The theoretical framework for this study is based on the social determinants of health (SDH) theory, which emphasizes that health outcomes are influenced by a range of factors beyond traditi

The theoretical framework for this study is based on the social determinants of health (SDH) theory, which emphasizes that health outcomes are influenced by a range of factors beyond traditional medical care, including social, economic, and environmental factors (World Health Organization, 2021). The SDH theory posits that health disparities exist because of unequal access to resources and opportunities and that addressing these determinants is essential for improving health outcomes and reducing health inequities.
One important social determinant of health is health insurance status. Research has consistently shown that individuals without health insurance are more likely to have unmet healthcare needs and poorer health outcomes than those with insurance (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2021). In the context of mental health, lack of insurance has been associated with lower rates of mental health service utilization and increased risk of mental health disorders (Cook, McGuire, & Miranda, 2014; McAlpine & Mechanic, 2000).
Based on this theoretical framework, we hypothesize that undergraduate and graduate students without health insurance at California State University, Fullerton will report a lower overall mental health range compared to those with health insurance. This hypothesis is supported by the SDH theory, which suggests that access to healthcare resources is a key determinant of health outcomes, including mental health. Additionally, prior research has shown that lack of insurance is associated with poorer mental health outcomes, providing further support for this hypothesis.
Overall, this study contributes to the broader literature on the social determinants of health and the importance of addressing these factors to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequities.
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