Basic Diagnostic Test…
Basic Diagnostic Test Grid Name_________________________ Instructions: Complete Gray Boxes and Highlighted Areas. Submit to the Canvas Dropbox
Name of Test Test Type Normal Adult Findings Indications for Test Interfering Factors & Contraindications Definition & Clinical Significance of Findings
RBC
Red blood cells
A normal RBC IS a biconcave disk which provides more surface area to carry oxygen. It is flexible so it can pass easily through capillaries. The membrane is so thin that gases such as O2 and Co2 can easily diffuse across it.
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Significance of Findings:
Hgb
Hemoglobin
Pregnancy, smoking, high altitudes, certain medications
Hemoglobin is synthesized in the RBC and this is dependent on the amount of iron available. When the RBC is being manufactured in the marrow it incorporates the iron to form hemoglobin.
Significance of Findings:
Hct
Hematocrit
Anemia
Bleeding
Bleeding disorder
Fluid imbalances
Abnormalities in RBC size may alter Hct values.
Dehydration
Pregnancy
Women tend to have lower values than men.
Percent of RBC’s to volume of whole blood, hemoglobin concentration is usually 1/3 of the hematocrit
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Significance of Findings:
(+) heart disease, dehydration, COPD, erythrocytosis, polycythemia
(-) anemia, cirrhosis, hemorrhage, dietary deficiency
Name of Test Test Type Normal Adult Findings Indications for Test Interfering Factors & Contraindications Definition & Clinical Significance of Findings
WBC c diff.
White blood cells
(see below)
BLOOD
5000-1000
Routine labs, infection
Neoplasm, allergy,
Immunosuppression
These cells respond to acute inflammation, bacterial infections and necrosis, they are the first responders to a bacterial infection.
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) – % segs + % bands x total WBC.
Neutropenia = ANC less than 1000
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Significance of Findings:
Higher WBC count may indicate infection, leukemia, trauma to tissue.
Lower WBC count may indicate bone marrow depression, viral infection, bone marrow disorders & iron def. anemia.
Neutrophils
BLOOD
2500-8000
Routine labs, infection
Neoplasm, allergy,
Immunosuppression
60-70% of total # of WBC’S they are the first to arrive to the site of need. Primary job is phagocytosis (ingestion and digestion of bacteria and particles)
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Significance of Findings:
Lymphocytes
BLOOD
Routine labs, infection
Neoplasm, allergy,
Immunosuppression
Nongranular WBC’S- they include- B cells – antibody formation & production, T cells – Cell mediated immunity process. Killer cells, suppressor cells, and helper cells
Significance of Findings:
Name of Test Test Type Normal Adult Findings Indications for Test Interfering Factors & Contraindications Definition & Clinical Significance of Findings
Monocytes
BLOOD
Routine labs, infection
Neoplasm, allergy,
Immunosuppression
Nongranular WBC’S – Chronic inflammation -second to arrive on the scene regarding infection and increase in number within 24- 48 hours.
Monocytes mature into macrophages in the tissues. Macrophages can surround and wall-off area of inflammation as seen in TB. __________________________________________
Significance of Findings:
Eosinophils
BLOOD
Routine labs, infection
Neoplasm, allergy,
Immunosuppression
Respond to allergies and parasites.
Primarily attracted to the site of antigen- antibody formation, rather than to bacterial invasions. Increase drastically during hypersentivity responses and parasite infestation.
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Significance of Findings:
Basophils
BLOOD
Routine labs, infection
Neoplasm, allergy,
Immunosuppression
Basophils become mast cells in the tissues less than 1% of WBC
Respond to allergies, anaphylaxis and inflammation & contain histamine, heparin and serotonin
Significance of Findings:
Name of Test Test Type Normal Adult Findings Indications for Test Interfering Factors & Contraindications Clinical Significance of Findings
Platelet Count
Minor bleeding is associated with platelet counts below 50,000 per microliter of blood & serious bleeding, a count less than 20,000.
Platelets, which are also called thrombocytes, are small disk-shaped blood cells produced in the bone marrow and involved in the process of blood clotting.
Significance of Findings:
CXR
Chest x-ray
Chest Pain
Fever
Persistent cough
Shortness of Breath
Air shows black on x-ray. Fluid, dense tissue and bone show as white.
Significance of Findings:
UA
Urinalysis
(see below)
URINE
Routine, kidney evaluation, hematuria, dysuria, back pain, chronic renal disease, metabolic disease, pre-surgical
An array of tests performed on urine, and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis.
Appearance
Color
Odor
Clear
Amber yellow
aromatic
Stored urine- may change clear to cloudy
Significance of Findings:
Abnormal- cloudy urine- Indicates possible presence of WBC’s, epithelial cells, crystals or bacteria
pH
Significance of Findings:
Protein
Significance of Findings:
Specific gravity
1.005-1.030
Significance of Findings:
Ketones
Normal product of fat metabolism
Increased amounts seen in diabetes or starvation.
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Significance of Findings:
Glucose
Significance of Findings:
WBCs
Significance of Findings:
RBCs
Significance of Findings:
Presence of a few is normal (2-5 cells/HPF)
Higher- indicator of renal disease or the result of bleeding
Crystals
Significance of Findings:
Casts
Significance of Findings:
Urinary casts may be made up of white blood cells, red blood cells, kidney cells, or substances such as protein or fat. They are present in the urine in certain disease states (kidney disease)
C&S – Urine
Culture & sensitivity
microscopic
Significance of Findings:
A microscopic study of the urine culture performed to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria in patients with suspected urinary tract infection.
Lactic Acid Blood
Venous blood: 5-20 mg/dL
Arterial blood:
3-7 mg/dL
Use of tourniquet or clenching hands
Vigorous exercise
Certain medications
Sodium
Blood 135-145 mEq/L To evaluate fluid and electrolyte balance
One of the tests automatically performed when serum electrolytes are requested
Significance of Findings:
Potassium
Blood Evaluated for any patient with any type of serious illness
Part of a complete routine evaluation for all patients, but especially for patients with cardiac history
Significance of Findings:
Calcium
Blood
To evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism
Magnesium
Blood
To identify magnesium deficiency or overload
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