By

RTYYUUUIII

A Project

Submitted to the Faculty of D’Youville

Division of Academic Affairs

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science in Nursing

Buffalo, NY

[February 03, 2023]

Copyright © 2023 by ERTTYYYY. All rights reserved. No part of this project may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of TYUIOLKJJJJ.

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Name: __ ________Dr. UUUUUUUU_____________________

Signature: ___________________________________________

Discipline: ________________Nursing________________

Project Defended

On

[February 03, 2023]

Abstract

Obesity has become a significant concern in the healthcare system, and diet is the key contributing factor to obesity. Therefore, a healthy diet should be the primary requirement for reducing weight and improving overall health. The health life knowledge gap among patients and limited nursing education programs contribute to this condition. Nurses should collaborate closely with patients to provide healthcare education that will assist patients in improving their nutritional habits and identify the challenges they face in maintaining a healthy diet. An educational training program for nurses regarding obesity and diet will allow nurses to advance their knowledge of the risk factors of obesity, the health conditions associated with obesity, and how to manage obesity (Seger, 2019). Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory was utilized as the theoretical framework for this project. Five content experts reviewed the educational training program for content validity.

Table of Contents

Chapter

I. PROJECT INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………… 7

Statement of Purpose ……………………………………………………………………….. 8

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………………. 8

Initial Review of the Literature ………………………………………………………….12

Significance and Justification ……………………………………………………………19

Project Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………20

Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………………….. 20

Project Limitations ………………………………………………………………………… 21

Project Development Plan ………………………………………………………………. 22

Plan for Protection of Human Subjects …………………………………………….. 22

Plan for Project Evaluation……………………………………………………………… 23

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………………..

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………

III. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PLAN. ……………………………………………….

Project Setting and Population… ……………………………………………………..

Content Expert Participants …………………………………………………………….. Data Collection Methods …………………………………………………………………

Project Tools …………………………………………………………………………………

The Protection of Human Subjects ………………………………………………………

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………

IV. PROJECT EVALUATION, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

……………………………………………..

Project Evaluation ………………………………………………………………………….

Implications for Future Practice ……………………………………………………….

Future Recommendations ………………………………………………………………..

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………

References ……………………………………………………………………………………. 27

Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………… 32

Appendix

A D’Youville Patricia H. Garman School of Nursing Full Approval Letter

…………………….….

B Letter of Intent …………………………………………………………………………………….

C Evaluation Tool …………………………………………………………………………………..

D Educational Training Program …………………………………………………………

E Survey tool results in graph……………………………………………….

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The age of fast food and instant gratification brought about by the growth of technology has affected the general population in many ways. In America, obesity is becoming problematic, with a prevalence estimate of 41% leading to risk in the severity of diseases (Kalligeros et al., 2020). As a result, there is a need for nursing practice to take accountability in developing a relationship with collaborative patient care. Obesity can be a lifestyle disease. Therefore, all stakeholder participation must be considered a need to look at the four-metaparadigm perspectives in caregiving using a foundational basis in a theoretical framework. First, a nurse needs expertise in addressing health issues, especially those reversible through natural means, for example, obesity. Obesity is reversible through natural means, including dietary modification and practicing fasting (Balani et al., 2019).

One of the main factors that make successful result in patient with obesity is reversal patient recovery program which includes proper planning. Proper planning allows for allocating adequate time and resources toward the project, resulting in the successful implementation of the program (Shi, 2017). Another factor is incorporating experienced project managers with knowledge about the program. For example, specialists such as nutritionists and experts in physical activity and breastfeeding are essential when developing a program to improve nutrition in children and adults and minimize obesity. Finally, it is essential to practice monitoring and control for a program to succeed. Regular evaluation of the progress and the program results allows for modification and alignment in case of an error or a potential error—effective communication results in a program's success (Ross et al., 2019).

Hildegard Peplau's (1991) Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory is utilized as the theoretical framework for developing this project. A brief overview of the theory is presented as well as a discussion regarding how the theory was utilized to guide the development of the project. In addition, Peplau’s (1991) theoretical definitions for nursing’s four metaparadigm concepts (nursing, health, person, and environment) as well as the Project Author's operational definitions for nursing's four metaparadigm concepts will be presented.

Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory

Hildegard E. Peplau's impact on nursing and patient care is reflected in her development and establishment of the Interpersonal Relations Theory. Her theory development began with questions of the philosophical underpinning of psychology as fundamental in-patient care especially when it came to nursing and patient relationships (Peplau, 1991). According to Peplau (1991), the development of patient care begins by understanding the foundational elements as concepts of nursing care. namely, the orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution defined. In her book, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing, the theory emphasizes the importance of crosscutting issues and their effect on nursing care and patient wellness, such as nursing education on dietary interventions for patients with obesity. Orientation refers to the reaction of the patient and the difference from one to another with consideration to resolve in treatment difficulty. Exploitation on the other hand is the ability of the patient to recognize interpersonal relationships and use the services offered effectively. Lastly, there is a resolution that refers to the relinquishing of ties in the relationship as the patient utilizes the lesson learned to better manage their health (Peplau, 1991).

As a mother of nursing psychiatry, Peplau (1991) describes interpersonal relations as a conditional aspect that includes first the interaction of the nurse and patient. She points out that this is attained when understanding each patient's condition is an experience that allows for improving nursing care (Peplau, 1991). Therefore, the focus in the definition of the theory begins with grasping the nurse and patient metaparadigm concepts as the interaction between patient and nurse makes the relationship personal. Similarly, considerable insights thus point out that the patient care process is personalized in a way that responsibility is both technical and emotional. Peplau (1991) explains that effective patient outcome delivery comes from trust in diagnostics and thus acceptance of health as an essential metaparadigm aspect. The theory focuses on developing the relationship between a nurse and a patient to emphasize trust and collaboration.

Based on Peplau (1991), the experience of establishing a connection between a nurse and a patient is an indicator of progress reporting and is the only source of data for patient experience information. Perception of the phenomena of patient information as instrumental to positive is highlighted as a primary measure of the direction of health. Based on the fact that health is described to be only a success when it moves in the positive direction, by looking at the patient with obesity this means loss of weight. At the same time, with the insistence on the sustainability of better health as the result being sought, there is direct evidence that the management of health, in the long run, is the better outcome for the patient in this project.

Peplau (1991) is supported by her in-depth analysis of the achievability of better health through utilitarian task alignment. Using communication as the necessary tool for the nurse to ensure that a patient attains a favorable outcome, as a theory, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory emphasizes the built-in interaction as a psychodynamic need. This need is important as it is directionally focused on relieving the patient’s anxiety and improving their confidence regardless of external and self-perceived variables. Centralization of goal setting for a patient with obesity is linked directly to the strengthening of the nurse-patient relationship as the best approach to attaining better health outcomes.

This theory is a perfect fit for this project as the relationship between the nurse and patient must be founded on trust so that information can be shared comfortably and with trusted support from nurses. A support system must be developed because obesity and the issues surrounding obesity may lead to decreased self-esteem and mental health issues. This theorist ideology will assist in identifying and orienting nurses to the causes of obesity, introducing a perfectly balanced diet with regular exercise, and finally producing solutions for diabetic prevention, a foundation that this theoretical framework supports.

Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory explains it as an input for developing positive outcomes and relinquishing the relationship with a support system that enhances positive outcomes Peplau (1991) . It is the promotion of health through appropriate methods and illness prevention by recognizing triggers for all patients. Therefore, the nurse can only facilitate treatment and not make a diagnosis; hence, the critical aspect is ensuring that the environment is conducive and that communication in the relationship with patients is constant. This means the nurse favors patients' understanding of their issues by explaining the problem and the treatment plan. This includes a preventive measure to ensure informed decision-making is enhanced and thus a partnership that, in essence, is therapeutic.

As such, following Peplau’s underpinning of outpatient care for obese patients is ensuring that patient that individual preconceptions and mutual understanding of the nature of a medical issue allow for better collaboration toward a productive solution.

Literature Synopsis

The literature review has revealed that nurses are a support system that is considered instrumental in the reassurance of the patient both in an inpatient and outpatient setting. However, for an outpatient with obesity, the nurses are excellent communicators who are responsible for facilitating the management of discipline in weight management and on healthy diet literacy. It is noted that the nurses require education, mentorship, and training programs in balancing the relationship between patient and institutional duties. The balance between the two will facilitate a way that is less overwhelming of their ability to be effective in outpatient care delivery.

According to the studies, one of the blows to nursing was the exit of many of the professionals at the height of the pandemic. Most nurses have chosen to leave due to the poor attention given to promoting their self-improvement while they are overworked hence a deterioration of the relationship they can have with their patients. The challenge has created a gap in patient-focused care and thus there have been compromises and poor prioritization leading to dissatisfaction by both nurses and patients, especially in low priority groups. There is thus a need to draw attention towards improving the conditions by addressing wellness and equipping more nurses with the education and training necessary to defend their position on patient care delivery and to equip their obesity patients on self-managed care.

The strategy of skill development based on this justification is part of the larger transformative learning strategies necessary the development of better nursing approach. It facilitates the creation of better collaboration and a mutual understanding of the nature of medical issues towards a sustainable wellness-focused solution. In this way, there can be better outcomes in-patient all-round which in turn is a reward that goes towards job satisfaction and the prevention of shortages hence balance in nursing and patient goal setting and healing.

Project Objectives

The objectives of this project are to:

1. Conduct an extensive review of the literature exploring a healthy diet for patients with obesity using the following keywords both singularly and in multiple combinations: nursing training, obesity, obesity prevention, outpatient care, overweight, diet, and healthy diet. Databases searched, limited to the years 2018 to 2023, will include, AMED, Alt Health Watch, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCO, Medical Journal sites for nursing care, nursing training, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Google Scholar.

2. Develop an Educational Training Program; and

Definition of Terms

The following concepts are defined both theoretically and operationally for the purpose of this project:

Health Promotion

Theoretical Definition: Facilitation of motivational behavior to recognize a positive outcome as an approach to better health management (Peplau, 1991).

Operational Definition: conducting and directing the implementation of weight management strategies that enhance forward-focused change for a better quality of life for outpatients that are diagnosed with obesity.

Healthcare Support

Theoretical and Operational Definition: integrative healthcare service delivery that facilitates the provision of effective and efficient aid to the patient in a way that is essential to their safety, improved quality of life, and development of better coping tools (Maciejewski et al., 2019). Operational Definition: A nursing duty that recognizes the provision of the totality of care for outpatients with obesity through readiness in resource and information availability that allows sustainable improvement of patient’s health.

Healthy diet

Theoretical definition: Refers to both a health-promoting and disease-preventing diet. It delivers adequate nutrients and other health-promoting ingredients from wholesome foods while avoiding ingesting harmful substances (Chaudhary et al., 2018). Operational Definition: A diet composed of macronutrients, micronutrients, and vitamins necessary for maintaining the body's normal functioning and promoting health through enhancing healthy weight loss in obese and overweight patients.

Limitations

The Project Author recognizes the following project limitations:

1. The implementation of the educational training program is not within the context of this project;

2. The educational training program is developed in the English language only and may benefit a more culturally diverse population if written in additional languages.

Project Development Plan