a critical component of experimentation. o Human error is the user (you) improperly executing the lab. Not all human error is a problem. Mistakes can happen and no one expects to already master the skills you set out to practice in the lab to begin with! So you can discuss oversights, but also skills that you think you need to practice more. o Experimental error is something that you have no control over and is inherently caused by the experiment itself. Example questions you can ask yourself are: was an instrument malfunctioning? If deviations of the procedure in the manual were needed, did they cause a problem? – Do not regurgitate the procedure. The procedure is already in the manual, after all! – Your TAs know how the data should look like if everything went according to the manual, so they will know if there are deviations from your data below even if you do not tell them. – This part should be written in past tense and in paragraph format, not in a bullet point/step-by-step format. Conclusion: – The conclusion must not be any more than a paragraph. – In 1-2 sentences, state the goal of the experiment before you started. – In no more than 2-3 sentences, discuss a key takeaway from the experiment, from your personal and non-transferable perspective. It can be anything substantive, from a new technique to something that you now understand when it comes to Inorganic Chemistry in society. – Directly following the conclusion should be the list of any references you used, in the order that they were used.

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