September 6, 2023

Explore common themes, assumptions, or approaches in the sources you cover; Assess common weaknesses or limitations in the sources you cover; Identify implications of your Literature Assessment for your future research.

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The literature review should:

o Explore common themes, assumptions, or approaches in the sources you cover;

o Assess common weaknesses or limitations in the sources you cover;

o Identify implications of your Literature Assessment for your future research.

Requirements: 14-16 pages

Concept Paper: Literature Review Assignment Instructions

Overview

You will write a 14–16-page literature review in current APA format, based on the literature included in your annotated bibliography, that explores existing literature related to your proposed research topic, identifying the central insights, themes, and/or gaps that support your research proposal.

Instructions

Items to include are outlined as follows:

The literature review should be 14-16 pages in length.

The literature review should be written in current APA format.

The literature review should cite at least 30 sources (these should be the same included in the annotated bibliography assignment, though it is acceptable to include more sources than were included in that assignment).

The literature review should:

Explore common themes, assumptions, or approaches in the sources you cover;

Assess common weaknesses or limitations in the sources you cover;

Identify implications of your Literature Assessment for your future research.

Are there common sources you see cited across this literature that seem to be highly influential and worth your attention?

Are there common conclusions in this literature about future research that might be warranted?

Are there common errors or oversights that may need to be corrected?

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

Module 3/ Week 3 Annotated Bibliography

Antoin Johnson

Liberty University

PADM885: Research Concept (B01)

Dr. Gabriel Telleria

09/10/2023

Annotated Bibliography

Alexander, & Stivers, C. (2020). Racial Bias: A Buried Cornerstone of the Administrative State. Administration & Society., 52(10), 1470–1490.

The author outlines the issue of the institutionalization of race in public administration and its impact on the community. The article outlines that race and racism are usually invisible issues that can be ignored by the majority but which might be critical in public development and societal cohesion. This author reveals how racism affects the general public service by being biased.

Bailey, Z. D., Feldman, J. M., & Bassett, M. T. (2021). How Structural Racism Works — Racist Policies as a Root Cause of U.S. Racial Health Inequities. The New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2025396

In the community, structural racism significantly impedes growth and personal growth. There is a need for the district to embrace unity, fairness, justice, and equality to develop a better society. It is important to note that institutional racism is a significant cause of poor healthcare services in society, and there is a need to expand this vice in the community for success. This information would be beneficial in developing the research.

Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agenor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Basset, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. The Lancet, 1453-1463.

The author discusses the impact of racism on healthcare access and delivery and proposes using an intersectoral approach to address the gaps. The author suggests using different methods, especially analytics, in developing the most appropriate solution. Racism acts as a solid external force that derails policy formulation, delegation of duties, selection of candidates, selection of students, treatment of patients, and many other public institutions. The information in this article is essential for inclusion in the research.

Banaji, M. R., Fiske, S. T., & Massey, D. S. (2021). Systemic racism: individuals and interactions, institutions and society. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. doi:10.1186/s41235-021-00349-3

The author indicates that systemic racism has weakened community ties and led to divisions in social structures across the US. Racism has cut socialization and interactions in the United States. Racism affects the personal mental system, everyday interaction patterns, and societal structures. This article has invaluable information and would be informative when developing the research project.

Beech, B. M., Ford, C., Thorpe, R. J., Bruce, M. A., & Norris, K. C. (2021). Poverty, Racism, and the Public Health Crisis in America. Frontiers in Public Health. Doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.699049

The authors outline that racism is a significant driver of poverty in most underdeveloped areas in the US. Similarly, the emergence of poverty in these areas has influenced low enrolment in health insurance, which has challenged the delivery of timely and reliable healthcare to citizens. The article outlines that marginalizing communities and citizens reduces societal development and progression. Racism has burdened African Americans with high healthcare costs and poor healthcare services. Racism has led to social exclusion and an inferiority complex among African Americans, affecting their psychological well-being.

Churchwell, K., Elkind, M. S., Benjamin, R. M., Carson, A. P., Chang, E. K., Lawrence, W., . . . Rodriguez, C. J. (2020). Call to Action: Structural Racism as a Fundamental Driver of Health Disparities: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000936

The authors indicate that structural racism is a significant cause of disparity in health and wellness in the community. They suggest using a multisectoral approach to ending systemic racism to enhance healthcare services and freedom in the community. The information in this document would be vital in developing this research project.

Dean, L. T., & Thorpe, R. J. (2022). What Structural Racism Is (or Is Not) and How to Measure It: Clarity for Public Health and Medical Researchers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1521–1526.

The author explains the meaning of structural racism and how it has affected public health and service delivery in healthcare institutions. This article is vital in presenting information on measuring institutional or structural racism in society and how to end it. It is essential in the development of this research.

Dickinson, K. L., Roberts, J. D., Banacos, N., Neuberger, L., Koebele, E., Blanch-Hartigan, D., & Shanahan, E. A. (2021). Structural Racism and the COVID-19 Experience in the United States. Health Security. doi:10.1089/hs.2021.0031

The author notes that structural racism led to poor handling of patients of color during the Covid-19 pandemic. The author indicates that structural racism is a significant barrier to delivering timely, high-quality healthcare services to individuals, and there is every need to end structural racism by all means. This article also shows how African Americans are dying at an alarming rate.

Elias, A., & Paradies, Y. (2021). The Costs of Institutional Racism and its Ethical Implications for Healthcare. J Bioeth Inq., 45–58.

The authors discuss the negative impacts and costs associated with structural and institutional racism. The authors outline that institutional racism is the leading cause of poor service delivery in governmental agencies and institutions due to prejudice and discrimination. There is a need for governmental systems and agencies to embrace justice and fairness to reduce institutionalized racism. The contents of this article are evidently in line with the topic, and it would be beneficial for inclusion in the research.

Erwin, P. C., Grubaugh, J. H., Mazzucca-Ragan, S., & Brownson, R. C. (2023). The value and impacts of academic, public health departments. Annual Review of Public Health, 44, 343-362.

The author indicates that racism is central to institutions and society. There is no clear way of separating racism and public administration. Racism runs in governmental systems and private entities and continues segregating and discriminating against African Americans and other minority groups. It is worse that racism has affected the public health department, which does not offer services fairly but uses policies that do not benefit all citizens in the republic.

Farrell, T. W., Hung, W. W., Unroe, K. T., Brown, T. R., Furman, C. D., & Jih, J. (2022). Exploring the intersection of structural racism and ageism in healthcare. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. doi:10.1111/jgs.18105

The authors explore the impact of racism and structural racism in causing premature deaths and poor lifestyles. The author indicates that institutional racism is causing older adults from minority groups, especially African Americans, to receive inadequate treatment and handling in public health facilities and society, leading to early deaths. There is a need for the government to develop a system that would guarantee fairness and justice to patients and individuals of the public. This article has invaluable information on the impact of racism in public health administration.

Hardeman, R. R., Murphy, K. A., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2018). Naming Institutionalized Racism in the Public Health Literature: A Systematic Literature Review. Public Health Reports. doi:10.1177/0033354918760574

The study helped to evaluate the instances of institutional racism in the US public agencies and systems. The article considers previous articles on public administration and public health and how this reflects scholarly concern on institutional racism in the United States systems and society. This article also talks about how much injustice there is in reports regarding African Americans.

Headley, A. M. (2011). Black Lives and Public Administration: Current Research and Call to Action. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, i233-i251.

The article discusses the development and impact of the black lives matter movement and how inequality and racism are causing societal harm. The author cites violence committed towards African American employees and those in communities. The author calls for the development of race-neutral policies and programs.

Holden, T. M., Simon, M. A., Arnold, D. T., Halloway, V., & Gerardin, J. (2022). Structural racism and COVID-19 response: higher risk of exposure drives disparate COVID-19 deaths among Illinois, USA Black and Hispanic/Latinx residents. BMC Public Health. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12698-9

The authors indicate that structural racism was recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic, where many black families suffered after the financial system and livelihoods were paralyzed by lockdowns and restricted movement. Many could not pay their monthly bills, which led to psychological and emotional pressures. This was reflected in the rate of contracting COVID-19 and the rate of deaths of minority groups who did not receive good treatment and handling during the pandemic period. The information contained in this document would be appropriate for inclusion in the study.

Konar-Steenberg, M. K. (2019). Root And Branch: The Thirteenth Amendment And Environmental Justice. Nevada Law Journal, 509-534.

This article discusses the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments in detail, revealing how the implementation of the two amendments fails to reflect in public administration systems in many corporations and governmental agencies. This article focuses on the impact of environmental injustice on communities and people. Civil disobedience involves ecological damage, including the burning of tires, landfills, and the destruction of the environment. This article helps unravel how discrimination, inequality, and segregation lead to the destruction of the environment, vital information for developing research.

Lash, K. T. (2023). Roe and the Original Meaning of the Thirteenth Amendment. Geo. JL & Pub. Pol’y, 21, 131.

This article indicates the need to re-evaluate the thirteenth amendment and empower it to focus on re-energizing the reality of civil rights for all. The author suggests that although the Thirteenth Amendment had a great idea and plan for the United States, the institutions in place have failed to embrace the amendment, in reality, to extend freedom, opportunities, equality, and fairness to all.

Misra, S., Kwon, S. C., & Yi, S. S. (2021). Structural Racism and Immigrant Health in the United States. Health Education & Behavior. doi:10.1177/10901981211010676

This article talks about structural racism and how immigrants are treated in healthcare.

Immigrants are reported if they seek help from a doctor or mistreated if they do not have

insurance. This article talks about how immigrants have inequities in the United States regarding

their health: it is not taken seriously, so that the doctor will dismiss them. There is also

institutional racism in the system against immigrants, as the article stated.

Needham, B. L., Ali, T., Allgood, K. L., Ro, A., Hirschtick, J. L., & Fleischer, N. L. (2022). Institutional Racism and Health: A Framework for Conceptualization, Measurement, and Analysis. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities, 1-23.

The author indicates that despite the recent overgrowing interest in the impact of racism on healthcare, racism continues to cause irreparable effects on the healthcare sector. More and more patients are dying or experiencing worse healthcare issues without appropriate social and public structures to help them cope. Poverty has pushed most African Americans to low-quality healthcare institutions and solutions. This article discusses the impact of racism on healthcare delivery.

Ortega, A. N., & Roby, D. H. (2021). Ending Structural Racism in the US Health Care System to Eliminate Health Care Inequities. JAMA, 613-615.

The author discusses how structural racism is affecting the United States healthcare system and how to reroot this vice and restore fairness and justice in healthcare institutions. The start of equal but separate healthcare systems during the Jim Crow era devastated healthcare delivery to African Americans and has left the health sector unbalanced in disseminating healthcare services to clients.

Pandey, S. K., Bearfield, D., & Hall, J. L. (2022). A New Era and New Concepts in the Study of Race in Public Administration. Public Administration Review.

The authors discuss the ideas and concepts developed by W.E.B. Du Bois, which gives a strong foundation for the need to revolutionize public administration. Although the Constitution offers all guidelines for creating a society full of justice, fairness, civil rights, and opportunity for all, it is sad that the community has yet to receive any. The authors indicate that the issue of race in public administration is a dangerous path on which society is trending, leading to low economic productivity and development in most parts of the country.

Perry, M. J., Arrington, S., Freisthler, M. S., Ibe, I. N., McCray, N. L., Neumann, L. M., . . . Rosas, B. M. (2021). Pervasive structural racism in environmental epidemiology. Environmental Health. doi:10.1186/s12940-021-00801-3

The author cites epistemological biases in environmental epidemiology. The author indicates that the continuity of this habit in public administration kills trust and cohesion in the community. The author notes that institutional racism is leading to poor healthcare service. The information in this article would be vital in developing a solid thesis and research.

Pittman, L. J. (2021). The Thirteenth Amendment and Equal Protection: A Structural Interpretation to “Free” the Amendment. William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice, 461-514.

The author argues that the thirteenth Amendment does not have an equal protection clause. The article puts forward that there is a need for the court to include an equal protection clause in the thirteenth amendment. The report indicates the need to end judicial bias by strengthening the thirteenth amendment to focus on ending judicial discrimination. This article has invaluable information regarding the weaknesses of the Constitution that might be enabling institutional racism.

SCHAEFFER, K., & EDWARDS, K. (2022). Black Americans differ from other U.S. adults over whether individual or structural racism is a bigger problem. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://pewrsr.ch/3EvOYgv

The authors reveal the public assumption of structural and institutional racism in society, with whites having low numbers of those who witness racism (18%). In comparison, African Americans registered higher numbers (52%). As such, whites do not think institutional racism is a significant problem in the US society. At the same time, more African Americans believe it is an essential issue of concern in American society. The findings presented in this article would be beneficial in developing the research.

Serchen, J., Doherty, R., Atiq, O., & Hilden, D. (2020). Racism and Health in the United States: A Policy Statement From the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/M20-4195

According to the authors, African Americans and other minority groups have reported experiencing racism and exclusion in nearly all fields and spheres of life. This exclusion and racism continue to disenfranchise African Americans in their pursuit of opportunities, social advancement, and access to healthcare. The author centers on changing systemic racism to develop justice and an equal society.

Strake, A.M., Heckler, N., & Mackey, J. (2018). Administrative racism: Public administration education and race. Pages 469-489. Doi/full/10.1080/15236803.2018.1426428

This article discusses how administrators avoid talking about racism in public administration. Administrators will depend on technical rationality to prevent any decision. The article discusses how politicians try to go around race and racism at any cost. It also discusses how teachers are told not to discuss race and racism in their classes.

Wilson, R. F., Kota, K. K., Sheats, K. J., Luna-Pinto, C., Owens, C., Harrison, D. D., & Razi, S. (2023). Call out racism and inequity in reports on vaccine intentions. Nature Human Behaviour, 300-302.

This article discusses the infiltration of racism into the strategies and plans set to distribute COVID-19 vaccines in a racialized manner. The author indicates that studying the distribution of vaccine uptake and use reveals systemic racism in the dissemination of vaccines among African Americans. The author suggests a disparity in the uptake and distribution of vaccines among African Americans that is primarily influenced by racism and discriminatory treatment of patients.

Yates, M. D. (2020, 05). It’s Still Slavery by Another Name. Monthly Review, 72, 40-50.

This author shows how there are inequalities in the workspace. This article discusses how African Americans were abused when trying to make a living by sharecropping and how African Americans climbed the ladder by 1% more than their Caucasian counterpart. This article discusses how the government oppresses African Americans through laws and policing in their communities.

Yearby, R. (2018). The Impact of Structural Racism in Employment and Wages on Minority Women’s Health. Human Rights Magazine.

The author indicates an excellent extent of institutional racism in public agencies and systems. According to the author, institutional racism affects the employment of minority groups, especially women, leading to adverse mental and physical health. This article presents invaluable information on how racism affects healthcare access and service delivery, and it is appropriate for inclusion in the research.

Yearby, R., Clark, B., & Figueroa, J. F. (2022). Structural Racism In Historical And Modern US Health Care Policy. HEALTH AFFAIRS. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01466

The article presents the case for structural racism in society and how it affects development and personal progression in underdeveloped areas of the nation. The author follows the story of racism and institutional racism since the Jim Crow era and reveals that systemic racism is enshrined in US systems and policies and cannot be uprooted easily. This article has invaluable information on the history and progression of institutional racism.

Zietlow. (2020). THE NEW PEONAGE: LIBERTY AND PRECARITY FOR WORKERS IN THE GIG ECONOMY. Wake Forest Law Review., 55(5).

This author discusses that, due to a flaw in the Thirteenth Amendment, African Americans could not get jobs when high unemployment and arrests were expected. As the author demonstrates, African Americans and other persons of color were subjected to discrimination by employers. Employers would use the laws to protect them.

References