PHL102 – Briefly describe the three branches of ethical

PHL 102: Introduction to Ethics
Short Answers
Your answers need not be longer than a paragraph, and may well be (much) shorter.
1. Briefly describe the three branches of ethical philosophy (value theory, normative ethics, and meta-ethics).
2. What does the theory of individual relativism (also known as ethical subjectivism) state? What is one attraction of this theory?
3. Describe (in broad strokes or premise-conclusion form) an objection to individual relativism or cultural relativism that we considered.
4. Error theorists claim that morality is essentially objective and that moral reasons are essentially categorical (and they go on to argue that nothing has these features). Explain both of these concepts.
5. How would an expressivist understand the meaning of “torture is immoral”?
6. The argument from disagreement against moral objectivism goes like this: (1) If well-informed, open-minded, rational people persistently disagree about some claim, then that claim is not objectively true. (2) Well-informed, open-minded, rational people persistently disagree about all moral claims. Therefore, (3) No moral claim is objectively true. How did we say that a moral objectivist could argue against premise (1)?
7. How does utilitarianism (and consequentionalism more broadly) support the impartiality of moral duty?
8. Do utilitarians (or consequentialists more broadly) believe any moral duty (like “do not kill innocents”) is absolute—that it holds without exception (barring the principle of utility itself)? Why or why not?
9. A common objection against utilitarianism (and consequentialism more broadly) is that it makes moral knowledge difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. How does Mill respond to this objection?
10. Utilitarians (and consequentialists more broadly) typically draw a distinction between a standard of rightness and a decision procedure. What is this distinction, and why do they draw it?
11. What is the argument from injustice (or problem of injustice) against utilitarianism?
12. According to Kant, what is the relationship between morality and rationality? How does his view answer the challenge of the amoralist?
13. What is moral luck? Does Kant believe in it? Why or why not?
14. What is a “good will” according to Kant?
15. Aristotle thought that every virtue was a mean between two extremes. This is often called the “doctrine of the mean.” Give an example that illustrates this view.
16. Aristotle believes that any view of “the good life”—the life worth living—must meet three conditions. Name and explain them.
17. In “Why Abortion is Immoral,” Marquis explains why he thinks it is prima facie seriously morally wrong to kill someone, and he then applies his explanation to the question of

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