There are two divisions in the skeletal system: the appendicular skeleton and axial skeleton. Both work together seamlessly to support and protect the body in various ways.
There are two divisions in the skeletal system: the appendicular skeleton and axial skeleton. Both work together seamlessly to support and protect the body in various ways.
The appendicular skeleton. These bones include those in the shoulders, the upper and lower limbs, and the pelvic girdle.
Shoulders. The scapulas and clavicles are the bones in the pectoral or shoulder region. These bones connect the shoulders to the upper limbs and serve as attachment sites for muscles.
Upper limbs. The upper limbs include the humerus in the arm, the radius and ulna in the forearm, 8 carpal bones in the wrist, and the metacarpals and phalanges in the hand.
Lower limbs. The lower limbs include the femur in the thighs, the tibia and fibula in the legs, the patella in the knee, and the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges in the feet.
Pelvic girdle. Consisting of the right and left hip bones, the pelvic girdle is a collection of bones that attaches to the vertebral column.
The axial skeleton. These bones include those in the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage, among others.
Skull. The skull protects the brain and includes the 14 bones that make up the structure of the face.
Vertebral column. These bones include the vertebrae or spine, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
Thoracic cage. The ribs and sternum make up the thoracic cage, and they protect vital internal organs including the heart and lungs.
Others. Other bones in the axial skeleton include the bones in the inner ear and the laryngeal skeleton, which is commonly called the voice box.
Resources and References
Argosy Publishing. (n.d.). Appendicular Skeleton | Learn Skeleton Anatomy. Retrieved from: https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/skeleton/appendicular-skeleton (Links to an external site.)
Argosy Publishing, Inc. (n.d.). Axial Skeleton | Learn Skeleton Anatomy. Retrieved from: https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/skeleton/axial-skeleton (Links to an external site.)
Question
The axial skeleton is comprised of many bones that perform many functions. Select the bone or group of bones that is responsible for protecting the heart.
Laryngeal skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Question 2
Background
Just as there are axial and appendicular bones, there are also axial and appendicular muscles, which are responsible for many movements throughout the body.
Appendicular muscles. These muscles are responsible for controlling body position and stabilizing the pelvic bones. The muscles in the thigh allow the body to walk with ease. The largest and most powerful muscles can be found in the gluteal region, with the gluteus maximus being the largest muscle in the body. The muscles that move the feet and toes are also appendicular muscles.
Axial Muscles. These muscles are responsible for supporting and moving the neck and head. Axial muscles also control facial expressions, eye movements, and jaw movements.
Resources and References
OpenStax. (2013, March 06). Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs. Retrieved from: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/11-6-appendicular-muscles-of-the-pelvic-girdle-and-lower-limbs/ (Links to an external site.)
OpenStax. (2013, March 06). Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back. Retrieved from: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back/ (Links to an external site.)
Question
The appendicular muscles are responsible for many important functions in the body. Select the function that is not controlled by an appendicular muscle.
Moves feet and toes
Stabilizes pelvic bones
Allows the body to walk
Moves the neck and head
Question 3
Background
The more a muscle ages, the more a patient may experience some of the effects of aging. These effects include things like a loss in bone mass or density or a thinning in the bones. The backbones also curve during aging, along with the arches in the foot. Another effect of aging is stiff joints, which is especially common in the shoulders.
Due to these changes, bones may become brittle, making them susceptible to breaking. Other effects include pain and inflammation. This can cause patients to experience more limited mobility. They might walk slower or have less balance; they will also tire easily. Other common problems elderly patients experience include osteoporosis, slower reflexes, fatigue, and weakness.
To care for the musculoskeletal system and experience a greater quality of life, patients should exercise regularly. Exercising can help patients regain strength, balance, and flexibility, and it helps bones stay stronger longer. In addition to exercising regularly, patients should also eat a well-balanced diet with foods rich in calcium and Vitamin D.
Resources and References
Medline Plus. (2018, July 12). Aging changes in the bones – muscles – joints: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004015.htm (Links to an external site.)
Question
There are many effects of aging. What effect might an elderly experience as they age?
Brittle bones
Increased muscle mass
Improved agility
Improved sleep quality
Question 4
7 / 7 pts
Background
One of the impacts of aging on the musculoskeletal system can be sarcopenia, which results in the loss of muscle mass and strength. Common in people over the age of 50, sarcopenia also results in shorter life expectancy.
While aging is the key factor in developing sarcopenia, there are other factors that can lead to it. One contributing factor is immobility or lack of activity. Others include an unbalanced diet, stress, and inflammation.
Exercise is an effective way to prevent and even reverse the effects of sarcopenia. Lifting weights, using resistance bands, or doing push-ups, sit-ups, or squats are especially beneficial. Even walking can help to slow how quickly your body loses muscle mass. No matter how you exercise, the important thing is to get your body moving.
Resources and References
Thorpe, M., MD, PhD. (2017, May 25). How to Fight Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss Due to Aging). Retrieved from: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/sarcopenia (Links to an external site.)
Question
Which of the following is not a symptom or side effect of sarcopenia?
Reduced regeneration of muscle
Shorter life expectancy
Loss in muscle mass
Correct!
Longer life expectancy
Question 5
Background
One common disease of the muscular system is muscular dystrophy. This term combines over 30 conditions that cause a loss of strength due to losing muscle mass. Caused by mutations on the X chromosome, muscular dystrophy tends to affect males more than females. Essentially, the body is unable to produce dystrophin, which is necessary for building and repairing muscles.
While there are different types of muscular dystrophy, the most common type is Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which affects young children, typically rendering them wheelchair-bound by their teenage years. Symptoms include muscle pain or stiffness, difficulty with running and standing, frequent falls, and certain learning disabilities. As the condition progresses, other symptoms will develop such as inability to walk, weakening of the heart, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing. For those with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, life expectancy is only in their teens or early 20s.
Currently, there is no cure, but there are treatments that can alleviate symptoms and slow the rate of progression. Sometimes, corticosteroids are prescribed. In the short term, this medication increases muscle strength and slows the progression of the disease, but ultimately, it can cause weight gain and weaken bones. Heart medications may also be prescribed, depending on whether the condition affects the heart. In addition to medication, other treatments include braces, assistant devices for mobility and breathing, and general exercises. Despite the treatments and medications, someone with muscular dystrophy will continue needing medical assistance throughout their life.
Resources and References
Newman, T. (2017, December 18). Muscular dystrophy: Symptoms, treatment, types, and causes. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187618.php (Links to an external site.)
Question
Muscular dystrophy is caused by the body’s inability to produce the protein that sustains healthy muscles. What is the name of the protein?
X Chromosome
Duchenne
Corticosteroids
Dystrophin
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