A nursing student develops a positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test. A history reveals possible exposure to patients with tuberculosis. A
Question 1A nursing student develops a positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test. A history reveals possible exposure to patients with tuberculosis. A sputum sample is acid-fast negative. When asked for vaccination records, the student reports that childhood vaccination records were lost when the family emigrated from a Southeast Asian country. What is the best explanation for the test results?
The student has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The student has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The student has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or was vaccinated with BCG vaccine.
The student is not infected.
No conclusion is possible with the information provided.
Question 2
A recently retired man appears at his doctor’s office complaining of difficulty breathing, body aches and fatigue. He is also running a high fever and has a dry cough. He reports having just returned from a trip to the Middle East where he visited several historical sites. Test results are negative for a rapid test for influenza A. No bacteria are visible in a microscopic exam of his sputum. Which of the following is a likely explanation?
pertussis
coronavirus respiratory syndrome
inhalation anthrax
valley fever
primary atypical pneumonia
Question 3
A man reports to his doctor that he is tired all the time and his urine has become darker in color. He has not experienced fever or vomiting recently. The physician notes that his eyes are yellowish and his abdomen is swollen and tender. The man has a history of kidney transplant. The man may be infected with
norovirus.
hepatitis C virus.
Entamoeba histolytica.
Shigella.
hepatitis A virus.
Question 4
The normal pH of the vagina is
pH 7.
pH 6.5.
pH 4.5.
pH6.
pH 8.
Question 5
The designation “group A,” used to help classify Streptococcus pyogenes, refers to this bacterium’s
M protein.
Lancefield antigen.
disease associations.
hemolysis pattern.
type of streptokinase produced.
Question 6
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding genital herpes?
There is an effective vaccine to prevent infection.
Herpes can be prevented using vaginal spermicidal creams.
Reappearance of lesions is the result of new infections.
Acyclovir is effective in reducing the occurrence of lesions, but is not a cure.
It can only be transmitted when lesions are evident.
Question 7
Severe suppression of immune function is the only condition that results in reactivation of latent herpesvirus infection.
True
False
Question 8
Viruses that cause the common cold most effectively reproduce at
37°C
0°C
25°C
10°C
33°C
Question 9
Glycogen is converted to acid in the vagina by ________________ , thereby contributing to an acidic pH in that area.
Question 10
The larval stage of pinworms is found in _________________.
Question 11
The most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea is
Cryptosporidium parvum.
Escherichia coli.
Shigella flexneri.
Salmonella enterica.
Giardia intestinalis.
Question 12
Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive long periods of time in dried droplets of respiratory aerosols?
the presence of LPS in the outer membrane
the presence of mycolic acid in the cell wall
formation of tubercles
pyrogenic toxin
production of cord factor
Question 13
In addition to the genital tract, various strains of Chlamydia trachomatis can infect which of the following?
the conjunctiva
lymph nodes
the lungs
lymph nodes and conjunctiva
lymph nodes, lungs, and conjunctiva
Question 14
Which of the following can mimic gonorrhea infections?
genital herpes
candidiasis
syphilis
chlamydia
trichomoniasis
Question 15
The presence of Gram-negative diplococci in pus from an inflamed penis is diagnostic for infection by
Chlamydia trachomatis.
Mycoplasma hominis.
human herpesvirus 2.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Treponema pallidum.
Question 16
A diarrhea called “rice-water” stools is diagnostic of ___________.
Question 17
The cholera toxin subunit A enters the cells, and activates ___________________ that converts ATP to cAMP.
Question 18
Males have a single opening for the urinary and the reproductive tract.
True
False
Question 19
A painful creeping ulcerating lesion on or near the lips is the result of infection with _____________ virus.
Question 20
The primary treatment for viral gastroenteritis is
rehydration therapy.
fever reducers.
antiviral medications.
antidiarrheal medication.
antitoxins.
Question 21
What distinguishes influenza from the common cold?
Pharyngitis
Fever
Malaise
Cough
Nasal congestion
Question 22
The typical sign of primary syphilis is
gummas in various organs.
paralysis.
a chancre at the site of infection.
a widespread rash.
lymphadenopathy.
Question 23
The “common cold” is so common because of the large number of viruses that cause it.
True
False
Question 24
Which of the following is FALSE about oral herpes infections?
The causative virus becomes latent in the trigeminal nerve ganglion.
The causative virus shows latency and reactivation.
Most cases are caused by human herpes virus 2 (HHV-2).
There is no effective treatment for oral herpes.
The causative agent is an enveloped dsDNA virus.
Question 25
Which of the following can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, characterized by fever and abdominal pain?
Staphylococcus aureus
Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Treponema pallidum
both Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Question 26
HHV-2, though usually responsible for genital herpes, can also cause oral herpes.
True
False
Question 27
All bacteria that belong to the genus Streptococcus are responsible for causing pharyngitis.
True
False
Question 28
Neutrophils are inhibited from gathering at the site of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis by what virulence factor of the pathogen?
the capsule
kinase
hemolysin
cord factor
mycolic acid
Question 29
The majority of cases of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome are diagnosed in
newly delivered mothers.
nasal surgery patients.
uncircumcised males.
menstruating women.
anyone with a Staphylococcus aureus infection.
Question 30
When chlamydias spread from the genitalia to the rectum, they can cause an inflammatory process called ___________________ .
Question 31
Otitis media is a bacterial infection of the ______________.
Question 32
The smallest free-living microbes are ______________________.
Question 33
What is the primary determinant of virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae?
the presence of a polysaccharide capsule
the ability to lyse red blood cells
the presence of a particular Lancefield antigen
strain-specific teichoic acids in its cell wall
the production of pneumolysin
Question 34
Pertussis is characterized by a “whoop” sound during coughing. This takes place during the ________ stage of the disease.
incubation
catarrhal
convalescence
paroxysmal
paroxysmal and catarrhal
Question 35
A widespread rash is seen in which stage of syphilis?
primary syphilis.
latent syphilis.
congenital syphilis.
tertiary syphilis.
secondary syphilis.
Question 36
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning diphtheria?
No effective vaccine is available to prevent infection.
The pseudomembrane is easily removed by surgery.
A microscopic exam of bacterial samples is sufficient for conclusive diagnosis.
A diffuse rash is the major sign of diphtheria.
The signs and symptoms of the disease are directly caused by a bacterial toxin.
Question 37
The majority of cases of pneumonia are caused by
Haemophilus influenzae.
Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Question 38
The bacterium, most commonly linked to urinary tract infections is
Pseudomonas
Proteus
Klebsiella
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus
Question 39
Babies exposed to an intracellular parasite normally transmitted by sexual contact are at risk for __________________.
Question 40
The virulence factor of Vibrio cholera, which is primarily responsible for the signs and symptoms of cholera, is
the presence of polar flagella.
its ability to produce a potent exotoxin.
its ability to form biofilms in saltwater.
its activation of certain genes within the human body.
its ability to survive in freshwater.
Question 41
Why does taking antibacterial medications put women at risk for candidiasis?
Antibacterial agents deplete the normal bacterial microbiota, resulting in a change of pH.
Depletion of the bacterial microbiota results in higher carbon dioxide levels (which favor the growth of Candida albicans).
Bacteria killed by antibacterial agents provide nutrients for Candida albicans.
Antibacterial agents can alter metabolism, creating conditions that favor the growth of Candida albicans.
Antibacterial agents serve as growth stimulants for Candida albicans.
Question 42
The DTaP vaccine protects against which of the following respiratory diseases?
anthrax
pneumonia
tuberculosis
the common cold
pertussis
Question 43
The overgrowth of epithelial cells due to HPV infection is called a _______________.
Question 44
Chlamydia reproduces in the vesicles within infected cells.
True
False
Question 45
The bacterium responsible for maintaining the acidic pH in the reproductive tract is
Streptococcus
Fusobacterium
Bacteroides
Lactobacillus
Staphylococcus
Question 46
Presence of clue cells is diagnostic of
urinary tract infection
primary syphilis
trichomoniasis
gonorrhea
bacterial vaginosis
Question 47
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is/are linked to liver cancer?
hepatitis delta virus
hepatitis B and C
hepatitis E
hepatitis A
hepatitis A and E
Question 48
Which of the following conditions usually results in severe acute liver damage?
superinfection with hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses
co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses
co-infection with hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses
superinfection with hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses
co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses
Question 49
Antidiarrheal drugs are not usually given to treat gastroenteritis because they can prolong the illness.
True
False
Question 50
Inflammation of the pharynx with pus-filled abscesses and swollen tonsils is known as
streptococcal pharyngitis (“strep throat”).
croup.
RSV.
otitis media.
diphtheria.
Question 51
________ can spread in the lining of the intestinal epithelial cells by actin polymerization and propelling itself out from one cell into the other.
Escherichia
Shigella
Salmonella and Escherichia
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Question 52
The bacterium, Streptococcus mutans, breaks down ________ to produce dextran that allows the bacteria to adhere to the tooth enamel.
maltose
starch
sucrose
lactose
glucose
Question 53
The most common bacterial cause of diarrhea that sends people to doctors in the United States is
Campylobacter.
Vibrio.
Salmonella.
Staphylococcus.
Escherichia.
Question 54
Some of the signs of scarlet fever are due to the production of _____________ toxin.
Question 55
Penicillin cannot be used to treat _________________ syphilis.
Question 56
Cholera toxin is composed of five A subunits and one B subunit.
True
False
Question 57
Some strains of the virus responsible for genital warts can cause the development of
cervical cancer.
genital herpes.
tertiary syphilis.
trichomoniasis.
vaginosis.
Question 58
Staphylococcal food poisoning is called an intoxication disorder because
affected people appear drunk.
the bacteria produce type III secretion system toxins.
toxins produced by the bacteria growing in the food are ingested along with the food.
toxic bacteria are ingested in the food.
the bacteria release toxins when they are digested.
Question 59
A major change in the surface glycoproteins of influenza A, which occurs every 10 years on average, is called ___________________ shift.
Question 60
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the ________________________ and can cause severe inflammation and tissue erosion.
Question 61Match each disease with its typical feature.
Clostridium difficile
Diphtheria
Pertussis
COVID
Cholera
Question 62
Match the pathogen with the best associated typical symptom.
Nesseria gonorrhea
Chlamydia trachomatis
Genital warts
Enterobius vermicularis
Escherichia coli
Question 63
Match each pathogen with its virulence factor.
Neisseria gonorrhea
Hepatitis B virus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pneumonia
Influenza virus
Question 64Match the organism with the disease it is associated.
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsielle pneumonia
Bordetella pertussis
Treponema pallidum
Escherichia coli
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