Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health

PROGRAM INFORMATION:

Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) is a program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that aims to reduce health disparities between different groups of people. By addressing health concerns, the CDC helps people of all races and ethnicities. By preventing chronic diseases like high blood pressure, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes, the CDC strives to ensure equitable health for all ethnic groups.

I am considering individual behaviors, incidence, and prevalence indicators for my evaluation. The types of measurement strategies and assessments I will use are past and present health department data from the city of Richmond and surrounding counties. 

Data sources and ways of collecting data vary by topic, but much is available from the CDC and Richmond city health departments. Public health departments can access notifiable disease case data through mandatory reporting from providers and laboratories. Still, chronic disease and injury data may only be available from secondary sources, such as hospital discharge summaries. Data on health risk behaviors may be available from population-based surveys, but these are usually conducted among a small proportion of the population and de-identified. Some existing data sources cover many disease outcomes (e.g., death certificates), but others are more specific (e.g., reportable disease registries). (CDC, 2020).

The measurement strategies used in this evaluation are surveys and focus groups. The data is collected through interviews within the focus group and questionnaires emailed to the REACH program participants. 

I have found published information from the CDC and other sources regarding online and offline surveys. All methods positively and negatively affect how the information is obtained. Online surveys are considered cheap, faster, and convenient but tend to have a low response rate, while in-person interviews can be affected by the interviewer making the responses questionable. 

Reliability and validity are among the most fundamental domains in assessing any measuring methodology for data collection in sound research. Validity is about what an instrument measures and how well it does so. In contrast, reliability concerns the truthfulness of the data obtained and the degree to which any measuring tool controls random error. (Ahmed & Ishtiaq, 2021).

References

CDC. (2020). Collecting Data. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/field-epi-manual/chapters/collecting-data.html

Ahmed, I., & Ishtiaq, S. (2021). Reliability and validity: Importance in Medical Research. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 71(10), 2401-2406. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.06-861

Measurement Strategy: Develop a measurement strategy for your program evaluation that defines the general methods and specific tools you will use to collect data. Consider the indicators that will be used in the evaluation. How have these indicators been used in other program evaluations? What measurement strategies will be used to collect data on these indicators (e.g., surveys, observation, health records)? In what ways will you collect the data (e.g., phone survey, mail survey, interview)? 

• Validity: Justify your measurement strategy in terms of validity. What are the internal validity characteristics of your measure? What are the external validity concepts that may be considered for your measurement strategy? 

• Reliability: What are the reliability characteristics of your measures (e.g., internal consistency, stability)? Justify your measurement strategy using the concepts of reliability. Be sure to address both the internal consistency and stability of your measurement strategy. 

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