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Dissertation Guidelines Table of Contents 1. Objective of the Dissertation 2 2. Layout 2 3. Format 5 4. Originality and Plagiarism 5 5. References 6 6. Ethics Form 7 7. Submission Instruction 7 8. Support 7 9. Assessment 9 Appendix Grade Criteria 10 There is no set way to write a dissertation. The purpose of these guidelines is to highlight the necessary items and possibly give a few tips and ideas. Objective of the Dissertation The objectives of the dissertation are to develop the ability to investigate specific issues relevant to your degree and to communicate findings in an appropriate manner. You should be worrying more about properness of the investigation and communication rather than trying to show something new. Layout The first page (not necessarily the cover) of the final report should follow this pattern: PORTSMOUTH BUSINESS SCHOOL **TITLE OF DEGREE** Title: Student Name: Student Number: Supervisor: Year of submission: Word Count: Signed statement of originality: “This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MSc. I hereby declare that this dissertation is substantially my own work. I do/do not (please delete as appropriate) consent to my dissertation in this attributed format (not anonymous), subject to final approval by the Board of Examiners, being made available electronically in the Library Dissertation Repository and/or Department/School/Subject Group digital repositories. Dissertations will normally be kept for a maximum of ten years;  – I understand that if I consent, this dissertation will be accessible only to staff and students for reference only;  – This permission may be revoked at any time by e-mailing [email protected] Signed………………………………………….” Permission for inter-library loan: I give permission that this report may be photocopied and made available for inter-library loan for the purpose of research. Signed …………………………………………………..” [Note: These statements must be signed and dated. Omit the second if your project is confidential.] You should include an abstract (summary) of the project, inclusive of results and conclusions. This should be no more than 500 words (not counted for the total 8,000) and should fit on a single sheet. The dissertation title, your name, and the date should appear at the top of the abstract. As for the actual dissertation, the following are only guidelines. Every dissertation is different and the appropriate sections and structure can very depending on the subject. This is why you should agree on a reasonable structure with your supervisor. As an example, a dissertation in theoretical economics or theoretical finance will not have ‘data’ and ‘methodology’ sections but a ‘model’ and ‘equilibrium characterization’ sections. The following guidelines are written with an empirical dissertation in mind, however this does not dispense you from discussing the structure with your supervisor. The dissertation should start with an introduction clearly stating the research question and highlighting the aims and background of the study. The background should also provide a motivation for the research. Besides giving theoretical justification for your research, remember to include figures that give a sense of magnitude for the problem at hand. For instance, if you are looking into SME in some particular country, give their contribution to GDP; if you are looking at IPOs, provide some market caps figures. Nothing gives a sense of relevance for a topic like its magnitude. If you like, you can devote a paragraph outlining and motivating the structure of the dissertation. After the introduction, the literature review usually follows. From a practical point of view, the literature review should be the first thing you work on, leaving the introduction, conclusion and abstract last. You can use the literature review you have submitted in May as a starting point, expanding it as you read more, and better understand the topic. Remember that the review should also critically evaluate the previous literature and put it in direct relationship with your own project, from a theoretical, conceptual and methodological point of view. After completing the literature review you should have a clear idea of whether the dissertation is feasible, whether you have the technical competence required and you will be likely to access all the relevant information (e.g. data). You can then move on to the methodology, which should be discussed in details and justified in light of the critical evaluation of the methodological aspects discussed in the literature review. Depending on the nature of your dissertation, the methodology will consist either in an econometric model followed by the source of your data, or in a mathematical model. The methodology (and eventual data) section should be detailed enough to enable another trained economist to reproduce your results. The data in your dissertation should be collected by yourself. A very common mistake students make is to embark is a philosophical discussion pondering the differences between ‘method’ and ‘methodology’, inductive and deductive method, primary and secondary data, etc. This is all irrelevant and off topic. You need to explain what you are doing in the specific and why, where the answer to the last question should be in relation to your research question and not to the pros and cons to the method in general (e.g. “I will use secondary data because collection is less time consuming”). The Analysis of the results should be supported by the appropriate evidence and arguments. Depending on the nature of your dissertation, this will include the output of your econometric analysis or a list of theorems and propositions. Whatever the nature of the results, they should be thoroughly interpreted and discussed by linking them to the results already available in the literature. In light of the analysis presented, you should be able to give an answer to your research question. The methodology and analysis sections should constitute the main body of your dissertation. Conclusion If in the introduction you might have hinted to possible answers to your research question, this is the place to remind your readers of the starting point of the investigation and to give a more educated answer to the question. Remember that, unless you are giving a formal proof to an ‘if and only if’ statement where you can conclusively say that your assumptions are equivalent to your results, you should not formulate your results as absolute and categorical statements. For an empirical study, for instance, your conclusions should sound more like: “in light of the analysis carried out, the data seems to suggest that…”. It is likely that your result will contradict some of the results in the literature: unless you can spot methodological mistakes in someone else’s work, nobody is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ and your job in the conclusion is to relate your results to those in the literature and to try to explain the differences in the results by analyzing the differences in assumptions, methodology and data sets. Format The absolute maximum length is 8,000 words. This excludes references, footnotes, and any appendices. Use explanatory footnotes within reason but not for citation. There is no plus 10% allowance. Please, do include a word count in the first page of the document. The report must use double line spacing or 1.5-line spacing. The abstract will probably need to use single line spacing to fit it onto a single page. Leave margins of at least 3 cm, preferably using Times New Roman typeface size 12 pt. Any system of numbering chapters, sections, pages, figures, tables and appendices may be used, provided it is clear and consistent. Diagrams and Tables should be numbered, have an appropriate descriptive title, be labeled correctly, and any data sources cited according to Harvard APA. Charts and tables in the text should always be referred to by number. In case you use Microsoft Word, equations should be produced using your word processor’s equation editor and be numbered is case you plan to refer to them in the text: references to equations in the text should cite these numbers. Particular care should be taken with subscripts and superscripts. Define variables and parameters clearly in the text on their first appearance. Originality and Plagiarism The best (and only) way to avoid plagiarism is to use proper referencing whenever you incorporate another person’s ideas into your project. Failure to do so is known as plagiarism and is treated extremely seriously by University regulations. It may result in you being immediately excluded (expelled) from the course. You are entitled to quote from other’s work but when you do so we ask you to ensure that you present the relevant passage in italics and within “quotation marks”. References should follow one of the standard styles: we recommend you use the Harvard system (there are booklets available on this from the library). Another issue is how to interpret the Turnitin similarity % score. Just because it appears as unoriginal does not mean it is plagiarized; it just means that the material matches something in the Turnitin databases. If you use appropriate referencing you will not incur in plagiarism. However, your dissertation should be original and only submissions with a 24% or below originality score will be accepted. To check whether you fall within the limits, run a similarity check without References. Should you be very close to 24% or even exceed it by a small margin, exercise discretion and ask the advice of your supervisor: an originality report may have a similarity index of 24% with the similarity coming from hundreds of different sources, each making up less than 1% of the student’s work, other originality reports with an index of 24% may have the similarity coming from just one or two web pages or published sources, potentially a much more serious matter. Please refrain from making your dissertation a patchwork of quotations or from using a thesaurus to change into synonyms a few words in a sentence you took from somewhere else: the result is usually dreadful and hard to comprehend. If you have troubles writing in English, please seek the support of the Study Support Tutors (see section 7 below). References Begin bibliographic references on a separate page. The reference section must list all items cited in the text in Harvard APA format, including the sources of data used in tables or charts. Details of Harvard APA can be found at: http://www.referencing.port.ac.uk The Study Support Tutors at Richmond 1.07 (see paragraph 7 below) can help you make sure that your referencing is correct. Ethics Form This is on Moodle in the ‘Dissertation’ box. You have to fill out an Ethics Forms whether you are going to collect primary data or not. Instructions on how to fill it out are on Moodle too. The form needs to be signed by your supervisor. Afterwards, scan it and collate it to the main dissertation as described in the paragraph below. Submission Instruction The deadline for submitting the dissertation is TBA. Submission is in electronic form and only one file will be accepted. So, please collate the font page, the abstract and a scanned signed copy of the Ethics Form (in this order) before the main body of your dissertation. In due course, you will find on Moodle a dropbox for your submission. Please make sure to submit your file to BOTH parts, one for the first marker and one for the second marker. A single submission will not be accepted as complete. This instruction will be clearly highlighted in the submission box. No hard copy needs to be submitted to the Post-Graduate Centre; only electronic submission via Moodle will be accepted as valid.  If you need a hard copy of your dissertation to be validated by the Post-Graduate Office for visa or funding purposes, please feel free to have one printed and bound, and to take it to the Post-Graduate Centre for this purpose. However, this does not constitute a valid submission, it will not be marked and it will not give you credits on your degree. If you need such validation, please refer to the Post-Graduate for instruction and expected waiting times. Support The first line of support you have is your supervisor. It is your responsibility to make contact with your supervisor, to arrange a regular series of meetings and to make sure you are making satisfactory progress. It is not the supervisor’s role to check you are carrying out the work to the agreed timetable. You should email your supervisor and keep a record of what you have discussed. It is not a good idea to delay this first meeting with your supervisor because, without advice, you might waste time on unsuitable objectives, irrelevant readings or wrong methodology. Your supervisor may also offer comments and feedback on your work at appropriate points during the dissertation (e.g. looking at draft chapters). You should note, however, that a supervisor’s role is not to provide a detailed check of your work, nor is it to correct your use of English or your spelling. The supervisor’s role is to provide general guidance and advice on the content and process of your dissertation. The gentlemen agreement is that your supervisor will read one full draft copy of your dissertation. This should be your best draft and you should try to give it to your supervisor four weeks before submission, to allow for comments, feedback and any revisions/improvements. Your second line of support is the Business School Study Support Tutors (SST). The Business School has a dedicated team of Tutors who provide independent guidance and support for students looking to improve their techniques for completing a dissertation, including advice for students using English as a second language. You will find additional details of their services at http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/faculties/portsmouthbusinessschool/studysupport/. To book an appointment with a Study Support Tutors throughout the summer contact: email to: [email protected] phone: 02392 844007 They can also tailor workshops to specific student needs if there is a group of four or more. They will look at work online and email, comment on a piece of work. Please follow the following guidelines to make use of the Study Support Services: Send your work as early as possible. Provide them with some guidance about the particular areas that you would like to develop (structure, academic argument, signposting etc.). SST work with students developmentally with a view to how they can improve the quality of their academic work. SST do not provide a proofreading service. If you simply want proofreading, you will need to find a person or service to do this. SST cannot look at a whole dissertation but are able to look at and comment on small sections of your work. SST may be able to look at several sections of your work if you contact SST early enough. Students do not have to have finished the work. SST will generally look at a section once and suggest themes for improvement. If you would like the SST to comment on another section, they will look for evidence that you have applied their previous comments. Two weeks before the deadline: at this stage SST will only be able to provide minor comments on one or two sections of a project that they are seeing for the first time. One week before the deadline: SST will not look at any projects less than a week before their deadline. Assessment

The dissertation will be assessed internally by the academic supervisor and independently by a Portsmouth academic knowledgeable in the subject. Each will assess the dissertation without consulting the other, and then fill in her/his mark and comments on the appropriate form. The two assessors will agree a final mark (not necessarily the average) and a critique to be returned to the student.

The assessment criteria are outlined in Table 3 that can be found in the Appendix. To achieve a pass (40 plus), a project must satisfy all these criteria. To achieve a distinction (70 plus), a dissertation must demonstrate a high standard of analysis based on appropriate empirical data, and a thorough and critical review of the relevant literature. The award of merit is made where the mark is above 60.

Appendix Grade Criteria

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Critical review of risk management strategies in Portfolio Construction in UK Abstract This proposal will investigate the potential of different financial instruments as a means of mitigating risk and maximizing returns in a portfolio. A mixed-methods approach will be used to analyze the performance of traditional financial instruments, such as futures and options, and newer instruments, such as ETFs and crypto-currencies. Quantitative data will be sourced from the Bank of England, the Office for National Statistics (ONS), and other relevant sources. Statistical and economic analysis will be conducted on the data and qualitative research, such as case studies, interviews, surveys, and focus groups. The analysis results will be used to assess different financial instruments' performance in mitigating risk, maximizing returns, and developing portfolio management strategies. Additionally, the research will investigate the impact of market volatility on portfolio performance and develop strategies to protect against losses in volatile markets. This project will comprehensively understand financial risk management, portfolio analysis, and evidence-based recommendations for effective portfolio management. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Background 4 Literature Review 6 Methodology 9 Analysis 9 Conclusion 10 References 11 Appendix Data Sources 13 Introduction Financial risk management and portfolio analysis are essential in understanding how to manage investments effectively. It is a process of assessing the risk associated with different assets and determining the most suitable portfolio allocation to optimize the investment return. Extensive research has been conducted on the topic, with a particular focus on the role of different financial instruments in managing risk (Chan, 2015). However, there still needs to be more consensus on the most effective portfolio analysis and risk management strategies. This proposal aims to investigate the potential of different financial instruments as a means of mitigating risk and maximizing returns in a portfolio. Specifically, it will assess the performance of traditional financial instruments, such as futures and options, and newer instruments, such as ETFs and crypto-currencies, to identify the most effective risk management strategies. The project will also examine the impact of market volatility on portfolio performance and develop strategies to protect against losses in volatile markets. Ultimately, the aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of financial risk management, portfolio analysis, and evidence-based recommendations for effective portfolio management. Background Financial risk management is an essential aspect of financial decision-making for investors and financial institutions. It is the process by which potential risks associated with investing or lending are identified, measured, and managed. Risk management helps investors and lenders identify, measure and manage the risks associated with their investments and lending activities, enabling them to mitigate potential losses and maximize returns. Portfolio analysis is another critical component of financial risk management. It is the process of assessing the performance of a portfolio of investments or loans to identify its performance relative to its risk objectives. With proper risk management, organizations can be exposed to much financial risk and avoid significant losses due to unexpected market events. By analyzing the performance of a portfolio, investors can make informed decisions about which investments to push and when to make them. Different countries are characterized by different magnitudes for each cultural dimension, which impacts performance, see Figure 1. The differences could affect the firm performance and risk management.          Portfolio analysis helps investors and lenders understand their portfolio's risk-return tradeoff and make informed decisions about how to rebalance or diversify their investments or loans. It also helps them identify potential opportunities or threats associated with their investments or lending activities. By understanding the risk-return tradeoff of their portfolio, investors and lenders can make better decisions about their assets and lending activities. Risk management and portfolio analysis are also crucial for businesses seeking to optimize their financial performance. By understanding the risks associated with different investments and the performance of a portfolio, companies can make informed decisions about how to allocate their resources best. This can help businesses maximize their returns and minimize their risks. Additionally, risk management and portfolio analysis can provide essential insights into the financial health of an organization, enabling enterprises to make more informed decisions about their future strategies. Literature Review Financial risk management and portfolio analysis are two essential components of any financial decision-making process that can significantly impact the success or failure of an organization. In the United Kingdom, the economic landscape has become increasingly complex and competitive, requiring organizations to take a more comprehensive approach to financial risk management and portfolio analysis than ever before. Financial risk management is identifying, assessing, and managing financial risks within an organization. This process helps organizations identify potential threats to develop strategies to reduce or mitigate the risks. A key component of financial risk management is using financial instruments, such as derivatives, to reduce risk.  Financial risk management also includes appropriately allocating resources, such as capital and personnel, to ensure risks are correctly managed. Portfolio analysis is the process of analyzing an organization's portfolio of investments to identify potential areas of risk and opportunity. This process can involve analyzing factors such as market trends, financial statements, and asset allocation. Portfolio analysis can provide insight into the performance of an organization's investments and identify areas that may require additional investment. In the United Kingdom, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) has issued various regulatory documents, such as the Investment Services Rules and the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, which guide financial institutions in managing financial risk and portfolio analysis. These regulations provide a framework for organizations to assess and manage their financial risk and portfolio analysis and guide organizations on how to comply with their regulatory obligations. Research has been conducted in the United Kingdom to assess the impact of financial risk management and portfolio analysis on the success of financial institutions.  In a study by Carter, Morris, and Orme (2010), the authors identified several key areas in which financial risk management and portfolio analysis can impact a financial institution's success. These include the ability to identify and manage risk, the ability to adapt to changing market conditions, and the ability to manage capital effectively. The authors also identified several key challenges that organizations face in managing financial risk and portfolio analysis, such as the complexity of the task and the need for financial institutions to update their processes and procedures continually. The research conducted by McManus (2013) highlighted the importance of financial risk management and portfolio analysis in the United Kingdom. Theoretical frameworks used in the literature on financial risk management and portfolio analysis in the UK have included a range of approaches, such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Value at Risk (VaR) model, the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model, and the Basel III framework. Other theoretical frameworks that have been used include the concept of systemic risk, various risk management frameworks, and various portfolio analysis techniques. The data used in the literature on financial risk management and portfolio analysis in the UK has been mainly sourced from financial institutions, such as banks and insurance companies, as well as various government sources. Data sources have included financial statements, balance sheets, financial data from the Bank of England, and macroeconomic data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS).  The author identified several critical areas where organizations could improve their financial risk management and portfolio analysis, including developing robust risk management frameworks, modern technology, and appropriate processes and procedures. The author also highlighted the need for organizations to ensure that their risk management and portfolio analysis strategies are integrated with their overall system. In addition to these studies, research conducted by Hamilton and Stott (2017) highlighted the importance of financial risk management and portfolio analysis in the United Kingdom. The authors identified some critical areas where organizations could improve their financial risk management and portfolio analysis, including implementing appropriate risk management frameworks, developing proper processes and procedures, and using modern technology. The authors also highlighted the need for organizations to integrate their risk management and portfolio analysis strategies with their overall system. Analytical methods used in the literature on financial risk management and portfolio analysis in the UK have included a range of quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods have included using risk models and measures, such as the CAPM, VaR, and BSM models, as well as various portfolio analysis techniques. Qualitative methods have included case studies, interviews, surveys, and focus groups (Giudici, 2020). Findings from the literature on financial risk management and portfolio analysis in the UK have varied depending on the research question and

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