Why would measuring blood glucose levels in an individual 20 to 30 minutes after they drink a liter of milk indicate whether they are able to digest lactose? A. The fats

Why would measuring blood glucose levels in an individual 20 to 30 minutes after they drink a liter of milk indicate whether they are able to digest lactose?
A. The fats and proteins in milk are digested by the body, causing glucose levels in the blood to increase.
B. When lactose enters the large intestine, glucose is digested by bacteria and then enters the bloodstream.
C. When lactose is digested by lactase, the glucose that is produced enters the bloodstream from the small intestine.
D. When lactose is digested by lactase in the small intestine, different cells in the body start releasing glucose into the bloodstream.
2. An individual genetically protected against malaria, but not suffering from severe anemia (select all that apply)
A. has one mutated form of hemoglobin.
B. has one normal form of hemoglobin.
C. has both round and elongate blood cells.
D. is likely to live in Africa, or be of African descent
E. has a survival advantage in an area afflicted with Malaria

3.Which of the following model organisms could be used to study problems related to physiology, biochemistry, behavior, or genetics in humans (choose all that apply)
A. Fruit fly
B. House Mouse
C. Yeast
D. Bacterium
E. Dog
.The build-up of excess oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere facilitated the process of endosymbiosis.
A. True
B. False

Rationale:
5.The language of DNA is analogous to the language of music in that:
A. It is highly repetitive
B. It consists of a simple set of components that is universal in interpretation
C. None of the above
D. There are four basic units
E. It is written in three unit repeats
6.Heterotrophic organisms generally lack:
A. ribosomes
B. DNA
C. a nucleus
D. mitochondria
E. chloroplasts
7.The impact of the build-up of excess oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere includes the establishment of the ozone layer.
A. True
B. False
8.Mutations may be:
A. Harmful, leading to death in an organism in which the change occurs
B. Neutral, providing neither benefit nor harm to the organism in which it occurs
C. Beneficial, leading to greater survival in the organism in which it occurs
D. A & C
E. A, B, and C
9.Peer review is (choose all that apply):
A. a process of subjecting an author’s scholarly work, research or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same or similar field
B. sometimes criticized for being a delay to the dissemination of new knowledge into the scientific community, and as an unpaid-activity that takes scientists’ time away from paid activities like research and teaching
C. a way to provide suggestions to authors on how to improve the quality of their manuscripts, and also identify any errors that need correcting before publication
D. a process that can be corrupted by reviewers that don’t disclose competing research interests, who might give a bad review in order to get their ideas published first
E. an attempt to root out mis-interpretation and faulty ideas in order that only high quality science is published and shared broadly
10.The process by which an organism shows the trait encoded by a gene or group of genes is known as:
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Elongation
D. Gene Expression
E. Synthesis
11. The most expensive element of research budgets is usually the cost of:
A. supplies and reagents
B. research grant application fees
C. publishing results in peer reviewed journals
D. labor / personnel to conduct the work
12.The impact of the build-up of excess oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere includes
an increase in global temperature.
A. True
B. False
13.Which two organelles were believed to be free-living bacteria prior to their incorporation into a eukaryotic cell?
14.The reactants (ingredients) for photosynthesis include
A. Oxygen and water
B. Carbon Dioxide & Water
C. Chlorophyll and light
D. Carbohydrates and oxygen
E. None of these
15.How is it possible that organisms can be genetically modified to express a glowing protein or a chemical that deters grazing of agricultural plants?
16.Natural selection operates on variation already present in natural populations (e.g., skin or fur color in desert mice or humans). In addition to sexual recombination (when chromosomes cross-over), from where does variation in natural populations derive?
A. gene flow
B. mutation
C. none of these
D. artificial selection
E. genetic engineering
17.Stromatolites
A. are layered structures
B. contain simple algae similar to some of the oldest fossil algae
C.are mineral deposits in caves that contain algae
D. A & B
E. B & C
18.A law of nature is:
A. a statement of absolute truth about a natural system
B. a statement of absolute truth about anything in the universe
C. able to be falsified
D. an uncertain prediction
E. None of the above
19.The process by which RNA is converted to Protein is called:
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Elongation
D. Gene Expression
E. Synthesis
20.The impact of the build-up of excess oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere includes the extinction of land plants and animals.
A. True
B. False
21.Organisms that capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars are called:
A. Chemotrophs
B. Herbivores
C. Autotrophs
D. Heterotrophs
E. Omnivores
22.Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in that prokaryotes:
A. Possess DNA
B. Contain ribosomes
C. Are unicellular
D. Lack organelles
E. Cause disease
23.A genome is:
A. a portion of a chromosome that carries instructions for the production of a specific protein
B. the DNA that is expressed by an organism
C. all of the DNA contained in an organism
D. a species of legendary creatures, usually resembling small misshapen old men, said to live in the depths of the earth and guard buried treasure
E. nuclear DNA
24.Which of these gases was probably not present in the atmosphere when the earth was first formed?
A.Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
B.Hydrogen (H2)
C.Oxygen (O2)
D.Methane (CH4)
E.Ammonia (NH3)
25.A change at which nucleotide position is least likely to affect a protein’s function?
A. 1st Position
B. 2nd Position
C. 3rd Position
D. The likelihood that it will affect function is the same in all positions

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