Two federal laws, predominantly, regulate the making and receiving of patient referrals between providers

Two federal laws, predominantly, regulate the making and receiving of patient referrals between providers:

The Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) [42 USC § 1320 et. seq] and

Physician Self-Referral Law (or “Stark Law”) [42 USC § 1395].

In which of the following circumstances would the AKS prohibit offering, making, or accepting a patient referral? 

Group of answer choices

When the receiving provider and referring provider physician are close friends or family member

When either the receiving or referring provider is not registered with CMS

When the receiving provider pays or trades something of value for the referral

Anytime