what is DNA and RNA, Arrange the following molecules from

what is DNA and RNA?
DNA and RNA PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Arrange the following molecules from least to most specific with respect to the original nucleotide sequence: RNA, DNA, Amino Acid, Protein.
2. Identify two structural differences between DNA and RNA.
3. Suppose you are performing an experiment in which you must use heat to denature a double helix and create two single stranded pieces. Based on what you know about nucleotide bonding, do you think the nucleotides will all denature at the same time? Use scientific reasoning to explain why.
DNA and RNA EXPERIMENT
1: CODING Post-Lab Questions 1. Using the red, blue, yellow and green beads, devise and lay out a three color code (or codon) for each of the following letters (codon). For example Z = green : red : green. • C: GBG • E: BYB • H: GRG • I: RBG • K: GYG • L: BBR • M: YGY • O: YBR • S: RBY • T: RGY • U: BYB DNA and RNA • Start: YRG • Stop: BGY • Space: GBY 2. Using your codons, align the beads corresponding to the appropriate letter to write the following sentence (don’t forget start, space, and stope): The mouse likes most cheese a. How many beads did you use? 87
3. There are multiple ways your cells can read a sequence of DNA and build slightly different proteins from the same strand. We will not go through the process here, but as an illustration of this “alternate splicing,” remove codons (beads) 52 – 66 from your sentence above. b. What does the sentence say now? Rewrite the entire sentence. Does the sentence still make sense?
4. Mutations are simply changes in the sequence of nucleotides. There are three ways this occurs: DNA and RNA 1. Change a nucleotide(s) 2. Remove a nucleotide(s) 3. Add a nucleotide(s)
5. Using the sentence from Step 2B:
a. Change the 24th bead to a different color. What does the sentence say now? Reread the entire sentence. Does the sentence still make sense?
b. Replace the 24th beads and remove the 20th bead (remember what was there). What does the sentence say? Rewrite the entire sentence. Does the sentence still make sense? If it doesn’t make sense as a sentence, are there any words that do? If so, what words still make sense?
c. Replace the 20th bead and add one between bead numbers 50 and 51. What does the sentence say now? Does the sentence still make sense?
d. In Step 3a, you mutated one letter. What role do you think the redundancy of the genetic code plays in this type of change?
e. Based on your observations, why do you suppose the mutations we made in Steps 3b and 3c are called frame shift mutations?
f. Which mutations do you suspect have the greatest consequence? Why?
DNA and RNA EXPERIMENT
2: TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION Post-Lab Questions
1. Use a pen or pencil to write a five-word sentence using no more than eight different letters here:
2. Use the red, blue, green, and yellow beads to form “codons” (three beads) for each letter in your sentence. Then, create codons to represent the “start,” “space,” and “stop” regions within your sentence. Write the sentence using the beads in the space below.
3. How many beads did you use?
4. Assign one Pop-It® bead to represent each codon. You do not need to assign a Pop-It® bead for the start, space, and stop. These will be your amino acids. 5. Connect the Pop-It® beads to build the chain of amino acids that code for your sentence (leave out the start, space, and stop).
6. How many different amino acids did you use?
7. How many total amino acids did you use?
DNA and RNA EXPERIMENT
3: DNA EXTRACTION Post Lab Questions
1. What is the texture and consistency of the DNA?
2. Why was salt used in the extraction solution?
3. Is the DNA soluble in the aqueous solution or alcohol?
4. What else might be in the ethanol/aqueous interface? How could you eliminate this?
5. Which DNA bases pair with each other? How many hydrogen bonds are shared by each pair?
6. How is information to make proteins passed on through generations?

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