The following are four associations, each with a crude OR and gender specific ORs. Under the confounding column, fill in if confounding by gender is positive, negative, or absent for each association.

The following are four associations, each with a crude OR and gender specific ORs. Under the confounding column, fill in if confounding by gender is positive, negative, or absent for each association. Under the effect modification column, note if effect modification by gender is present or absent. Write the appropriate condition in each cell, do not use check marks or yes/no. (30 pts., 3.75 each) Confounding Crude Effect Modification OR ORMale ORFemale (positive, negative, (present, absent) absent) 0.57 1.00 1.01 absent 0.98 0.65 0.42 absent present 4.80 3.49 3.51 5.03 5.01 5.04 3.27 2.34 4.21