The basic goal of which kind of therapy is to help the client identify and challenge his or her own automatic thoughts?
The basic goal of which kind of therapy is to help the client identify and challenge his or her own automatic thoughts?
Cognitive behavior therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Psychoanalysis
Group therapy
Ecological models help health and fitness professionals understand both supportive influences as well as barriers for behavior change. Which of the following layers are generally included in ecological models?
Intrapersonal level
Societal and cultural level
Organizational level
Community level
All of the above
Which of the following is an/are effective behavior-change skill(s)?
Self-monitoring
Problem solving
Cognitive restructuring
Setting goals and making specific plans
All of the above
Changing the environment in ways that promote (or at least do not inhibit) desirable behaviors is called:
environmental re-engineering.
shaping.
stimulus restructuring.
trigger prevention.
The temporal and adherence aspects of change are commonly referred to as:
processes of change.
positions of change.
stages of change.
none of the above
People are more likely to want to approach things that they believe they are capable of doing and avoid things that they do not think they can do. This is an example of:
the Health Belief Model.
self-liberation.
self-efficacy.
self-talk.
questions invite clients to give the professional more information, tell their stories, and paint a broader picture.
Basic
Closed
Complex
Open
Clients can learn to identify the thinking that leads to excuses to engage in unhealthy behaviors. With practice, clients can also learn to replace automatic thought patterns that lead to unwanted behaviors with more productive thinking. These actions are examples of what behavior-change skill?
Cognitive restructuring
Self-monitoring
Problem solving
Setting goals
The overarching goal of health and fitness professionals is to help clients ____ health behaviors and ____ their behavior-change plans.
mitigate; neglect
assess; obsess about
decide to improve; stick to
find fault with; avoid
Behavior-change practitioners often describe helpful goals as SMART, which stands for:
sound, malleable, autonomous, rejuvenating, training-specific
simple, manageable, achievable, reputable, team-oriented
specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound
scheduled, mobile, active, reasonable, time-tested
Which of the following are benefits of self-monitoring?
Increase in clients’ self-awareness of behaviors
Accountability of client to health-care professional due to surveillance of records
More work for client to do, teaches time-management
All of the above
A and B
People’s abilities to employ self-regulation skills during a behavior-change program are strongly associated with what characteristic?
Self-healing
Self-image
Self-efficacy
Self-worth
Constant activation of the stress response is referred to as:
acute stress response.
continuous stress.
chronic stress response.
none of the above
When people react immediately to a stressor, their acute stress response entails what physical actions?
Increased heart rate
Tensed muscles
Deep, slow breathing
All of the above
A and B
The goal of ____ is not to eliminate stress (since this is impossible and probably undesirable) but to improve people’s ability to reduce feelings of stress once they have addressed a stressor and not spend excess time in prolonged periods of chronic stress.
stress management
anger management
learning optimism
healthbehavior change
Type D personality refers to:
disappointed.
disenchanted.
distressed.
none of the above
Migraine headaches result from:
loud sounds and very bright lights.
vascular changes that lead to increased blood volume in the blood vessels of the head.
full body muscle tension.
consuming excess sugar and caffeine.
Which of the following health problems of the digestive system can worsen with chronic stress?
Gingivitis
Esophageal spasms
Ulcers
Irritable bowel syndrome
All of the above
If a client is short on time and needs to fit in both exercise and some form of stress reduction on a regular basis, what might a health and fitness professional recommend?
Advise clients to use exercise as a break from problems.
Suggest exercising with a friend to build social support.
Encourage present-moment awareness during exercise.
Do a physical activity that is enjoyable.
All of the above
Focusing on the present moment and breathing, and practicing nonjudgmental awareness of one’s physical and psychological experience, is known as:
stress relief.
problem-focused coping.
mindfulness.
self-talk.
The mineralocorticoid ____causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water—an action that increases blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.
epinephrine
aldosterone
cortisone
oxytocin
Stress is characterized by feelings of anxiety and tension that occur when people feel that the ____ they are experiencing exceed(s) their ____ for coping.
excitement; motivation
demands; abilities and resources
anger; focus
uncertainty and confusion; practical experience
The components of TABP that appear to be the strongest predictors of poor health outcomes are feelings of anger and hostility and a negative, cynical outlook. What is TABP?
Total anger borderline personality
Type Abehavior pattern
Temporary addictive behavior pattern
Type A bandwidth problem
What are some of the benefits of time management practices such as clarifying life priorities?
Helps identify time wasters
Makes more time for rewarding experiences
Reduces feeling overwhelmed by too many roles and obligations
All of the above
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