Which of the following is an advantage of the case-control study design

1. Which of the following is an advantage of the case-control study design?

 

a. None of the choices

b. Useful for studying rare exposures

c. Randomly distributes known and unknown non-causal factors 

 

d. It is possible to study more than one exposure

 

 

 

2. Which is NOT true about confounding?

a. Can be eliminated using randomization of exposure 

 

b. Has association with exposure you are studying

c. Must be a direct result of the exposure you are studying 

 

d. Has association with disease you are studying

 

 

 

 

 

3. Temporal relationship is best established by which study design?

 

a. Case-control study 

 

b. Cross-sectional study

 

c. Ecological study 

 

d. Prospective cohort study

 

 

 

 

 

4. A cohort study between coffee drinking and pancreatic cancer found positive association. The risk of pancreatic cancer was 2.0 times among people who drink 1 cups a day and 3.2 times among those who drink more than 2 cups a day compared to those who do not drink coffee. Several other studies were published as follow-up but did not see any association between coffee drinking and pancreatic cancer. Which evidence of causal relationship is shown in the first study?

 

a. Replication of findings 

 

b. Dose-response relationship 

 

c. Cessation of exposure

 

 

 

 

 

5. A case-control study was conducted to assess whether occupational radiation exposure among men was associated with Down syndrome in their children. The investigators matched cases and controls on age of the mother at childbirth by 5-year categories. Why was this done?

 

a. To exclude children born to younger parents

b. To minimize selection bias due to cases having older mothers 

 

c. To minimize information bias about maternal age

 

d. To adjust for potential confounding by maternal age

 Cancers per 100,000 Women Cervical < 40 yrs Cervical > 40 yrs Breast < 40 yrs Breast > 40 yrs

Women In Ireland

6. The following table shows data describing age-standardized incidence rates for cervical and breast cancer among Irish women living in Ireland. The rates are reported for two age categories: adult women younger than 40 years of age and older than 40 years of age. What is the risk difference of cervical cancer among those who are <40 years old compared to subjects who are >40 years old?

 

a. Those who are <40 years old observe 1.4 less cervical cancer per 10,000 person compared to those who are >40 years old.

 

b. Those who are <40 years old are 0.83 times likely to develop cervical cancer compared to those who are >40 years old.

 

c. Those who are <40 years old are 1.21 times likely to develop cervical cancer compared to those who are >40 years old.

 

d. Those who are <40 years old observe 1.4 more cervical cancer per 10,000 person compared to those who are >40 years old.

 

 

 

 

 

7. Investigators wanted to know if some military personnel are more error prone than others and would be a poor risk for training as a pilot. A study was done in which individuals who had injuries during basic training were compared to individuals who had not had an injury during training. Both groups were asked to recall episodes during childhood when they had had accidents that resulted in an injury. The individuals with a training injury reported more incidents during childhood when they had an injury. Therefore, the military command concluded that some persons are more likely to be error prone and that individuals with a childhood injury should be excluded from pilot training. What kind of study design is this? 

 

a. Prospective Cohort

 

b. Case-Control 

 

c. Randomized control trial 

 

d. Cross-sectional

 

 

 

 

 

8. Secondary prevention is preventing complication in those who have already developed signs and symptoms of an illness

 

a. True 

 

b. False

 

 

 

 

 

9. What methods does NOT control for confounding?

 

a. None of the above

b. Randomizing confounding factor between cases and controls 

 

c. Matching cases and controls by confounding factor 

 

d. Stratifying in analytic stage by confounding factor

 

 

 

 

 

10 New screening has been developed to detect early stages of dementia, an age related disease associated with memory loss and disability. This new screening method will allow doctors to identify at risk subjects before developing dementia to provide more effective treatment of dementia at early stage. What type of prevention effort is this?

 

a. Primary Prevention

 

b. Secondary Prevention

 

c. Tertiary Prevention

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