which is best- intrinsic motivation or extrinsic motivation?
which is best- intrinsic motivation or extrinsic motivation?
Requirements:
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Teachers are highly responsible in motivating the children in their learning process as lack of motivation is the problem for the poor student achievement. In order to promote the motivation, rewards are given in schools like stickers, chocolates, prize and even grades. This act of rewarding students in the name of external things are termed are extrinsic motivation. This mostly has an opposite effect as it lowers the learning process of children and report shows that children tend to make lot of errors in their learning process. When children are extrinsically motivated, they perform the task for the sole purpose of achieving an external reward or to avoid a negative consequence.
Students should be motivated from inside which is called intrinsic motivation. Practising intrinsic motivation promotes positive emotional turns. Here, the children perform the task to achieve personal satisfaction and not for any other external rewards. Students who are intrinsically motivated will take pride in the task they are performing. Intrinsically motivated children allow them to pursue the goal because it is connected to something that they value.
It is highly important for the teachers to teach children to make them intrinsically motivated. It is extremely important for all the teachers who teaches K-12. Lack of motivation among children are certainly common but leaving it unnoticed is where the issue starts.
When a child cleans the room for the purpose of making it clean is intrinsic motivation. If he cleans the room for the purpose of getting an external reward like money or movie passes or food is extrinsic motivation.
Students with learning disabilities will feel demotivated for most of the time. For this reason, some kinds of external rewards are in the school but their works are judged less creative.
EXTRINSIC-INTRINSIC RATIO
As already mentioned above, the extrinsic motivation results in the learning process which is very slow and less creative. It doesn’t mean that extrinsic motivation is unnecessary. Extrinsic rewards should be used sparingly but it should not dominate the intrinsic motivation.
‘The Extrinsic – Intrinsic’ rate is influence by ‘goal – rewards’ model. Student cannot feel motivated from within all the time. External rewards should be given in the appropriate levels to sustain the motivation for longer period.
Garbarino, conducted research on 5th and 6th grade girls tutoring young girls of 2nd grade on teaching a new game. Half of the senior girls were promised with the movie pass, if a young girl learns the game well under their tutoring. The rest of the senior girls are given none.
It has been observed that the emotional tone of the senior girls who were promised for a reward is negative. The young girls under them experienced high level of frustration. On the other hand, the control group (no promised rewards) exhibited positive emotional tone. The young girls under them learnt the game well. This proved that rewards make children more distracted and make more errors.
Here the challenge is for teachers to build in the intrinsic motivation. Rewards should be replaced with teaching that is focused on intrinsic motivation. student’s interest should be the centre.
The type, amount and timing of the reward have an effect on motivation and performance.
HOW TO DEVELOP INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN CHILDREN
AUTONOMOUS
Children should always feel in control of the environment. Teacher should create an environment by considering the children’s perception as the main factor. Teacher must always find a possible way to give them choices. Giving them the choice and making them to take a decision is a powerful tool.
Kohn suggests the importance of including children in discussions about social and behavioural issues in the classroom (rules and procedures).
Children can be given the choice of which journal to read, when to take up the exam, what kind of rules can be imposed, where to sit during discussions, mode of test etc makes them feel that they are in control of the environment.
Through interactive journals, teacher can build a rapport by collecting it periodically and marking comments in them.
FEEDBACK
Receiving feedback works in both the ways. Giving feedbacks to children and taking up feedbacks from children are really important for progressive and mutual growth. Feedbacks helps to fine tune the performance and some positive comments gives job satisfaction.
RELATEDNESS
This sense of attachment and belonging builds the intrinsic motivation as it develops the sense of connectedness and value. This drives the children in pursuing their goal for the sole purpose of achieving it.
INDIVIDUALISED EDUCATIONAL PLAN (IEP)
Individualised Educational Plan is a written plan of action for children in special education. Developing an individualised educational plan is very important in bringing in intrinsic motivation. Objectives regarding the motivation must be included in the IEP though it might be difficult to measure it. This is probably done through set of questionnaires and by analysing their behaviour pattern.
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