Critical appraisal aims to identify potential threats to the validity of the research findings and make informed decisions about the quality of research evidence. Usin

 

Critical appraisal aims to identify potential threats to the validity of the research findings and make informed decisions about the quality of research evidence. Using a Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence Download Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence allows consistency when reviewing several studies.

To complete the following:

  1. Using the same three articles from the Table of Evidence" Assignment, complete the critical appraisal.
  2. Read each article for this review carefully several times.
  3. Use the handout "Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence Download Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence" tool to examine the article in-depth and type detailed notes on it.
  4. Complete “Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence Download Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence” and
  5. Upload on Canvas.

Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence

Student’s name:____________________________________________

Phase I: Comprehension

Research Problem and Purpose

1. Did the abstract include key elements of purpose, design, sample, selected to results, and conclusion?

2. What is the study problem?

.

3. What is the study purpose?

Literature Review

4. Does the literature review include current, relevant previous studies and theories?

Study Framework

5. Is a particular theory or modelidentified as a framework for the study?

6. Is a map or model of the framework provided for clarity?

Research Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses

7. Our research objectives, questions, or hypothesis used to direct the conduct of the study? Identify these

Variables

8. Are the major variables (independent and dependent variables or research variables) identify and definedconceptually and operationally?

Identify and defined these variables.

9. What attribute or demographic valuables are examined in the study?

Design

10. What design was used to conduct the study?

11. Does the study include a treatment or intervention? If so, identified intervention.

12. If the study has more than one group, how were the subjects assigned to groups?

13. Are the following elements of the sample described?

a. Identify inclusion on exclusion simple criteria.

b. Identify a sampling method.

c. Discuss the sample size, power analysis, acceptance rate and attrition rate.

14. Was institutional review board approval obtained from the university and/or agency in which the study was conducted?

15. Was informed consent obtained from the subjects?

16. What was the study setting?

17. Are the major the measurements methods described? Complete the following table.

Measurement Method

Author

Type of Measurement

Level of Measurement

Reliability

Validity

Data Collection and Analysis

18. How were study procedure implemented and data collected during the study?

19. What statistical analyses are included in the research report? Complete the following table.

Purpose of Analysis

Analysis Technique

Statistics

Results

Probability

Interpretation of Findings

20. What is the researcher’s interpretation of the findings?

21. What limitations of the study are identified by the researchers?

22. What conclusions did the researchers identify based on this study and previous research?

23. Describe how the researcher generalized the findings

24. What implications do the findings have for nursing practice?

25. What implications do the findings have for nursing practice?

26. What suggestions are made for further studies?

Phase II: Comparison and Analysis

Research Problem and Purpose

1. Is the problem clinically significance and relevant nursing?

2. Does the purpose narrow and clarify the focus or aim of the study?

Literature Review

3. Does the literature review provide a rationale and direction for the study?

Study Framework

4. Is the framework presented with clarity and linked to the study purpose, variables, and findings?

Variables

5. Do the variables reflect the concerts identified the framework?

6. Are the variables clearly defined conceptually at operationally based on previous research and/or theories?

Design

7. Does the design provide a means to examine all the objectives, questions, or hypotheses and the study purpose?

8. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the design?

9. If the study had a treatment:

a. Is it constantly implemented?

b. Who is blinded to the treatment, subjects, data collectors, and researchers

c. If the study has treatment and comparison groups, are these groups equivalent?

Sample, population, and setting

10. What are the potential biases in the sampling methods?

11. Is the sample size sufficient to avoid a type II error?

12. Was the sample size determined by a power analysis?

13. Was the attrition rate high?

14. Are the rights of human subjects protected?

15. Are the HIPPA privacy regulations followed in conducting the study?

Measurements

16. Are the measurement methods clearly described?

17. Scales and questionnaires:

a. Are the techniques to administer, complete, and score the instruments provided?

b. Are the reliability and validity of the instruments described?

c. If the instrument was developed for the study, is the instrument development process descried?

· Observations:

a. Are the techniques for recording observations described?

b. Is interrater reliability described?

· Physiological Measures:

a. Are the accuracy, precision, and error of physiological instruments discussed?

b. Are the methods for recording data from the physiological measures clearly described?

Data Collection

18. Is the training of data collectors clearly described and adequate?

19. Is the data collection process conducted in a constant manner?

20. Are the data collection methods ethical?

Data Analyses

21. Do data analyses address each objective, question, or hypothesis?

22. Are data analysis procedures appropriate to the type of data collected?

23. Are tables and figures used to synthesize and emphasize certain findings?

.

24. If the results were nonsignificant, was the sample size sufficient to detect significant differences?

25. Was a power analysis conducted to examine nonsignificant findings?

Interpretation of Findings

26. Are significant and nonsignificant findings explained?

27. Were the statically significant findings also examined for clinical significance?

28. Did the researchers identify importance of limitations?

29. Are the conclusions based on statistically and clinically significant results?

30. Is the generalization of the study findings appropriate based on the findings of this study on the previous research?

.

31. Are the implications for practice consistent with study conclusions?

32. Are relevant ideas provided for future research?

Phase III: Evaluation

33. Are the findings valid or an accurate reflection of reality?

34. What do the findings add to the current body of knowledge?

35. Can the findings from the study be generalized from the study sample to the population?

36. Do the findings have potential for sure in nursing practice?

1

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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

The Arts in Psychotherapy

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/artspsycho

Research Article

Group art therapy for the management of fear of childbirth Ceren Sezena, Barış Önen Ünsalverb,⁎

a Üsküdar University, Clinical Psychology Master’s Program, Istanbul, Turkey b Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey

A R T I C L E I N F O

Keywords: group art therapy fear of childbirth art therapy tocophobia

A B S T R A C T

Background: Even though most pregnant women might have some concerns regarding the mode of delivery some women may experience a heightened fear of childbirth (FOC), which may make pregnancy a disturbing and discomforting experience for them. Clinical FOC leads to an increase in C-section demands and the ratio of C- section births. Therefore, management of FOC is essential for improving public health. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of group art therapy for the management of FOC.

Methods: To understand the effectiveness of group art therapy, we designed a quantitative study. The po- pulation studied was pregnant women with subjective complaints of FOC attending an outpatient pregnancy follow-up clinic. Effectiveness of group art therapy intervention was assessed in comparison to group psy- choeducation for FOC. The primary outcomes of the study were determined as Wijma Delivery Expectancy/ Experience Questionnaire Version A (W-DEQ) scores below 37, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores below 14 and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores below 10 at the end of the 6th session for the art therapy group. We expected to find significant differences in the primary outcome measures between the two groups. The secondary outcome of the study was the difference between the two groups regarding the mode of actual delivery. 30 women volunteers in the third trimester of pregnancy attending a public women's hospital with moderate levels of FOC were included in the study. They were randomly distributed to 2 groups. The first group (n = 15) received six sessions of group art therapy. The second group (n = 15) received six sessions of psychoeducation for FOC.

Results: By the end of the six weeks, Beck depression scale (BDS) scores, Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS) scores, and W-DEQ scores decreased significantly in the art therapy group in comparison to the psychoeducation group (p < 0.001). FOC was considerably decreased in the art therapy group in relation to the control group at the end of the treatment. Most of the women (n = 12) in the art therapy group had natural deliveries while those in the psychoeducation group had C-sections (n = 10).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that art therapy is an efficient method for reducing clinical FOC and levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women in the final trimester. This arts therapy programme enabled these shifts in behaviour by helping women face and express their fears through their artwork (drawing) and then gain control over their fears (mandala-making, puppet-making, taking photographs and collage- making) within a secure base and an on-going social support system provided by the group structure. Group art therapy seems to be a cost-effective therapeutic approach for targeting a larger number of people in a limited time with a limited number of therapists.

Introduction

Even though most pregnant women might have some concerns re- garding the mode of delivery some women may experience a heigh- tened fear of childbirth (FOC), which may make pregnancy a disturbing and discomforting experience for these women. FOC may be accepted as a natural reaction especially in nulliparous women. What is called normal fear would not affect the everyday life of the woman and

decisions regarding the delivery method. There is no consensus on the definition of FOC. Some authors used the term “tocophobia” to reduce this confusion (Hofberg & Brockington, 2000). They defined tocophobia as a condition where the woman had recurrent and intrusive thoughts about delivery and its possible complications such as harming the baby or not being able to give birth at all, and subsequent avoidance of childbirth. In a recent review “clinical FOC” is des

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