Negative Effects of Alcohol Addiction in Elderly Population
This is a poster. Digital poster that can be done in Canva. It has to communicate with the target audience which are the elderlies that have alcohol addiction. You need to grab the attention of the reader. Why is this important? What is concerning about such addiction? What is their side of the story? Words limit on the poster is 300-600. To use citations can use [1], then on the separate page of a doc or something put all the citations. If information from lectures (attached below) is used need to cite it in APA format as well. FOLLOW all requirements from Rubric (attached below).
Topic – Negative Effects of Alcohol Addiction in Elderly Population
MUST follow the RUBRIC to include all the required information (attached below)
Lectures on Alcohol are attached down below. As the rubric says the poster should include following elements:
– Substance of Abuse
– Neuroscience
– Psychology / Behavior
It is required to use information from minimum of 3 peer-reviewed articles. Here are some of the articles that i found that you can use:
1) https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0315/p17…
2) https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/48/…
3) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/…
You can use illustrations from outside sources, but they must be cited appropriately
o Illustrations = graphs, charts, etc.
• Citations must be in APA style
o For the in-text citations, you can use a footnote instead of the parenthetical
referencing style
• Word Limit: between 300 – 600 words
• Page Limit: 1 page
o You can include your full reference citations on a separate page
Graph Requirement:
In line with the rubric guidelines, each infographic must include one graph representing an interesting statistic related to your chosen topic. You have the freedom to choose any type of graph that works best for you, be it a bar graph, pie chart, line graph, or any other style that complements your infographic’s presentation.
Data Source:
You do not need to worry about collecting your own data! You may use an interesting statistic you’ve found online and transform it into a graph for your infographic. Make sure that the statistic aligns well with your topic. Alternatively, you have the option to recreate or redesign an existing graph, but remember, the final graph must be entirely your original work. Copying and pasting an existing graph with minimal changes is not acceptable.
Requirements: One page poster | .doc file
PSY134 Psychopharmacology Infographic Assignment Rubric • Your infographic must be on the same topic as the one that your originally proposed • You can use illustrations from outside sources, but they must be cited appropriately o Illustrations = graphs, charts, etc. • Citations must be in APA style o For the in-text citations, you can use a footnote instead of the parenthetical referencing style • Word Limit: between 300 – 600 words • Page Limit: 1 page o You can include your full reference citations on a separate page 4 3 2 1 Content Was the infographic topic submitted on time? On time submission Late by 1 day Late by 2 days Late by 3 days or more Is the topic of your infographic the same one that you proposed & was the topic submitted on time? Same topic Similar topic Completely different topic Is the information properly explained? Yes, all the information presented is appropriately explained The information is adequately explained The information is poorly explained The information is not explained Is the information presented scientifically accurate and relevant? Yes, all the information presented is scientifically sound Some minor errors in the accuracy and relevancy Several significant errors in the accuracy and relevancy Major errors in the accuracy and relevancy Is the information presented related to psychopharmacology? Elements include: – Substance of Abuse – Neuroscience – Psychology / Behavior Yes, all the elements are present Missing one element Only mentions drug abuse and the brain or behavior Missing two elements Only mentions drug abuse Missing all three elements Graphs Include one graph illustrate a statistic on your topic. It must be your own. 1 or more graph(s) included Unoriginal graph or no graph References / Citations Include a minimum of 3 references from reputable sources 3 or more references from reputable sources 1 or more of the references are from a questionable source(s) 1-2 references used No references used Include both intext citations and a reference page Both in-text citations and a reference page were included Missing either the in-text citations or reference page No citations or reference page Organization & Grammar Does your infographic look nice (appropriate colors, font size & style, etc.)? Great overall organization Good overall organization, some features may be lacking, but they do not distract from the content Poor organization, some features distract from the content Poor organization, unreadable
Are there any grammatical mistakes? None or less than 2 Few errors but they do not distract from the content Several errors that do distract from the content More than 10 errors Are there any violations of word and/or page limits? None Violation of 1 limit Violation of both limits Total Points Possible = 44
Alcohol IPsychopharmacology 134Lecture 8Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences University of California, Santa Barbara Week 3
AlcoholWhat is it and where does it come from?
Types of Alcohol •Isopropyl alcohol, or isopropanol, which is commonly known as rubbing alcohol•Methyl alcohol, or methanol which is an industrial •Acts as a toxin for optic nerves and can be produced during distillation process for moonshine •If taken, it causes blindness•Ethyl Alcohol or ethanol which is a grain alcohol that is from the fermentation of starch incorn grain
Alcohol Consumption •Alcohol is widely consumed across the world; in the United States it is the most abused additive substance, and this is the same for many other countries •Approximately 2 billion people a year consume alcoholic beverages, and an estimated 76 million individuals have an alcohol use disorder (World Health Organization, 2014)
Alcohol Use Disorder & the Clinical Perspective
Alcohol Use Disorder •Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences (NIAAA)•Considered a brain disorder, AUD can be mild, moderate, or severe •DSM-V: “A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period”
COVID & Alcohol •A greater risk of experiencing severe conditions (e.g. liver/heart disease) due to increased alcohol consumption•Higher risk of developing cognitive impairments including dementia and Alzheimer’s disease than menRodriguez, Litt and Stewart (2020)
A Standard Drink
Types of Alcohol Consumers •Lifetime abstainer – Fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime•Former infrequent drinker – Fewer than 12 drinks in any one year and no drinks in past year•Former regular drinker – At least 12 drinks in any one year in lifetime but no drinks in past year•Current infrequent drinker – 1-11 drinks in past year•Current light drinker – At least 12 drinks in the past year but 3 drinks or fewer per week, on average over the past year•Current moderate drinker – More than 3 drinks but no more than 7 drinks per week for women and more than 3 drinks but no more than 14 drinks per week for men, on average over the past year•Current heavier drinker – More than 7 drinks per week for women; more than 14 drinks per week for men, on average over the past yearCDC, National Center for Health Statistics
Clinical Terms: Types of Drinking •Current use is at least one drink in the past 30 days (includes binge and heavy drinking)
Subjective Effects Acting as an anxiolytic, Stimulant like“Sharing too much” stageBlackouts, immobility Chronic users, sedative hypnotic effects
Relationship between blood alcohol concentration and pharmacological effects What kind of curve is this?
Changes in Behavior & Cognition •Alcohol’s depressant effects impact behavior and cognitive processing •Poor judgement as a result of disinhibition •Disinhibition is a weakening of behavioral control that manifests as poor risk assessment, engagement in dangerous behavior and impulsivity •Weakening of behavioral control •Impulsivity is defined as decision making without reflecting adequately on the consequences of those decisions •Disinhibition with alcohol use can cause socially unconventional behavior such as loud outbursts or aggressive behavior
Low BACs significantly impair brake reaction time in a driving simulator study•Compared to placebo- treated participants, alcohol-treated participants reacted more slowly to the yellow barricades•These reaction deficits occurred for BACs as low as 0.05, and they were especially pronounced at a 0.08 BAC, a legal limit for operating motor vehicles in most states•Divided attention relies on focused divided attention in order to successfully steer the vehicle amid a variety of road conditionsLiguori, A., D’Agostino, R. B., Dworkin, S. I., Edwards, D., & Robinson, J. H. (1999)
Positive Subjective Effects •Improvements in mood = increase in intake •BAC 0.05 = high, mild dizzy, 0.08 = intense “well being”•At lower amounts, alcohol produces stress relieving effects•Conger (1956) developed the Tension Reduction Hypothesis•Drinking alcohol (mostly habitual alcohol use) reduces stress •Elevated anxiety levels result in greater drinking •Preclinical studies have shown that animals with greater signs of anxiety-like behavior are more likely to self-administer alcohol compared to non-anxious animals •Prediction that negative affect (stress & anxiety) are solid predictors for the development of alcohol addiction
Alcohol Priming •After consuming one or two drinks of alcohol, users develop an urge to consume more alcohol, a phenomenon described as alcohol priming•The phenomenon may be partly the result of alcohol’s ability to disinhibit behavior and to increase impulsive decision making•Priming occurs in non-addicted alcohol users, irrespective of drinking patterns Rose, A. K., & Grunsell, L. (2008)
Recap! 1.Alcohol also impairs _________, which may explain why alcohol-related crashes occur during obstructed driving conditions2.Two key subjective effects of alcohol are an improvement in mood and a reduction in_________. 3.True/False: Disinhibition is defined as decision making without reflecting adequately on the consequences of those decisions 4.True/False: The Tension Reduction Hypothesis states having an elevated level of anxiety may make someone more likely to abuse alcohol 5.True/False: AUD stands for Alcohol Use Dependence
Recap! 1.Alcohol also impairs divided attention which may explain why alcohol-related crashes occur during obstructed driving conditions2.Two key subjective effects of alcohol are an improvement in mood and a reduction in stress and anxiety 3.True/False: Disinhibition Impulsivity is defined as decision making without reflecting adequately on the consequences of those decisions 4.True/False: The Tension Reduction Hypothesis states having an elevated level of anxiety may make someone more likely to abuse alcohol 5.True/False: AUD stands for Alcohol Use Dependence Disorder
AUD Examplehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2mCQM7L1r4
Psychopharmacology of Alcoholthe Pharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics
Blood Alcohol Concentration •We measure the amount of alcohol in the body by blood alcohol concentration•Blood alcohol concentration (or BAC) refers to the number of grams of alcohol in a 100 ml volume of blood
Pharmacokinetics – Absorption & Biotransformation•Both the stomach and liver contain alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes•Little alcohol metabolism takes place in an empty stomach because alcohol is quickly digested to the intestines in the absence of food•However, on a full stomach, alcohol remains in the stomach longer, giving alcohol greater exposures to alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes•In this case, some of the alcohol metabolizes before reaching the intestines for absorption. •After absorption, alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the liver metabolize most of the remaining alcohol•An estimated 95% of circulating alcohol is metabolized by the liver!
Pharmacokinetics – Biotransformation Enzymes•Enzymes in the stomach, liver, and other parts of the body metabolize alcohol•The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) metabolizes 95 percent of alcohol and metabolizes it to acetaldehyde •In addition to alcohol dehydrogenase, other metabolic processes in tissues throughout the body, including the brain, convert alcohol to acetaldehyde•Acetaldehyde converts to acetic acid and acetate by different forms of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
Pharmacokinetics – Biotransformation
Pharmacokinetics – Biotransformation (MEOS)•Alcohol can also be metabolized to acetaldehyde by CYP2E1, the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)•Because these enzymes metabolize other drugs, alcohol must compete for the same enzyme molecules which can have dangerous consequences •Increased toxicity, death•Regular alcohol use leads to induction of this CYP = metabolic tolerance •Having more of the CYPs available → metabolize more drug → less distribution → smaller the drug effect •Rate of 1/2 standard drink per hour
Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol – Biological Sex•Scenario: •130l lb male (Ben) and 130 lb female (Jen)•Ben and Jen are on a date at Test Pilot and they both have 3 painkiller slushies •At the end of the date, Ben’s BAC is lower than Jen’s, why?
Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol – Biological Sex•Scenario: •130l lb male (Ben) and 130 lb female (Jen)•Ben and Jen are on a date at Test Pilot and they both have 3 painkiller slushies •At the end of the date, Ben’s BAC is lower than Jen’s, why? •Males have a greater concentration of ADH in the stomach than females •For males, this means that more alcohol is metabolized in the stomach = less absorption into the bloodstream = less booze overall•For females, the ADH found in the liver is significantly less active than for males = longer time to metabolize = greater BACs
Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol – Body Composition •Females have less body water (and a higher body fat percentage) than males of similar body weight•So, females have higher concentrations of alcohol in the blood after drinking equivalent amounts of alcohol•In addition, females appear to eliminate alcohol from the blood faster than men. This finding may be explained by women’s higher liver volume per unit lean body mass because alcohol is metabolized almost entirely in the liver
Polymorphisms in Alcohol Metabolism •Nearly 50% of those with Asian ancestry (e.g., Japanese, Korean, Chinese) have genes that code only for an active and/or inactive form of the enzyme (isozyme, ALDH) involved in alcohol metabolism •ALDH2 •This type of alcohol intolerance is also known as Asian Alcohol Flushing Syndrome and suggest that drinking even small amounts of alcohol leads to greater accumulation of acetaldehyde•Acetaldehyde is considered responsible for the facial flushing reaction•Other reaction symptoms include nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, headache, sweating, dizziness and confusion
Asian Alcohol Flushing Syndrome •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXjvx5Eq_PI
Alcohol & Aspirin•Myth: “Take some aspirin after a night of drinking to avoid a hangover”•Aspirin inhibits ADH in both males and females •Beware, that you will slow the metabolism of alcohol, but you will still have higher BACs•Longer time to metabolize the alcohol •Severe consequences and major strain on the liver! •Toxic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)•Increased risk in internal bleeding
Pharmacokinetics – Elimination •Follows zero-order kinetics, for the most part•Fixed-rate, until you get lower doses•Most individuals eliminate approximately 10 to 14 mL, or about 1⁄2 ounce, of 100 percent alcohol per hour •At very doses, alcohol follows more of a first-order kinetics trend •Michaelis-Menten elimination
Neuroscience of Alcohol & Preclinical Studies
Alcohol in the Brain•Excitatory or inhibitory? •Alcohol is classified as a depressant, as such, alcohol generally depresses excitatory signals and acts like other sedative agents •But why does alcohol induce some stimulatory feelings?•1. Biphasic effects of alcohol•Low doses = stimulatory effect (activates cells)•Higher doses = Decreased firing •2. Impaired balance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain•Chronic use = compensation for depressant effects
Recap! 1.The percentage of alcohol in blood is referred to as the __________.2.The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to __________.3.True/False: Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the stomach 4.True/False: Males have a greater concentration of ALDH in the stomach than females
Recap! 1.The percentage of alcohol in blood is referred to as the blood alcohol concentration2.The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde3.True/False: Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the stomach liver 4.True/False: Males have a greater concentration of ALDH ADH in the stomach than females
Alcohol IIPsychopharmacology 134Lecture 9Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences University of California, Santa Barbara Week 3
Class Updates•Reminder: Midterm exam is on Monday! •Will be open at 8am on Monday•Change to the course schedule, I will cover anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotic drugs during the “special topics” lecture on the last week of class•I will reach out to you by next Monday if there is a problem with your infographic topic
Pharmacodynamics of Alcohol •What does alcohol do to the body and how does this affect behavior?•Tolerance can occur, meaning the effects of alcohol are reduced •Ex: A chronic user may be able to preform better in a motor task when compared to a social drinker•Remember, tolerance can develop of specific properties of the drug, not all of the drug effects•Cross tolerance also occurs with alcohol, whereby because of their similar mechanism of action, drugs like benzodiazepines and barbiturates, can be used in the treatment of AUD
Types of Tolerance with Chronic Alcohol Use•Acute tolerance is tolerance that occurs when alcohol’s behavioral effects are weaker for declining BACs than for inclining BACs •Metabolic tolerance (drug deposition tolerance) refers to an increase in liver alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes resulting in an increased rate of alcohol metabolism
Types of Tolerance with Chronic Alcohol Use•Pharmacodynamic tolerance refers to a reduction in physiological responsiveness to alcohol’s pharmacological actions •Think cellular adaption, chronic alcohol results in the upregulation/downregulation of various neurotransmitter types. We’ll cover more on this today•Behavioral tolerance is a decrease in behavioral impairment to alcohol •While under the influence of alcohol, chronic users perform better in behavioral tasks than those who are non-dependent on alcohol
Sensitization with Chronic Alcohol Use •Sensitization to alcohol consists of an increase in alcohol’s efficacy•Primarily, sensitization occurs to the reinforcing properties of alcohol•In rodents, chronic alcohol administration results in a notable increases in alcohol self-admin (more lever presses), locomotor activity (more exploring in the open field test) and increases in sexual behavior •How might this be reflected on a dose-response curve?
Physical Dependence with Chronic Alcohol Use•Signs of alcohol physical dependence occur upon the cessation of alcohol •The primary withdrawal symptom of most concern are seizures/seizure risk•Anticonvulsant medications are often provided during the initial stages of alcohol cessation therapy •Repeated alcohol withdrawals occurs when someone tries to repeatedly quit but relapses•Can significantly increase the risk of withdrawal induced seizures, also referred to as kindling•Kindling is an increased seizure risk from repeated withdrawals from alcohol
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome •Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (also known as delirium tremens) is characterized by hallucinations, trembling, confusion, disorientation, and agitation •Most severe form of alcohol withdrawal, onset is typically 72 – 96 hours after last drink•Although rare, visual hallucinations are typically zooscopic in type with animals being visualized, often insects or rodents or snakes•The auditory hallucinations are usually of a derogatory nature, condemning and accusatory•These hallucinations can take the form of irrational fear that someone or something is out to get them•Paranoid •The syndrome represents a hyperexcitable state of the nervous system following the prolonged depressant effects of alcohol
Neurobiology of Alcohol & Preclinical Studies
Alcohol is a dirty drug!•Neurotransmitter systems that are highly implicated: •Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) •Glutamate (Glu)•Dopamine (DA)•Opioid System
GABA•GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter •Accounts for 40% of all inhibitory signaling•Alcohol is a depressant drug → inhibitory effects •Specifically at the GABA A receptor•Upon binding, chloride channels open and chloride enters the cell •Chloride then hyperpolarizes the membrane•Inhibits the neurons activity
The GABA A receptor •What kind of receptor is the GABA A receptor? •Ligand-gated ion channel / ionotropic receptor•Alcohol binds to the GABA A receptor and acts as a positive allosteric modulator•Increases the duration of the receptor activation and allows chloride ions into the neuron •These two things enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA A receptors •No specific binding site has been identified •Similar MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates
GABA & Withdrawal Effects •The location of these receptors determine alcohol’s effects •Most implicated brain regions are the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus & the thalamus•Information processing, memory and cognitive abilities •Chronic alcohol use alters the way alcohol interacts with GABA neurons in several ways:1. A reduction in GABA A receptors that are available 2. GABA A receptors become less affected by alcohol (tolerance)•These changes contribute to the manifestation of alcohol’s withdrawal effects •Less inhibitory effects = increased signs of stress & anxiety
Glutamate•Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system and has receptors on many cells in the CNS •Alcohol is a depressant drug → inhibitory effects •Acts on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors •Mediates associative learning •Role in excitotoxicity (like after a stroke)
NMDA Receptors •What kind of receptor is this?•Ligand-gated ion channel / ionotropic receptor•NMDA receptors allow the influx of Ca2+ and Na+ into the cell and depolarize the cell •Alcohol acts as a glutamate antagonist and acutely inhibits glutamate neurotransmission by reducing the effectiveness of glutamate at the NMDA receptor •Impairs learning and memory
Reason for Alcohol Blackouts?The combination of temporary inhibition of NMDA receptors by alcohol and reduced glutamate release may produce the amnesia that occurs for events that take place during intoxication The number of NMDA receptors in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus is elevated in human alcoholics as well as in animal models of chronic alcohol exposure
Glutamate & Withdrawal Effects •Preclinical and clinical findings point to an increase in NMDA receptors in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus following a history of alcohol abuse•Strong correlation between the magnitude of glutamate output and the intensity of alcohol withdrawal •Upregulation in NMDA receptors = more intense withdrawal effects•Neurochemical correlate of alcohol withdrawal•Alcohol’s effect on glutamate combined with its effects on GABA can result in severe withdrawal effects •Increased risk of seizures, especially during the “detox” stage
Opioid System•Endogenous neuropeptides (small peptide neurotransmitters) are the organic inhibitors of pain signaling•They bind to opioid receptors involved in pain signaling responses •Examples of endogenous neuropeptides are enkephalins and endorphins•Also referred to as endogenous opioids •Alcohol induces the release of endogenous opioids in the brain, this processes is what drives the feelings of reward and pleasure •By blocking opioid receptors (mu opioid receptor), alcohol intake decreases with both humans and rodents •Endogenous opioid systems are generally more sensitive to the effects of alcohol in rat strains that have been bred for alcohol preference
Pharmacotherapies for AUD •We are constantly learning more about the puzzle, so we are constantly refining our treatment options•The key strategies for AUD pharmacotherapies are: 1. Make alcohol taking unpleasant 2. Reduce the reinforcing qualities that encourage prolong use •We are FAR behind, last time we had a new FDA approved drug was in 2004•Disulfiram – 1949•Oral Naltrexone – 1994•Acamprosate – 2004 •ER Naltrexone – 2006
Pharmacotherapy – Disulfiram (dai·suhl·fr·am)•Disulfiram (Antabuse) was developed as a motivational aid to quit drinking•Mechanism of Action (MOA): inhibits the ALDH enzyme which results in the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood•Accumulation of this metabolite in the blood produces unpleasant feelings including facial flushing, tachycardia, reduced blood pressure, nausea & vomiting•Low compliance due to aversive effects
Pharmacotherapy – Naltrexone (nal·trek·sown)•Naltrexone (Vivitrol,Revia,Depade) developed to interfere with the reinforcing properties of alcohol•MOA: An opiate receptor antagonist (mu receptor) that reduces alcohol consumption and improves abstinence rates, blocks endogenous opioid binding •Naltrexone suppresses alcohol cravings by suppressing the effects of the body’s natural opioids•This lowers alcohol’s reinforcing properties•Preclinical data shows that mu opioid agonists increase alcohol intake and antagonists decrease intake. •Naltrexone MOA is still not well characterized, but the hypothesis is that naltrexone reduces the positive “high” feelings by blocking the effects of alcohol induced endorphin release.
Pharmacotherapy – Acamprosate (uh·kam·pruh·sayt)•Acamprosate developed for the maintenance of alcohol abstinence •Acts like an alcohol substitute to mitigate negative effects•MOA: Not fully understood•Hypothesized to act as a partial antagonist at the NMDA receptor and blocks the alcohol withdrawal induced glutamate increase•A positive allosteric modulator at the GABA A receptor •Similar structure to GABA and aid in the balancing of GABA levels in alcohol dependent rodents •Modifies functions of both GABA and glutamate in the NAC (reward pathway)•Providing a balance between inhibitory and excitatory signaling •Research suggests that acamprosate may aid in the treatment of AUD by reducing cravings for alcohol •Most effective with those who are in a current state of abstinence
Treating AUD •The goal of treatment is to eliminate the behavioral, social, and physical harm caused by alcohol use•Begins with the detoxification stage which refers to the process aimed at ceasing drug intoxication and reducing withdrawal symptom •Drug-replacement therapy can be employed which means exchanging the addictive drug with a similar but less harmful drug •Alcohol exchanged for benzodiazepines•The second stage is the referred to as the psychosocial rehabilitation stage
Psychosocial Rehabilitation •Psychotherapy is an important part in the road to recovery for those suffering from AUD•Behavioral therapies use the principles of applied behavior analysis to analyze and develop strategies for treating drug addiction •Goal is to provide healthy alternative reinforcers to those with alcohol addiction (incentives, vouchers)•Therapists is focused more on refining the behavior of the individual •Cognitive-behavioral therapies seek to improve an individual’s cognitive and behavioral skills toward changing problem alcohol use •Goal is to identify and cope with conditions that facilitate problem alcohol use such as stress and alcohol-related stimuli •Therapists seek to eliminate the issues associated with extensive alcohol use, which may or may not require abstinence•Alcoholics Anonymous is a 12-step program for alcohol addiction that provides extensive social support to encourage drinking abstinence for its anonymous members
Effective Treatment Plans Combine Treatment Avenues
No Specific Cause for Alcohol Abuse •The amount, frequency, and speed with which a person consumes alcohol influences their chance of developing AUD.•The risk factors associated with the development of AUD are multimodal •Neurobiological•Psychological •Sociocultural •Age / Sex
If you are interested in alcohol research…•Check out the Research Society on Alcohol (RSA)•Society serves as a meeting ground for scientists, clinicians and other professionals involved in alcohol-related fields of study (law, policy, economics, education)•2024 conference will be in Minneapolis, MN at the end of June http://www.rsoa.org/undergraduatediversitytravelaward
Common Misconceptions / Recap •“After a cup of coffee and some soup, I’ll sober up and sweat out the leftover booze from last night”•“Beer has less alcohol, it’s not like I’m drinking liquor”•“I can hold my booze well even after 6 shots, so alcohol doesn’t affect me”
Common Misconceptions / Recap •“After a cup of coffee and some soup, I’ll sober up and sweat out the leftover booze from last night”•Elimination of alcohol follows a zero-order kinetics pattern, you can’t speed up the process of the alcohol leaving the body•“Beer has less alcohol, it’s not like I’m drinking liquor”•A 12oz beer has as much alcohol as a 1.5 oz shot of liquor. Alcohol is the same. Mixed drinks often have more than one shot. •“I can hold my booze well even after 6 shots, so alcohol doesn’t affect me” •This is a sign that you have developed tolerance, a red flag that you may have a drinking problem
Common Misconceptions / Recap •“If people wanted to stop drinking, they would, it’s all in their heads”•“If you abuse alcohol, you have an alcohol use disorder”•“Drinking alcohol leads to alcoholism”
Common Misconceptions / Recap •“If people wanted to stop drinking, they would, it’s all in their heads”•AUD is a medical disorder with both psychological and physiological implications. Once your body becomes dependent on the drug, it takes more than just willpower to stop•“If you abuse alcohol, you have an alcohol use disorder”•Not true. Consumption of alcohol that disrupts one’s daily routine can be a sign of alcohol abuse, but it is only an AUD if the DSM criteria are met. A diagnosis is to be done by a trained and board-certified medical professional!•“Drinking alcohol leads to alcoholism”•No, alcohol by itself does not render someone more or less likely to develop an addiction. Refer to the risk factors, it’s a combination of some of these risk factors.
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