You did a great job of conveying the key elements from the articles and your post was very intriguing to read. In your post, you discussed how you agree with the results of self-esteem pla

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Week 6 Discussion

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Week 6 Discussion

Discuss the chapters from the McCullough book on revenge. Include at least two outside references on the ideas presented. 

Revenge is a pervasive and destructive problem for human beings. Forgiveness can be very difficult for humans, and a way of creating a more forgiving world is by understanding the evolutionary forces that gave rise to these human instincts as well as what activates them in our minds (Gull & Rana, 2013). McCullough attempts to explain this in his book using social and biological sciences.

According to McCullough, revenge is an action that attempts to harm an individual or a group of people as a response because the pain has been inflicted on the person by the group of people. Revenge is not designed to repair the initial harm that was conducted (McCullough, 2008). The act of revenge is a powerful motivator of human destructiveness. According to the author, it can be very easy for an individual to desire revenge rather than seek forgiveness.

The author uses science to make us understand how revenge got its purpose in human life. Science reveals that human beings do not have the instinct for forgiveness. After understanding this, the author offers suggestions of ways to calm the revenge instinct in human beings as well as how to embolden the forgiveness intuition. He offers advice on how people, groups of people and even nations can move beyond seeking revenge.

Read the original research article below and describe the researchers' questions and methods. Do you have confidence in the research findings? What does the study mean in the big picture and how does it apply to society in general? 

The research was conducted in 2004 using three studies with the aim of determining the researcher’s questions on whether there exists a relationship between self-esteem and aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency (Donnellan et al., 2005). For the study, teenagers and undergraduate students from the U.S. and New Zealand were used. Different methods were used to find the results of the studies. The first study used a sample of 11 and 14-year-olds. Its aim was to determine the relation between self-reports and teacher ratings of self-esteem and self-reports of delinquency. The method for this study incorporated 292 children of different races from two schools in northern California. The results showed that there was no relation between self-esteem and delinquency in teenage children. Those who scored high in delinquent acts were not a result of aggression.

The second study was an extension of study one that used a longitudinal design. Other variables were observed in teenagers, such as their relationships with peers and adults. The results from this study were similar to the first one. They showed that self-esteem was negatively correlated with parent reports on externalizing problems, and the relationships of teenagers do not have a dramatic difference between aggression and self-esteem. The final study used 3,143 undergraduate students to examine self-esteem and narcissism and their relations with real-world aggression. The results agreed with the first and second studies, with the exception of verbal aggression.

I agree with the results of these studies because they suggest that self-esteem can lead to issues in the future. In addition, as children grow older and have low self-esteem, it can transform into aggression. This study was conducted in 2004, more than a decade ago. For society in general, a repeat study should be conducted because the current generation is exposed to more and different things than then. Children are now highly influenced by technology, and have significantly changed their self-esteem. However, this study is still useful because it is significant and it has achieved its research questions.

Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low Self-Esteem Is Related to Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Delinquency.  Psychological Science,  16(4), 328-335.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x

Gull, M., & Rana, S. (2013). Journal of Behavioural Sciences.  Manifestation of forgiveness, subjective well-being, and quality of life.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261833846_Manifestation_of_Forgiveness_Subjective_Well_Being_and_Quality_of_Life

McCullough, M. (2008).  Beyond revenge: The evolution of the forgiveness instinct. John Wiley & Sons.

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