The conclusion of an argument is
Question 1 The conclusion of an argument is __________.
a sentence that gives a reason why something is true
a way to wrap up an argument without hostility
the point in time at which the argument ends
the claim that is supported by the argument
Question 2 Is the following an argument or an explanation?
The reason it is so hot lately is that the wind has been coming from the south.
Argument
Explanation
Both of these
None of these
Question 3 Which of the following is an advantage of using standard form?
It helps us to evaluate the quality of an argument independent of our own views about the subject.
It is only really necessary for professional logicians and mathematicians
It makes arguments logically valid
It makes it more likely that your audience will believe your premises
Question 4 Is the following an argument or an explanation?
John will probably come to the party. He is not busy tonight, and he told me he was coming.
Argument
Explanation
Both of these
None of these
Question 5 The concept of warrant in logic refers to __________.
a disagreement between two people
the truth of the conclusion
the evidence that supports one’s claims
a document needed to arrest a criminal
Question 6 Identify the conclusion of the following argument.
Too many intravenous drug users continue to risk their lives by sharing dirty needles. We should supply drug addicts with a way to get clean needles. This would lower the rate of AIDS in this high-risk population as well as allow for the opportunity to educate and attempt to aid those who are addicted to heroin and other intravenous drugs.
We should supply drug addicts with a way to get clean needles.
Too many intravenous drug users risk their lives by sharing needles.
Providing clean needles would lower the rate of AIDS in this population.
Providing clean needles would provide an opportunity for education.
Question 7 Logical arguments __________.
always involve an exchange
are a means for venting emotion
involve quarreling
attempt to use good reasoning to discover truth
Question 8 Which of the following is a conclusion marker?
Since
Because
Therefore
Never
Question 9 Intellectual modesty is __________.
the ability to examine one’s own beliefs and be objective about faults in those beliefs
the tendency to desire to be right in all circumstances
the ability to attack others’ beliefs in the attempt to prove them wrong
the ability to bring about the good in one’s life
Question 10 This is one way to determine if one is encountering an explanation versus an argument:
In explanations, the conclusion is less controversial than the premises.
In arguments, the premises is more controversial than the conclusion.
In explanations, the conclusion is more controversial than the premises.
In explanations, the conclusion does not matter.
Question 11 Standard form is __________.
a confusing use of language
a way to clarify arguments by listing the premises above the conclusion
a way to make logical arguments look mathematical in structure
the proper use of grammar in presenting an argument
Question 12 An argument in logic is _________.
a set of claims, some of which serve as support for another claim
a debate between two people
the conclusion of one’s reasoning
a dispute with no resolution
Question 13 Which of the following is an explanation rather than an argument:
“Shock collars are cruel because they cause chronic anxiety in dogs.”
“I am investing in bit coin because I think it is going to go up.”
“I am hungry so I am going to buy food.”
“He is smiling so he must be happy.”
Question 14
This form of thinking involves using our imagination.
Critical thinking
Analytical thinking
Strategic thinking
Creative thinking
Question 15 Which of the following is a claim?
Calculate the velocity of the alpha particle.
Did you calculate the velocity of the alpha particle?
Awesome!
Alpha particles are bare protons.
Question 16 According to the text, the emotions that we feel __________.
always guide us to the correct decisions
can sometimes make us feel good when we are humiliated
are not reliable sources of information
should be trusted more than rules of reason
Question 17 Informal logic __________.
primarily studies the mathematical properties of languages
studies arguments as they exist in everyday language
studies formal validity without a focus on everyday usages of critical thinking
seeks to validate whatever one already thinks is true
Question 18 Which of the following words from this argument is a conclusion indicator?
All philosophers are seekers of truth; thus, it follows that no evil human is a seeker after truth, since no philosophers are evil humans.
Since
Thus
Philosophers
Truth
Question 19 Which of these is one of the differences (given in Chapter 1) between a logical argument and a rhetorical argument?
A logical argument does not necessarily involve an exchange
A logical argument can involve defending a position
Logic involves the use of language
Logic addresses more important topics
Question 20 What is not given as one of the advantages of using standard form within the video “The Value of Using Standard Form”?
It enables us to defeat other people’s reasoning in debates
It makes our arguments more clear
It makes it easier to detect the flaws within our own and others’ reasoning
It makes us less likely to be distracted by things like emotion
PHI103 Informal Logic
Week 2 Quiz
Question 1 Inductive arguments aim for this type of connection between their premises and conclusions.
A true connection
A probable connection
A methodological connection
An absolute connection
Question 2 If an argument form is valid, which of the following must be true?
all of its instances are valid.
all of its instances are sound.
some of its instances may be invalid.
argument forms can’t be valid
the argument form is propositional
Question 3 The counterexample method shows that an argument is invalid by _______
proving the truth of the conclusion from the premises
proving that the conclusion is false
proving that a premise is false
finding an argument of the same form with true premises and a false conclusion
Question 4 Which of the following is true of the distinction between induction and deduction?
Inductive reasoning means going from the specific to the general; while deductive reasoning is the reverse.
Inductive reasoning means going from the general to the specific, while deductive reasoning is the reverse.
Some forms of inductive reasoning go from the specific to the general, while others go from the general to the specific.
Deductive reasoning never has a general conclusion.
Question 5 In logic, which of the following is NOT true of all deductive arguments?
they reason from general to particular
they can be valid or invalid
if they are valid, it is impossible to have true premises and a false conclusion
if they are invalid, it is possible to have true premises and a false conclusion
none of these
Question 6 Which of the following is a valid argument?
“All dogs are mammals. All cats are mammals. Therefore, all cats are dogs.”
“All dogs are mammals. Rover is a dog. Therefore, Rover is a mammal.”
“All dogs are mammals. Rover is a dog. So Rover has fur.”
None of these
Question 7 “She is an adult female human. Therefore, she is a woman.” This argument is __________.
a mathematical argument
an inductive argument
a categorical argument
an argument by definition
Question 8 One way to make an inductive argument weaker is to __________.
strengthen the conclusion
eliminate the conclusion
make the argument valid
strengthen a premise
Question 9 Which of the following is NOT one of the correct descriptions of what it means for an argument to valid?
if all of the premises are true then the conclusion cannot be false
the reasoning is correct and all of the premises are in fact true
that it is logically impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false
the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion
Question 10 Inductive arguments should not be characterized as __________.
weak
very weak
valid
strong
Question 11 What type of inductive argument is the following example?
“Every cat I’ve tested hates citrus. Therefore, all cats hate citrus.”
You Answered
Argument from analogy
Inductive generalization
Statistical syllogism
Inference to the best explanation
Question 12 Which of the following statements is likely to have the strongest inductive evidence?
Your teacher will eat an egg for breakfast tomorrow.
The Colts will win the Super Bowl next year.
There will be nuclear war next month.
The earth will continue to orbit the sun over the next five days.
Question 13 “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore Socrates is mortal” is what type of argument?
inductive
deductive
argument from definition
invalid
Question 14 Consider the following argument.
I studied for the test.
Therefore, I will pass the class.
Which of the following additional premises would most make this argument stronger?
I have gotten good grades on all of the tests and papers so far in the class
I feel really confident
The teacher is a nice guy
If I don’t pass I will complain to the administration
Question 15 One way to make an inductive argument stronger is to __________.
ignore the argument
offer more reasons to support the conclusion
call the argument something in Latin
make it valid
Question 16 In logic, arguments are best described as __________.
requiring someone to win and someone to lose
providing reasons for a conclusion
a dispute involving anger
a debate over something no one believes
none of these
Question 17 In the “What is a ‘Strong’ Argument?” video, what is the line at which we call an argument logically strong?
There is no strict line at which inductive arguments become strong; it is a matter of context.
It is strong if it confers a 90% likelihood on its conclusion.
It is only truly strong if the conclusion is absolutely certain.
It has all true premises and the conclusion is likely.
Question 18 Which of the following is not one of the things that can weaken an appeal to authority?
The person is not truly an authority on the topic.
The person has a motive to be dishonest in the context.
One is not interpreting the authority correctly.
The authority’s view does not agree with what one expected.
Question 19 What type of inductive argument is the following example?
“Both times I’ve bet on the Celtics they’ve lost. So, they are a bad team to bet on.”
Argument from analogy
Inductive generalization
Statistical syllogism
Inference to the best explanation
Question 20 What type of inductive argument is the following example?
“Almost all philosophers like logic. Mike is a philosopher, so he probably likes logic.”
Argument from analogy
Inductive generalization
Statistical syllogism
Inference to the best explanation
PHI103 Informal Logic
Week 3 Quiz
Question 1 Which one of the following contains a euphemism?
“He is lazy”
“He studies less than the average student”
“He is motivationally challenged”
“His GPA is 1.5”
None of these
Question 2 “Studies show that I am right.” This statement employs which of the following rhetorical devices?
Euphemism
Hyperbole
Proof surrogate
Weaseler
No device used
Question 3 “You shouldn’t do that because it is wrong.” This argument commits which of the following fallacies?
Slippery slope
Hasty generalization
False dichotomy
Begging the question
None of these
Question 4 What is an interested party?
A person who finds the topic fascinating
A person with a stake in the outcome
A person who earns money from investments over time
None of these
All of these
Question 5 Chapter 8 lists several ways that the media can deliberately mislead us. Which of the following is not one of the ways mentioned in the chapter?
Photo manipulation
Spin
Product placement
Rhetorical devices
It mentions all of these
Question 6 “This beverage will make you feel as happy as if you won the lottery!” This statement employs which of the following rhetorical devices?
Weaseler
Innuendo
Hyperbole
Dysphemism
No device used
Question 7 “You should totally ditch school and go on a road trip with me because it would be so awesome!” This reasoning commits which of the following fallacies?
Appeal to emotion
Hasty generalization
Ad hominem
Shifting the burden of proof
None of these
Question 8 “This hospital has had a few cases of negative patient outcomes.” This statement employs which of the following rhetorical devices?
Euphemism
Hyperbole
Proof surrogate
Innuendo
No device used
Question 9 “He is a nerd.” This statement employs which of the following rhetorical devices?
Hyperbole
Euphemism
Proof surrogate
Dysphemism
No device used
Question 10 “Bob is a convicted felon. So what he says cannot be true.” This reasoning commits which of the following fallacies?
Ad hominem
Appeal to ignorance
Fallacy ad verecundiam
Red herring
None of these
Question 11 “You are either a capitalist or a communist, which is it?” This statement commits which of the following fallacies?
Non sequitur
False dilemma
Appeal to emotion
Appeal to fear
None of these
Question 12 “It’s ok to tell your kids there’s an Easter bunny. People have lied to their kids for hundreds of years.”
This argument commits which of the following fallacies?
Relativist
Subjectivist
Red herring
Appeal to tradition
None of these
Question 13 “I didn’t like either pair of jeans I bought from that company. They must not make good products.” This reasoning commits which of the following fallacies?
Appeal to fear
Hasty generalization
Circular reasoning
Shifting the burden of proof
None of these
Question 14 “He got a little bump on the head” (when he actually got a serious concussion). This statement employs which of the following rhetorical devices?
Euphemism
Dysphemism
Weaseler
Hyperbole
No device used
Question 15 “Do you believe that aliens have visited the earth? I know that they have because an ‘alien’ is just someone who is here from another country, and there are plenty of those on the earth.” This reasoning commits which of the following fallacies?
Appeal to fear
Equivocation
Appeal to ignorance
Appeal to inadequate authority
None of these
Question 16 According to Chapter 8, why is it called the “media”?
Because it comes from the medieval times
Because it was invented by Charles Goodwin Media in the 1800s
Because it is the medium through which we learn about the outside world
Because it should try to take a middle position (the median)
None of these
Question 17 Which one of the following claims most likely does not contain hyperbole?
“He is the worst driver this side of the Mississippi.”
“John Adams was a Federalist”
“He was the worst president ever”
“This year the Steelers would probably lose to the local high school”
None of these
Question 18 “Julie started carrying a rabbit’s foot, and then she won the lottery. I am going to get one too.” This reasoning commits which of the following fallacies?
Ad hominem
False cause
Straw man
Slippery slope
None of these
Question 19 A fallacy is ____________.
an argument with a false premise
an argument with a false conclusion
an inductively weak argument
a common pattern of reasoning with a high likelihood of leading to a false conclusion
Question 20 “It is illegal, because it’s against the law.” This reasoning commits which of the following fallacies?
Circular reasoning
Non sequitur
Slippery slope
Appeal to pity
None of these
PHI103 Informal Logic
Week 4 Quiz
Question 1 The following is one of the ways (listed in our text) to assess the quality of an inference to the best explanation:
Does it agree well with the rest of human knowledge?
Does the conclusion follow validly from the premises?
Does it feel right?
Is it novel and innovative?
Question 2 Which of these describes what we are inclined to believe about the most likely explanations of our observations?
People tend to believe whatever sounds the most scientific
People tend to believe what agrees with what they already believed
People tend not to make inferences about what explains their observations
People tend to come up with explanations for their experiences only after extensive testing
Question 3 Which of the following is not one of the advantages listed in the text of using inductive reasoning over deductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning is more robust (less fragile).
Inductive premises are more available.
In inductive reasoning, the conclusion follows with more certainty from the premises.
Inductive arguments are frequently more persuasive.
Question 4 Which of these is one of the steps of the hypothetico-deductive method?
Formulating a hypothesis.
Deductive proof
Rejecting the assumptions
Manipulating the data
Question 5 Using the rules for assessing inferences to the best explanation (in Chapter 6), which of the following is likely the best inference to the best explanation for the following observation:
“That magician apparently made a card that was in the deck appear in my back pocket.”
He is a sorcerer who can transport matter
He is using a clever trick to fool people
All reality is in our minds, and he can manipulate it
I have lost my mind
Question 6 How does one go about testing a hypothesis?
Make a prediction that would (likely) occur if the hypothesis were true
See if it agrees with what you preferred to be true
Reject the hypothesis if it disagrees with other research in the scientific literature
Look for data that will confirm it no matter what
Question 7 The following is one of the ways (listed in our text) to assess the quality of an inference to the best explanation:
Is it indubitably true?
Does it help us explain other phenomena as well?
Is there proof of it?
Does the result seem important?
Question 8 What is a hypothesis?
The outcome of an experiment
A conjecture about how something works
A proven truth
A rejected theory
Question 9 This is a method by which one can strengthen an inductive argument.
Adding false supporting premises
Demonstrating that the argument is valid
Adding supporting premises
Inductive arguments cannot be strengthened
Question 10 Inductive arguments aim for this type of connection between their premises and conclusions.
A true connection
A probable connection
A methodological connection
An absolute connection
Question 11 Inductive arguments are preferable in some instances because they __________.
are not as available
are more limited than deductive arguments
can be more persuasive
have more truth
Question 12 Which of these is a limitation of inferences to the best explanation?
Most of reality cannot be explained
It will never be as convincing as deductive inference
It depends upon our coming up with the right explanation as one of the candidates
It generally leads us away from scientific explanations
Question 13 A claim is falsifiable if __________.
we know how one could show it to be false
we know how one could show it to be true
we cannot determine a way to prove it false
we can determine a way to see if it is true or false
Question 14 Which of the following is necessary in order for an explanation to be adequate?
It does not agree with other human knowledge
It provides an overly complex solution
It is noncircular
It is contradicted by other instances
Question 15 If the consequence that you predict from your hypothesis comes true, what follows from this?
It logically follows that the hypothesis is true
There is no support for the premises
The conclusion must be false
It provides some inductive support for the hypothesis
Question 16 Inference to the best explanation is often referred to as:
Deductive reasoning
Abductive reasoning
Circular reasoning
Biductive reasoning
Question 17 Claims that are interpreted such that they always come out to be true are called __________.
valid propositions
self-refuting propositions
self-sealing proposition
weak propositions
Question 18 Which one of the following is most likely not an inference to the best explanation?
“It will rain tomorrow; the meteorologist said so.”
“My living room is trashed; I must have been robbed.”
“This plant is dying; I am probably not watering it enough.”
“The street is all wet; it must have rained last night.”
Question 19 Which of the following is true of inductive reasoning but not deductive reasoning?
If a premise is false then the arguments loses its value
If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true as well
The premises are harder to find
The argument is more likely to have merit even if one of the premises is not universally true
Question 20 A common misconception about inductive arguments is that they __________.
are all weak
are more persuasive than deductive arguments
go from specific to general
go from general to specific
PHI103 Informal Logic
Week 5 Quiz
Question 1 In an argumentative essay, the premises of the argument __________.
are the reasons that support the thesis
do not need justification in an essay
are what the thesis defends
occur in the conclusion of the paper
Question 2 How should one ethically engage in verbal argumentation?
Try to maintain a focus on demonstrating the other person is wrong.
Try to maintain focus on the argument when analyzing what people are saying.
Try to win at all costs.
Stick to one’s position even if evidence is better for the opposing position.
Question 3 “If I drive drunk I’ll crash. I crashed, so I must be drunk.”
Non sequitur
Ad Hominem
Post Hoc
Affirming the consequent
No Fallacy
Question 4 The legalization of drugs is neither unwise nor immoral. It is not unwise because by legalizing drugs we would eliminate the illegal drug trade. Hence, by legalizing drugs, we would rid our nation of all the violence that goes along with the illegal drug trade. Furthermore, the legalization of drugs is not immoral because it can be combined with a massive program of moral education.
Deductive
Inductive
Neither
Question 5 Deciduous trees are trees that shed their leaves. Maple trees are deciduous trees. Thus, maple trees will shed their leaves at some point during the growing season.
True or False: The statement, “Maple trees are deciduous trees,” is a premise.
True
False
Question 6 The thesis in an argumentative essay __________.
is composed of premises
should be general so that one can write enough on the topic
is the claim that is being defended
is not as important as the problem
Question 7 The statement “Either the maid did it or the butler did” is a __________.
conjunction
disjunction
conditional
none of these
Question 8 If we go to the movies, we will need to drive the minivan.
Claim
Non-Claim
Neither
Question 9 The statement “If you come with me, then we can go shopping” is a __________.
conjunction
disjunction
conditional
none of these
Question 10 Confirmation bias is:
The ability to prove that one’s conclusions are true
The ad hominem fallacy
The tendency to accept arguments with conclusions on already believes
Committing an informal fallacy
Question 11 Arguments __________.
always have the same level of complexity
are always expressed in standard form
can include complicated chains of inference that build on themselves
have to be valid in order to be convincing
Question 12 My father always only bought Ford cars. He said they were the best cars ever. So I only buy Fords.
Begging the Question
Ad Hominem
Post Hoc
Appeal to inadequate authority
No Fallacy
Question 13 A sound argument is __________.
a valid argument in which it is impossible to have true premises and a false conclusion
a valid argument with true premises and a false conclusion
an argument in which it is possible to have true premises and a true conclusion
a valid argument with true premises
all of these
Question 14 When disagreeing with a premise, __________.
one should point to the outcomes of the conclusion
one should have reasons in place that demonstrate the premise is not sufficiently likely to be true.
one should attack premises that are not important to the argument
one should point out the failings of its author
Question 15 Politician: “We either decide to keep the handgun laws in the city limits and maintain peace, or we revoke the laws and let the city become a modern day Wild West.”
Straw Man
Hyperbole
False Dilemma
No Fallacy
Question 16 Which type of inductive argument is the following:
“He is late; there must have been traffic.”
Statistical Syllogism
Inductive Generalization
Appeal to Authority
Inference to the Best Explanation
Question 17 The objection in an argumentative essay __________.
should be the simplest argument against your own position
should be presented in a weak manner in order to attack it easily
requires objectivity and should be strong
is the thing that you will refute in the support section of your paper
Question 18 Since all philosophers are seekers of truth, it follows that no evil human is a seeker after truth, since no philosophers are evil humans.
True or False: The statement, “no evil human is a seeker after truth,” is the conclusion.
True
False
Question 19 Drive the minivan.
Claim
Non-Claim
Neither
Question 20 “If he were happy, he would be smiling. He is not smiling, so he is not happy.”
Modus Tollens
Modus Ponens
Post Hoc
Syllogistic Logic
Affirming the Consequent
Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers
Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.
Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS
Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?
Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.
We write plagiarism Free Content
Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.
Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.
