Changing structures of power Social and economic structures

Holy people in the towns

Umiliana and Raimondo were people who came to be reverenced as saints

during their lifetimes. Neither of them was canonized and made a

saint. These accounts of their lives were written by people who knew

them. Both accounts are very good evidence for social experience and

religious values in the thirteenth-century towns.

They differ by class and gender: Umiliana was the daughter of a rich

banker, while Raimondo probably started out as a shoe repair man.

Reading questions:

How did each of them view marriage and family? How did they try to

live a holy life? Both saints were venerated by some people but attacked

by others. How and why?

The last two readings, Sacchetti on modern saints and Salimbene on

Albert the wine carrier, provide us with currents of skepticism and

mockery: what did these authors think of local saints?

this year occur or brentator, in Cremona.In -red the cuceptiue

miracles of a man named Albt-rl, who was a winc carrier,

In chat same year took place the deceptive miracles of a man from Cremona named Albert, a man who had been a wine carrier [portator], a wine drinker [potator] and indeed also a sinner [peccalor). After this man's death, according to common report, God performed many miracles in Cremona, Parm�, and Re�gio: in Reg· gio in the Church of St. George and St. John the Baptist; m Parma m_ the chu'.ch

sat1mB€n€ oe aoam 513

wither away, and his right eye shall be utterly darkened." Yet whoever refused to take part in such celebrations was considered to be simply envious or even heretical. Because of this man Albert, some wicked men insulted the Friars }dinor and Preachers but

God quicklj "shewed them w be liars" who wished ta accuse them [Wisdom 10.14]. Some men of secular life said to _the Friars Minor ana Preachers with a loud

clear voice, "You think that nobody can work miracles but your own saints, bu; you ar� clearly deceived, as �as b':en made clear through Albert." But God quickly �lottea out the slander agamst his servants and friends by showing "them to be liars that had accused" them [Wisdom 10.14] and by punishing those who "lay a blot on the elect" [Ecclesiasticus 11.33]. For a certain man came to Parma from Cre1'.1ona bearing w�at he claimed to be a relic of chis saint Albert, that is to say, the httle t�e of the right foot; and all the citizens of Par!Da gathered together, _from the highest to the lowest, men and women, "young men and maidens … the old with th� younger" [Psalms 148.12], clerks and lay, and men of all religious Orders. Then lil a large procession, singing as they went, they carried that toe to the cathedral of Parma, the church of the Glorious Virgin. And when they had plac_ed the toe on the high altar, Lord Anseim of San Vitale, canon and vicar of the b.1shop, came forward and kissed it. But he smelled the stench of garlic and told the other clerks. Then they all discovered that they had been deceived and confounded, for their "relic" turned out to be a clove of garlic. And thus the

; Parmese w_e�� tricke� and mocked, because they _"walked after vanity, and are become vam lJerermah 2.5]. Moreover, since this man Albert was buried in a church in Cremona, the Cremonese wished to show that God would work infinite miracles through him, and so large numbers of infirm men came there from Pavia and the other parts of Lombardy that "they might be delivered from their infir­ mities" [Acts 5.15]. And many noble ladies came with their sons to Cremona from Pavia for devotional reasons, hoping to report the complete healing of their bodies,

of St. Peter, which is near Piazza Nuova. And all the brentatores, that 1s, the wme

carriers of Parma congregated in the church, and blessed was that man who could touch thein or give them something. Women did the same. And the people formed societies, parish by parish, and marched in procession through the streets to t�e

Church of St. Peter, where the relics of this man Albert were preserved. In their march they carried crosses and standards, and sang as they marched along. And they brought purple cloth, samite, canopies, and much money to the church. Later, the wine carriers divided all these things up among themselves. And when the parish priests saw this, they had this Albert painted in their c�urche� s� that they would receive better offerings from the people. And at that time, his image was painted not only in the churches, but also on many walls and porticoes of cities, villages, and castles. This, however, is expressly against the laws of th_e Church,

"-':, �.-, 'but "there was none that would answer" [Isaiah 66.4] a word, or "opened ihe mouth ·.1J . !'. · or made the least noise," Isaiah 10 [. 14 ). Thus Jeremiah 14 [.22] says: "Are ther; . .':�f · d::_:;,�- a�y among the graven things of the Gentiles that can send rain? or can the heavens

for no man's relics are supposed to be held in reverence unless he 1s first ap· proved of by the Church and written in the catalogue of saints; in si1_11ilar man· ner a man is not to be depicted as a saint before he has been canomzed by the Ch�rch. Those bishops, therefore, who allow such abuses to be practised in their diocese merit removal from office; that is, they should have the dignities of rhe c· episcopal office taken away from them. But there is_ nobody to con:ect those er· -s· rors and abuses. And so the words of Zachariah [ 11.17] are appropriate for every ·.,. bishop who allows such things to go on: "0 shepherd, and i�ol, that forsak�th ·,_ the flock: the sword upon his arm and upon his right eye: his arm shall quJte

:.:; . give_ show:rs?" Thus_ it is that a sinner or an infirm man goes badly astray by , .. c ·. camng aside true sames and by praying to one who cannot intercede for them {/ <:5 is written in the book of Wisdom, 13 ( .18-19): "For health he maketh supplica'.

;�:�· '-uon to the w�ak,. and for life prayeth to that which is dead, and for help calleth ·· · upon that which 1s unprofitable: And for a good journey he petitioneth him that � . cannot ".'alk: and for getting, and for working, and for the event of all things he

·_ .. ukcth him that 1s unable to do any thing."

Salimbene de Adam on Albert the wine carrier

Write three small essays (1-2 pages) on each of these themes. The document that is to be used for each theme as evidence is included. Please only use the sources that are provided. NO OUTSIDE SOURCES.

1. Changing structures of power.

– Source: “ The investiture conflict” – Source: 1000 and reform powerpoint – Talk about the issues involving the control of bishops

2. Social and economic structures.

– Source: New trade and communes 2022 slides – Source: The Writings of Saint Francis' Companions

3. Understandings of gender and identity.

– Source: “Holy People in the Towns” – Focus on the story of Umiliana dei Cerchi

Each essay should be at least 250 words. The total assignment will be at least 700 words. Please briefly cite the page number when you discuss a source (Compagni, p. 24) or slide number when you cite a power point (Buon Governo, slide 6).

International trade, the profit economy and the rise of communes

Italy in 1000 (before the Normans)

Maritime trade in the C10th-11th

Best evidence: Cairo Geniza 400,000 pages C11th -19th Hebrew script, usually Arabic. Many preserved in a loft by the Ben Ezra synagogue

Intermingling of Jews, Christians and Muslims

Geniza: worn text repository (texts to be buried, in order to not destroy the word of God)

C11th certificate guaranteeing that the cheese made by a particular grocer is kosher.

C11th trade networks were informal, based in Muslim centers (Alexandria in Egypt, Mahdia in Tunisia and Palermo.) Wealth from the Eastern Mediterranean.

Fostered by the great Muslim and Greek polities

Italians fitted into these existing networks, might well supply raw materials, return with goods manufactured in the Metropolis, commodities or luxury goods, perhaps gifts like gemstones or even giraffes.

Palermo was a way station between Alexandria and al-Andalus.

Ships were owned by the very wealthy, not the actual traders or the state. Traders simply rented a place on a ship. People of various nationalities took part, restricted by risk and opportunity, not rules favoring the owner’s nationality. This was an open network.

The categories of merchant, pilgrim and traveler overlapped .

Trade was not bilateral: a ship might convey goods to a port, then pick up traders with other goods and convey them to another.

Amalfi

Fra Angelico, St. Nicholas and a miraculous ship rescue, c. 1437

Italian ports became the terminus for the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade

The Trans-Saharan gold caravans connected West Africa with Mediterranean ports

From 1050 on, the great Muslim and Greek countries shrank

In Italy, maritime republics grew in the twelfth century: moving toward state-sponsored trading

C 12th Genoese trader

Venice

Venetian galleys

International trade Demand for luxury goods

Military expeditions to force treaties, commercial privileges

Italy became the transit point for the Silk Road

Merchant Colonies:

legal autonomy, privileges, settlements with houses, warehouses, church, oven, cemetery

Domestic commerce

Towns grew initially as local market centers And centers for craftsmen

Intensive agriculture: grain

As populations grew, it was imperative to supply them with food, goods and jobs

(provisioning and employment)

Growth was driven by the expansion of trade and economic opportunities. Who migrated into towns? Petty nobles, small landowners

Fugitive serfs???

Craft guilds: foodstuffs construction

Greater guilds: judges notaries merchants bankers Cloth guild

Power of the greater guilds:

By 1300, dominated civic offices

The Mercanzia: guild court

Palace of the Wool Guild, Florence (1308-)

Transit point to the north

Gregorio Dati 1362-1435

Diary and Secret Book

Family

Silk merchant putting-out system risks and profits partnerships

Other writings: History of Florence La Sfera

Trade imbalance: Europeans wanted spices, perfumes,medicines, sugar also manufactured goods: silk, paper, ceramics, rugs

What could they sell? (European economy backward) furs, timber, metal, slaves weapons, wool cloth

Bulky, low priced

Europe was exporting silver and gold

Made it up with piracy!

solution: import substitution ex: silk in Lucca Production of manufacture goods at home

Ultimately, the Levant became the source of natural products

(Except rugs!)

WHERE DID THE INVESTMENT COME FROM?

Contracts: the commenda

ቷᔆ

Sample notarial contract

What after all guaranteed credit? (so that people were willing to lend their money because they expected repayment?)

Merchants became bankers

Finance and banking loans to Crusaders loans to papacy, monarchs

Business organization to reduce the cost of transactions

efficient systems of exchange ways to enforce contracts informational systems monetary exchange

Rise of communes

Governance crucial!

Tenth-eleventh centuries -urban continuity: No effective central government, bishops often ruled, with councils of boni homines

ስ

How do we track institutional change? Indirect evidence: mention in charters

Townsmen appear in surviving documents when they receive Imperial privileges (tacit recognition of municipal rights) Ex: Rights over the market

In 1056 the “fideles et habitatores” of Genoa were granted their customary rights over their market.

In the late eleventh century the emperor made a series of concessions to Tuscan towns:

In 1081 he promised to build nothing in or within six miles of Lucca and renounced all jurisdiction in Pisa: they had the right to assent to his appointment of a new marquis of Tuscany

By then Pisa was a commune

Communes=Sworn associations of citizens And a parlamentum

Twelfth century communal formation

3 stage process: 1. Boni homines became executives, termed consuls

Stage 2: Commune replaces bishop Most important: juridical and fiscal rights

Stage 3: Acquisition of rights outside the city, and relations with other communes

Rural communes: resist landlord’s efforts to impose new exactions

For Thursday: Papal monarchy and Francis

A capitalist spirit: the calculated employment of money to make a profit

Rise of Tuscany and Florence:

By 1300, most urbanized area in Europe

driven by merchant initiative

Craft guilds: foodstuffs construction

Greater guilds: judges notaries merchants bankers Cloth guild

Textile industry in Florence: Entrepreneurs of the Cloth Guild

Purchase wool or flax (perhaps English), from merchants

send it out to carders send it out to spinners send it out to weavers send it out to a dyers shop

master dyers have laborers do the work send it out to fullers

master fullers have laborers do the work Sell the finished cloth to merchants for sale on the international market

Who were the guild members? The entrepreneurs, mercahnts, bankers. The Cloth guild regulations governed the work of the carders, spinners, weavers, dyers and fullers.

Popes, kings, nobles, monks: the intersection of sacred and secular power

Italy c. 600 (Lombards and Byzantine Greeks)

Spread of Islam 622-750 C.E.

Bishops: from powerful local noble families oversaw the clergy (priests) in their diocese (district)

Stepped into the shoes of Roman administrators

Tendency for church official to exercise secular powers

The bishop of Rome becomes the pope

Petrine theory: Power of the keys

Rome in 600

Santa Maria Antiqua (c. 450-847)

Santa Pudenziana mosaics c. 400

Monk and author

Prefect of the city of Rome

Effective administrator

“servant of the servants of God”

“papa”

854 letters survive

Turning point: Papacy of Gregory I (590-604)

Benedict of Nursia (d. c. 545)

Benedictine Rule (clear rules

for an orderly community)

Monasticism: hermits to monks

Benedict’s Sacro Speco

Huge Benedictine monasteries: Montecassino founded 529

Huge donations of land by nobles Monks supported by peasant labor on monastic lands

Most were unfree (serfs)

The doors of Montecassino under Abbot Desiderius (1058-87): their holdings

Monasteries were closely linked to powerful families

Abbot Desiderius was the son of the prince of nearby Benevento (the biggest donor)

Secular and spiritual rulers tended to build alliances: why?

Emperor and bishop

17

Monasteries were closely linked to powerful noble families

Ex: Abbot Desiderius of Montecassino was the son of the prince of nearby Benevento (the biggest donor)

The rise of Frankish kings (the Carolingians) c. 800

What was going on?

King Charles the Great (Charlemagne) was crowned

Holy Roman Emperor by the pope in Rome in 800

Alliance of popes and monarchs Leo III Charlemagne

The Carolingians (Frankish kings) arrive: Charlemagne rescued the unpopular pope Leo, who then crowned him emperor in 800: a Crucial Precedent

Donation of Constantine forged c. 800

Division of the Carolingian empire in 843 created a much-disputed Italian kingdom

Papal lands: Patrimony of St. Peter in 1000.

Wealth from landholding as well as raiding and war

BUT: land-based rule

How to defend against invaders if you cannot pay a standing army?

See King Berengario’s diploma;

What did he give away? What did he get?

Kings and nobles

King Berengar (888-924):

Giving away privileges, including the right to build a castle

Royal weakness: land-based rule

Arab Muslim and Hungarian invasions

San Vicenzo al Volturno

Tempting targets for raiders: Chronicle of Volturno

What did the raiders want?

How did the monks defend?

What happened?

Destruction of San Vicenzo

In 1000

Muslim emirates,

Greek lordships,

Carolingian duchies,

Rome

privilege to build a castle in Nogara-why?

Who gets it? Perks?

Provisions?

How much is the king giving up? Why?

King Berengario’s 906 diploma

Between whom?

Concessions?

What are the owners obligations?

Verona Charter of 923

incastellamento

Papal office

Monasteries as great territorial lords

Tendency for these rich church institutions to be controlled by powerful families and monarchs

Noble and royal strategies to operate despite land-based rule

The result: Intersection of the sacred and the secular

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