Reflect upon your life and choose a behavioral decision that you made that has had a positive influence on your health. Discuss with the class what influences (such as culture, diversity, and/or health promotional beliefs
Behavior and Health
Part 1: Share an experience
Reflect upon your life and choose a behavioral decision that you made that has had a positive influence on your health. Discuss with the class what influences (such as culture, diversity, and/or health promotional beliefs) assisted or challenged your decision.
Part 2: Now applying what you’ve learned from the readings and videos.
Review the data in Table 1-2 in your textbook “Top 10 Causes of Death in the United States, 1900 and 2010”, as well as Figure 7 -3 and 7- 4.
What do you think might explain the changes seen between 1900 and the present?
What are two behaviors that you think have the greatest impact on health? Explain your choice to your peers.
Why does socio-economic status have such a strong influence on these health issues?
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Module 2 Discussion
The Psychophysiology Connection
Part 1: let’s start with a question based on your own life experience.
What are three unhealthy behaviors that you think are commonly associated with your chosen group.
Part 2: Now apply what you’ve learned from the readings and videos.
Thinking about the demographic group you chose, discuss the following questions.
Describe how the body is likely to suffer as a result from these typical behaviors of your group?(refer to Module Note image on stress)
How might the nervous system respond to the three behaviors you identified.
How might the endocrine system respond to these behaviors?
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Module 3 Discussion
Making Changes
Part 1: Introduce your client
This is your opportunity to build your case study for M7A1. Start by giving your client a name. Next, provide demographics such as age, gender, race and/or ethnicity as well as information regarding current lifestyle, marital status, employment, etc. Last, choose one of the following health-related behavioral issues that your fictional client wishes to change and provide brief background information on triggers, cause, etc:
overweight,
underweight,
dealing with toxic stress,
smoking,
vaping,
pre-diabetes,
hypertension,
high cholesterol,
sedentary lifestyle,
drinking too much alcohol,
use of recreational drugs
Part 2: apply what you’ve learned from the readings and videos to your individual client.
Now that you have introduced your scenario to the class, explore the following concepts as they might apply to your client:
Discuss how you would assess your client’s readiness to change, or stage of change?
Identify at what level of change your client is currently at.
Choose two of the layers of the ecological model. Discuss how they might impact your client.
Describe your client’s self-efficacy and locus of control. How might these factors impact your client’s goals?
Which behavior-change models would be most effective for your client? Why?
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Module 4 Discussion
What’s Stress Got To Do With It?
Part 1: Let’s start with a question based on your own life experience:
Take a few moments to recall a time in your life when you were under great stress. Share with your classmates what the event was. Please feel free to comment generally without sharing specific details.
Describe how you felt physically, mentally and emotionally? How did the situation affect your daily life? (digestion, sleep, eating habits, etc.)? What kinds of things did you do to cope with the stress? To whom did you turn for help?
Part 2: Apply what you’ve learned from the readings and videos and explore the following questions:
Were you surprised to read about the effects that stress can have on health? Do you think that people in general are not aware of the greater effect stress has on their health?
Discuss whether social support networks help individuals to cope with stress or not? Does it depend on the person or the circumstance?
Choose two stress management techniques that you think might be most effective. Summarize each and explain why you think they might be helpful.
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Module 5 Discussion
Born to be Fat
Instructions
Society has an important influence on body image, particularly for women. Overweight, underweight, or just right. To begin, watch this video segment: Born to be Fat: Fat as Destiny (Links to an external site.) [Video file, 1:36 minutes].
Full body side view of a girl at different body weights from morbidly obese to normal.
Part 1:Share your thoughts concerning social beliefs about weight and appearance.
1. What might a ‘healthy’ weight look like? Can you tell someone’s health status by looking at him or her? Are some people Born to be Fat?
2. If someone asked you for your thoughts regarding the causes of America’s obesity crisis, how would you answer?
Part 2: apply what you’ve learned from the readings and videos this week, let’s discuss together the following:
3. We have been asked to give a brief community-based presentation about nutrition and healthy weight. Keep in mind that one or more of our “Born to be Fat” ladies may be in attendance. We only have 10 minutes, so we need to decide what to cover. Identify 5 key points that you want your audience to take away with them. Support each point with supporting evidence from the text/readings. Discuss why these points are the most important?
4. A member of the audience has asked you for one suggestion on how to improve their diet. What would you say and why?
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Module 6 Discussion
Friends Don’t Let Friends Text?
Part 1: Based on your own life experience…
You notice that whenever you meet your friend for dinner, he spends more time texting others than talking to you. Is your friend addicted to texting, or does he just have a bad habit? Please explain your opinion.
Part 2: Based on what you learned this week, explore the following questions:
2. Discuss how your opinion of addiction changed/or did not change after reading/viewing the material in this module?
For the next question refer to Figure 11 – 4 on page 378 of your text
3. Discuss how these factors reinforce or influence the risk of developing a negative health behavior such as an addiction.
4. Discuss why the Transtheoretical Model (stages of change) has been successful in treating addictions.
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Module 7 Discussion
Personal Control versus Learned Helplessness
Instructions
Becoming a ‘patient’ in any health care setting results in being asked personal questions from strangers and having to make choices concerning things you have little-to-no expertise in, causing you to rely on health care professionals for ideas and advice. Even the heartiest of us experience a feeling of helplessness or loss of control and a forced reliance on others…
Watch the short video on “Personal Control” and study the Rotter chart in the Module Notes.
As you watch this Khan Academy (2014) video reflect on how each of these states of control and loss of control would feel in a health related scenario for someone who suffers from chronic illness and/or chronic pain.
Personal Control (locus of control, learned helplessness, and the tyranny of choice) (Links to an external site.)
. [Video file, 6:37 minutes] YouTube.
Part 1: discuss the first question without completing all of your readings.
Discuss with your classmates how each topic (personal control, learned helplessness, and tyranny of choice) in the video translates to an individual receiving medical care for a chronic condition. Give examples from your own experiences.
Part 2: Based on what you learned this week, explore the following questions:
Discuss the benefits of self-care, physical activity, and treatment compliance for individuals with chronic illness and chronic pain (based on what you have learned).
Examine the resilience model (Figure 12-8) and discuss which positive coping strategies (resilience) can best be implemented by individuals with internal HLOC and individuals with external LOC. How could chronic illness and chronic pain hinder their ability to be resilient?
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Module 8 Discussion
Share Your Research
Instructions
Young couple sharing laptop.This week you present your research findings from your M7A1 Behavioral Change paper as well as the role motivation played in determining your SMART goals.
By we can compare and contrast the different populations and risk factors, thus learning from one another’s hard work.
Part 1: Post your presentation no later than Wednesday for viewing and discussion.
In a 150 word paragraph present your research findings from your M7A1 Behavioral Change paper and the role motivation played in determining your SMART goals.
Next, read and view each other’s findings and make constructive and thought-provoking comments on one another’s Presentation posts! And try to enjoy this academic opportunity for sharing and learning from others.
Part 2:
Describe how you applied your chosen theoretical model to address your client’s health issue.
How did this course influence or change your thinking about the mind and body’s influence on health?
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Module 7 Assignment
Final Paper Behavioral Change
This paper will expand on the case study and theoretical applications you discussed in module 3 discussion (M3D1) In the paper you will incorporate evidence-based research and practices in the promotion of positive behavior change to a negative health behavior.
This 5 – 7 page paper, not including title page or reference page, is to include a minimum of 3 peer-reviewed journal articles, government and health organization research, literature and current texts/readings found in the Excelsior College library. Make sure to identify each section clearly.
Papers will be automatically processed through TurnItIn when you submit. The overall match can be no higher than 15%, with any one match no higher than 2%. It is important that you submit your paper early, allowing yourself the opportunity to correct any high matches in your paper. For further information read Assignment Guidance and Grading Information.
Assignment Instructions:
TITLE Page: write a title that includes the benefit to the client or customer in the title.
Example: “Case Study: How an Experienced Marathoner Set a New Personal Best at Boston.”
See following link for APA format for title page https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html (Links to an external site.)
Introductory Paragraph: Identify your client (case study from M3D1), what behavior is being addressed, and purpose of the paper.
Case Study: In 2 – 3 paragraphs (500 words), write an interesting story about your client. Include your client’s fictional name, age, sex, gender, lifestyle, when they first started the negative health behavior, reasons if any for this, and their current situation and goal(s). Describe how lifestyle, culture, diversity, and behavior decisions influence your client’s health behavior choice(s). (CO1 & 4)
Current Situation vs Desired Outcome: Provide a clear description of the client’s problem. Describe the desired outcome – what COULD be, compared to what IS. Explain why this matters to your client. (CO6)
Application of Theoretical Model: Select one of the following models. Briefly describe the components of the model and how it can be applied to your client. Describe how you would apply this model to address the specific aspects of your client’s health issue. (CO3) Support your recommendations with references to theoretical framework, evidence based practices and other findings.
Ecological Perspective
Trans-theoretical Model
Health Belief Model
Self-determination theory
Motivating Coaching Plan: Using the SMART approach to goal setting (refer to Chapter 5 of the text) create 2-5 motivational goals to assist your client to achieved their desired outcomes. Support your recommendations with references to theories, evidence-based practices, and other findings in the research.(CO2, 5)
Concluding paragraph: Describe why you believe this approach would work. Discuss what you learned from this assignment and its importance based on the course outcomes
Suggestions for writing a case study using the SNACK/BITE/MEAL approach. By using this technique to build your paper it allows the paper to flow well. Here is a brief example of this approach:
SNACK: a brief headline regarding your client: Laura sets a new personal best at Boston!
BITE: one or two sentences that summarize the content in this section: Laura sets a new personal best at Boston, thanks to the pre-race checklist we developed and a balanced approach to fueling!
MEAL: a paragraph or two providing more detail for the seriously interested reader: Laura sets a new personal best at Boston, thanks to the pre-race checklist we developed and a balanced approach to fueling! This was accomplished by zeroing in on these items during the six months leading up to the event. Two things really made the difference at Boston. Having a pre-race checklist, learning a relaxation technique, adding some protein and fat to the pre-race meal of pasta, and taking water every 30 minutes during the race
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Module 2 Exam 1
The basic goal of which kind of therapy is to help the client identify and challenge his or her own automatic thoughts?
Cognitive behavior therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Psychoanalysis
Group therapy
Ecological models help health and fitness professionals understand both supportive influences as well as barriers for behavior change. Which of the following layers are generally included in ecological models?
Intrapersonal level
Societal and cultural level
Organizational level
Community level
All of the above
Which of the following is an/are effective behavior-change skill(s)?
Self-monitoring
Problem solving
Cognitive restructuring
Setting goals and making specific plans
All of the above
Changing the environment in ways that promote (or at least do not inhibit) desirable behaviors is called:
environmental re-engineering.
shaping.
stimulus restructuring.
trigger prevention.
The temporal and adherence aspects of change are commonly referred to as:
processes of change.
positions of change.
stages of change.
none of the above
People are more likely to want to approach things that they believe they are capable of doing and avoid things that they do not think they can do. This is an example of:
the Health Belief Model.
self-liberation.
self-efficacy.
self-talk.
questions invite clients to give the professional more information, tell their stories, and paint a broader picture.
Basic
Closed
Complex
Open
Clients can learn to identify the thinking that leads to excuses to engage in unhealthy behaviors. With practice, clients can also learn to replace automatic thought patterns that lead to unwanted behaviors with more productive thinking. These actions are examples of what behavior-change skill?
Cognitive restructuring
Self-monitoring
Problem solving
Setting goals
The overarching goal of health and fitness professionals is to help clients ____ health behaviors and ____ their behavior-change plans.
mitigate; neglect
assess; obsess about
decide to improve; stick to
find fault with; avoid
Behavior-change practitioners often describe helpful goals as SMART, which stands for:
sound, malleable, autonomous, rejuvenating, training-specific
simple, manageable, achievable, reputable, team-oriented
specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound
scheduled, mobile, active, reasonable, time-tested
Which of the following are benefits of self-monitoring?
Increase in clients’ self-awareness of behaviors
Accountability of client to health-care professional due to surveillance of records
More work for client to do, teaches time-management
All of the above
A and B
People’s abilities to employ self-regulation skills during a behavior-change program are strongly associated with what characteristic?
Self-healing
Self-image
Self-efficacy
Self-worth
Constant activation of the stress response is referred to as:
acute stress response.
continuous stress.
chronic stress response.
none of the above
When people react immediately to a stressor, their acute stress response entails what physical actions?
Increased heart rate
Tensed muscles
Deep, slow breathing
All of the above
A and B
The goal of ____ is not to eliminate stress (since this is impossible and probably undesirable) but to improve people’s ability to reduce feelings of stress once they have addressed a stressor and not spend excess time in prolonged periods of chronic stress.
stress management
anger management
learning optimism
healthbehavior change
Type D personality refers to:
disappointed.
disenchanted.
distressed.
none of the above
Migraine headaches result from:
loud sounds and very bright lights.
vascular changes that lead to increased blood volume in the blood vessels of the head.
full body muscle tension.
consuming excess sugar and caffeine.
Which of the following health problems of the digestive system can worsen with chronic stress?
Gingivitis
Esophageal spasms
Ulcers
Irritable bowel syndrome
All of the above
If a client is short on time and needs to fit in both exercise and some form of stress reduction on a regular basis, what might a health and fitness professional recommend?
Advise clients to use exercise as a break from problems.
Suggest exercising with a friend to build social support.
Encourage present-moment awareness during exercise.
Do a physical activity that is enjoyable.
All of the above
Focusing on the present moment and breathing, and practicing nonjudgmental awareness of one’s physical and psychological experience, is known as:
stress relief.
problem-focused coping.
mindfulness.
self-talk.
The mineralocorticoid ____causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water—an action that increases blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.
epinephrine
aldosterone
cortisone
oxytocin
Stress is characterized by feelings of anxiety and tension that occur when people feel that the ____ they are experiencing exceed(s) their ____ for coping.
excitement; motivation
demands; abilities and resources
anger; focus
uncertainty and confusion; practical experience
The components of TABP that appear to be the strongest predictors of poor health outcomes are feelings of anger and hostility and a negative, cynical outlook. What is TABP?
Total anger borderline personality
Type Abehavior pattern
Temporary addictive behavior pattern
Type A bandwidth problem
What are some of the benefits of time management practices such as clarifying life priorities?
Helps identify time wasters
Makes more time for rewarding experiences
Reduces feeling overwhelmed by too many roles and obligations
All of the above
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Module 4 Exam 2
Question 1 Evan, an intern trainer at a medical fitness facility, shows Chester, a 68-year-old client who has just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, several strength-training machines. Chester is very slow to catch on and needs a great deal of assistance setting the seat positions and figuring out how to work the machines.
In this scenario, how should Evan proceed with Chester?
Keep on task in order to complete the workout for Chester’s optimum physical benefit for that day’s workout.
Emphasize proper form when using the machines so that Chester learns things correctly from the start and doesn’t get injured later.
Discontinue teaching the strength training machines for the day; go back to the treadmill, where Chester had gained confidence, so that the workout ends on a positive note.
Emphasize the trainer–client relationship rather than the workout by going slowly, listening to and answering questions, and building Chester’s confidence for exercising.
Question 2Which condition causes the body to lose the ability to control infectious agents?
COPD
AIDS
TB
CHD
Diseases involving narrowing of airways and persistent obstruction of airflow are referred to by what collective name?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Asthma
Emphysema
Bronchial disease
Question 4____ refers to the percentage of the body that is composed of fat tissue.
Body composition
Lean body mass
Body mass index
Muscle mass
Question 5Childhood ____ may set the stage for neurocognitive deficits that make people more prone to stress and negative health-behavior patterns.
poverty
obesity
physical inactivity
depression
Question 6Which of the following health behaviors may expose an individual to carcinogens?
Wearing gloves when working with chemicals
Staying in the shade on a sunny day
Eating cured meats
All of the above
Question 7What condition increases children’s risk of developing emotional health problems, is associated with poorer school performance, and may make affected children the object of bullying and discrimination?
Lice
Obesity
Asthma
Ear infection
Question 8What social prejudice may push people who are obese into lower-status positions?
Anti-fat bias
Ethnocentrism
Beauty ideals
None of the above
9Which of the following are reasons that spirituality and religious practices may positively affect health?
Clean living
Positive beliefs
Relaxation response
Social support
All of the above
10The quality of being spiritual or concerned with the nature of spirit or soul, the intangible and immaterial essence of a person, is referred to as:
spirituality.
atheism.
religion.
agnosticism.
11Aerobic exercise and strength training can increase ____ ability and even brain volume in aging humans.
propulsion
stretching
weight-control
cognitive
12Some of the parenting practices associated with children having a lower risk of developing obesity include:
setting limits on screen time.
monitoring bedtimes.
providing children with cognitively stimulating activities.
showing greater expressions of emotional warmth.
all of the above
13are strong tissues that connect bones to each other and help form joints.
Ligaments
Synovial joints
Tendons
Intervertebral discs
14Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other agents that can cause harm are known as:
leukocytes.
cytokines.
the lymphatic system.
pathogens.
15The field of ____ studies the mechanisms by which genes are expressed and the many factors that influence these mechanisms, including health behaviors.
psychophysiology
biofeedback
genealogy
epigenetics
16Symptoms of ____, a severe reaction to an allergen, include difficulty swallowing or breathing, itching, swelling, nausea and vomiting, and anxiety and confusion.
lactose intolerance
anaphylaxis
celiac disease
diverticulitis
17A motor unit is comprised of:
groups of muscle fibers.
one motor neuron plus the muscle fibers that it innervates.
layers of connective tissue that join together at the ends of muscles.
none of the above
18Which syndrome is characterized by symptoms of gas, bloating, cramping, diarrhea, and/or constipation, and may be helped by a high-fiber diet, probiotic supplements, avoiding foods that cause gas, and relaxation techniques?
IBS
CRP
Diverticulitis
Pancreatitis
19When injured cells produce cytokines that trigger the dilation of blood vessels in the injured area and call for leukocytes to come and attend to pathogens, the result is called ____.
inflammation
allergic response
psychoneuroimmunology
none of the above
20What is one of the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
To speed up the activity of the aerobic energy systems
To support digestive processes
To suppress the immune system
To increase heart rate
21The brain and spinal cord are part of which body system?
Somatic nervous system
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Afferent nervous system
22Which area of the brain is known as the “emotional brain” and is involved with memory formation, emotions, and motivation?
Limbic system
Reticular formation
Pineal gland
Cerebrum
23The cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon are all part of which organ?
Brainstem
Lungs
Brain
Heart
24Which of the following are examples of ways to reduce the stress response?
Meditation and a hot bath
A cup of coffee and a cigarette
Working overtime and getting fast-food takeout
None of the above
25What effect do the lifestyle factors that are known to increase risk of artery disease have on memory loss?
Increase risk of memory loss
Decrease risk of memory loss
No effect on memory loss
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Module 6 Exam 3
Question 1Essential fat (not including sex-specific fat) contributes about what percentage of body mass?
3% to 5%
8% to 10%
1% to 2%
13% to 15%
The energy required for the processes of digestion and absorption is known as:
metabolic rate.
the thermic effect of food.
the energy density of food.
gastrointestinal tract.
People in the precontemplation stage are more likely to make dietary changes if there is/are:
perceived susceptibility to and seriousness of a health problem.
perceived benefits of dietary change.
cues to action.
all of the above
A and B
Dietary fat provides ____ kilocalories per gram (kcals/g), compared with ____ kcals/g for carbohydrates and proteins.
9; 4
4; 7
7; 5
4; 9
Approximately what fraction of a person’s body fat is stored as subcutaneous fat?
1/5
1/4
1/3
½
Some research suggests that people who develop ____ have lower body mass indexes and are more successful in not overeating than “dieters,” people temporarily following a food-restriction plan.
binge eating habits
dietary restraint
realistic goals
autonomy
Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are examples of what?
Vitamins
Trace minerals
Antioxidants
Macrominerals
The behavior of people who resume a behavior that they are trying to avoid after a period of abstinence is referred to as:
behavior-change failure.
a setback incident.
a relapse.
re-engagementbehavior.
When insulin receptors on cell membranes do not respond well to insulin, the condition is called:
insulin resistance.
insulin rejecting.
insulin retardant.
insulin deficient.
Which nutrients are beneficial for bone health?
Vitamin D
Calcium
Vitamin K
All of the above
A and B
Close relationships can sway people to consume certain types of foods and participate in physical activity, or to be inactive. This is an example of what level of behavioral influence?
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Organizational
Genetics may influence obesity in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
Genes may influence resting metabolic rate and the rate at which certain energy-expending biochemical reactions occur in the body.
Genes may influence individual experiences of hunger and satiety and preferences for certain foods.
People vary in tendencies to sit for long periods of time, or inability to sit still for more than a few minutes, and thus in nonexercise activity thermogenesis.
Genes may influence whether or not insulin is required for blood glucose regulation.
Community
When the body becomes too acidic, bone tissue releases minerals to buffer the excess acids. Over time, a slow-but-steady loss of bone mineral can result in what condition?
Low bone density/osteoporosis
Type 2 diabetes
Heart disease
Macular degeneration
Steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cancers, pancreatitis, and immune system damage are all potential health risks of what behavior?
Drinking alcohol
Texting while driving
Smoking
Drinking coffee
Which eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of eating very large volumes of food, while feeling a lack of control over one’s ability to stop eating?
Bulimia nervosa
Pica
Binge-eating disorder
Anorexia nervosa
is characterized by binge eating along with harmful compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, including self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, and other drugs; fasting; or excessive exercise.
bulimia nervosa
anorexia nervosa
aggressive eating
stress-related eating
Which of the following is not a potential effect of regular alcohol or marijuana use in the teenage years?
Less efficient brain functioning
Improved planning and problem solving
Diminished performance in attention and visual and spatial functioning
Reduced size of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex areas
functions include abilities that are critical for behavior change—such as planning, organizing, problem-solving, and regulating one’s behavior and emotions—and they are essential for making the decision to change behaviors and to sustain one’s motivation for change.
Parietal lobe
Brain stem
Executive cognitive
Cerebellum
For which of the following substances is any level of use or performance not safe and beneficial?
Exercise
Alcohol
Cigarettes
Internet use
substance dependence is the compulsive use of:
chemicals such as drugs and alcohol.
hair products.
things with importance or practical value.
money.
Health and fitness professionals should encourage clients to limit ____ in order to avoid being inundated by images of unrealistic “body models.” People soak up these impressions at both conscious and subconscious levels.
travel
exposure to media
shopping excursions
spa visits
Kim, a fitness instructor, has a client, Eliza, who is trying to quit smoking. Eliza does not show up for the second week of an exercise class. Kim learns through the grapevine that Eliza has started smoking again and is too embarrassed to come to class.
Which of the following should Kim avoid when advising Eliza?
Kim can listen to Eliza’s story and try to find out what Eliza’s autonomous motivation for quitting smoking might be.
Kim should encourage Eliza to return to class and to join the smoking-cessation group at the community center.
Kim should emphasize to Eliza that quitting smoking is an individual task, and because Kim is not a smoker, she can’t be of much help.
Kim can assure Eliza that many people have to try several times before quitting successfully, and let her know of various methods for quitting.
Exercise addiction that occurs without other symptoms of eating disorders is known as ____________________. Excessive exercise often occurs as part of a larger constellation of disordered-eating behaviors. In this case, it is known as ____________________.
primary exercise addiction; secondary exercise addiction
primary exercise addiction; tertiary exercise addiction
secondary exercise addiction; primary exercise addiction
tertiary exercise addiction; primary exercise addiction
What public health practice often focuses on preventing negative health behaviors by teaching people about the risks associated with the behavior?
Flu vaccinations
Health education
Epidemiological studies
Food programs for the poor
Use, abuse, and addiction are considered to be ____ that represent(s) the idea that people’s relationships with potentially addictive substances and behaviors can be somewhat fluid.
staticbehaviors
on a continuum
social control problems
areward pathways
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Module 8 Exam 4
Question 1Taking medications as prescribed, following behavior-change recommendations for improving health markers, and adjusting to the limitations imposed by the health problem are all considered ____ activities for people living with chronic health problems.
recreational
self-soothing
rehabilitative
self-management
Question 2According to a study by Maciejewski et al., which of the following is not one of the emotions that people experience following the loss of a loved one?
Serenity
Yearning
Depression
Anger
Question 3Which of the following is not one of the three important issues proposed by the cognitive adaptation model to be part of successful coping?
Mastery/reestablish a sense of personal control
Devoting oneself to a higher spiritual power
Self-enhancement
Finding meaning
Question 4What is an illness representation?
The objective view of an illness, that is, what people who don’t have the illness think it might be like to live with the condition
A patient’s drawings and paintings created during art therapy as part of treatment for a chronic illness
A medical imaging technique, such as a magnetic resonance imaging scan or computed tomography scan
A person’s ideas about a particular health problem
Question 5According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which of the following diseases are among the most common chronic illnesses in the United States?
Cancer, asthma, and HIV
Arthritis, epilepsy, and meningitis
Heart disease, cancer, and diabetes
Diabetes, fibromyalgia, and Parkinson’s
Question 6Which of the following is not a potential barrier that might interfere with behavior-change efforts for patients?
Home visits by nurses
Scheduling difficulties for people struggling to balance work, family responsibilities, and treatment recommendations
Transportation limitations that make it difficult to get to medical appointments
Financial difficulties that limit one’s ability to afford medications
Question 7Health and fitness professionals should strive to help every client build the ____ experiences that help to motivate behavior change.
truth-seeking
learning
positive emotional
existential
Question 8The psychological effects that accompany illness, such as weakness, difficulty concentrating, depressed mood, lethargy, and loss of appetite, are a cluster of symptoms known as:
rest and recovery triggers.
sicknessbehavior.
adaptive illness behavior.
demotivationbehavior.
Question 9According to one research study, which of the following was not among the most-often-cited desirable treatment outcomes for those with chronic health conditions?
Patients hoped for a satisfying social life and good social function skills.
Patients did not need to have a good understanding of their illness.
Patients wanted to live life to the fullest extent possible while adapting to the conditions imposed by their illness.
Patients wanted to make the most of their physical and mental function despite their illness.
Question 10Patients’ adherence to medication recommendations and/or behavior-change efforts has been positively linked to which of the following?
The amount of time in each day that it takes patients to take the medication or perform the new behavior
Patients’ beliefs about their symptoms, illness, and medication risks and benefits
The effect of the recommendations on the patient’s physical appearance
The cost/benefit analysis of taking the medication and/or performing the new behavior
Question 11An impairment that limits normal function is referred to as:
a disability
a handicap.
an injury.
a gimp.
Question 12____________ is generally considered to be harm to a body part caused by some sort of force, such as trauma or overuse. _________________ usually refers to a state of poor health, often including symptoms indicating suboptimal function of an organ or physiological system.
Stress, distress
Injury, illness
Trauma, pain
Anxiety, depression
Question 13A lack of clinically effective practices is referred to as:
clinical inertia.
treatment inertia.
medical inertia.
patient inertia.
Question 14Which of the following are some of the benefits of strength training?
Increased strength of joints, building up of bone mineral, and reduced risk of back injury
Reduced metabolic rate and reduced risk of hypertension
Increased risk of falls and improved blood lipid levels
Reduced secretion of synovial fluid in joint capsule and reduced risk of muscle strain from daily activities
Question 15Functional fitness training can be especially useful for older adults and those with limited fitness levels, specifically to improve fitness for which activities?
PNFs
ADLs
RPEs
Question 16Moods may be categorized along two dimensions known as:
Pp
pleasant and unpleasant.
valence and activation.
activated and deactivated.
emotion and affect.
Question 17Sarah, your client, mentions that she has been overeating in the evenings after work. “I’m just so stressed at the end of a long day,” she says, admitting that food can be comforting and relaxing, but only temporarily. She also hasn’t been coming into the gym nearly as often after work. This combination is causing her weight to creep up, causing more stress.
As Sarah’s trainer, how might you best advise her to use exercise to manage her stress level?
Explain the link between negative emotions and often-detrimental, immediate coping mechanisms, such as eating, which often override the drive to do something that may lead to future benefits.
Discuss stress reactivity, which is often reduced with even a single session of exercise, but is even more reduced with regular exercise.
Mention that exercise increases positive affect and reduces negative mood states, and thus would be associated with reduced feelings of stress.
Make sure the client’s exercise plan is appropriate for her fitness level and that she helps choose activities that she finds enjoyable.
All of the above
Question 18Exercise is thought to slow the progression of ____ partly through promoting good arterial health and reducing systemic inflammation.
cancer
hyperthyroidism
dementia
osteoporosis
Question 19A type of physical activity performed with the intention of improving physical fitness and/or sport performance is known as:
physical activity.
sport.
functional fitness training.
exercise.
Question 20The way people perceive or define themselves is called:
self-concept.
self-esteem.
self-confidence.
self-efficacy.
Question 21What is the optimal volume of aerobic exercise that research suggests will bring about mood improvement (in minutes per day, number of days per week, for a minimum number of weeks)?
45 to 60 minutes, 5 to 7 days, 4 to 6 weeks
20 to 25 minutes, 3 days, 6 to 8 weeks
15 to 20 minutes, 2 to 4 days, 8 to 10 weeks
30 to 35 minutes, 3 to 5 days, 10 to 12 weeks
Question 22Research suggests that even people who exercise regularly may experience the negative effects of a sedentary lifestyle if they also do which of the following?
Consume excessive calories.
Avoid stretching and strength training.
Spend too much continuous time sitting.
Get inadequate sleep.
Question 23Exercise appears to increase the size of what part of the brain—which is associated with better performance on memory tests—in both humans and laboratory animals?
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Pons
Question 24Some of the most important health effects of regular physical activity include which of the following?
Improved insulin sensitivity
Elevated blood pressure
Improved blood lipid levels
A and B
A and C
Question 25One survey of children and young adults ages 5 to 24 years estimated that 2.6 million visits per year to hospital emergency departments in the United States are caused by what?
Car accidents
Home accidents
Sports injuries
Contagious illnesses
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