The area is now occupied by Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and northeast Egypt.

Question 1The ________________________ is a bow-shaped area of rich agricultural land, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf, and is where the first known cities were located. The area is now occupied by Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and northeast Egypt.

Question 2The large, mud-brick, terraced structures called _____________________ were the defining piece of architecture of the area described in question 1. Some had shrines built atop them dedicated to the city’s patron deity.

Question 3___________________ is the earliest form of writing. It was made of wedge-shaped indentations pressed into half-baked clay tablets, using the end of a specially cut reed or wooden stick.

Question 4This epic poem about a great king is thought to be the earliest surviving great work of literature. It stressed themes of humility, loyalty, and working for worthwhile human achievements. This is called the Epic of ____________________________

Question 5The king named in the previous question had a friend named ___________________, whose death led the king to undertake a journey to find immortality.

Question 6This is a set of laws created by the founder of the Babylonian empire and inscribed on a stele. “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” was part of this set of laws, which was called _________________________________.

Question 7The __________________ Empire was the third of the major empires of the ancient Near East. This empire was notable for its use of iron weapons, and for its reputation for ruthlessness in war, but also for the size and magnificence of its cities, such as Nineveh.

Question 8A stringed musical instrument called a ________________ is one of the only instruments found from this period. A famous example was found in a royal burial site and belonged to a queen of Ur.

Question 9A person named ______________________ left the city of Ur and established a relationship with a single divine being, called Yahweh, which became the basis for the first monotheistic religion.

Question 10The Hebrew Scriptures are also called the ______________________________, and are sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Question 11An extremely important figure in ancient Israelite history is the warrior-king _____________. He was also known as a poet as well as the king who successfully established Israel as a unified, powerful state.

Question 12The First Temple was built at around 1,000 B.C.E, by King __________________________.

Question 13The Israeli kingdom split into Israel and ___________ after the reign of the king named in the previous question.

Question 14The Western Wall, also called the ______________________ Wall, is all that is now left of the Temple of the ancient Israelites, after the Second Temple’s destruction by the Romans. It is now identified as a place for mourning, and as a source of conflict between Jews and Muslims, who both claim control over the site.

Question 15The ________________ was considered both a gift and a god by Egyptians. Its predictable and gentle patterns of flooding, which provided both water and fertilizer, created arable land along its northern sections, and allowed Egypt to produce large surpluses of food.

Question 16The first “pharaoh” of Egypt was named______________________. He is credited with having united the kingdoms of Lower and Upper Egypt into a single, stable political state.

Question 17Egyptian civilization was one of the first to invent a form of writing. Its writing is called __________________________________. ?

Question 18The ancient Egyptians used art, music and poetry to express gratitude to natural forces they considered divine. One example of a poetic prayer is the __________________________.?

Question 19The first true, smooth-sided pyramid was built for King Djoser by the architect, __________, the first architect and designer whose name is remembered.

Question 20A famous work of art called the _______________________________ is a two-sided dish depicting the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Question 21The pyramids of Giza were built for _____________________, the pharaoh whose tomb is the Great Pyramid. The other two pyramids at Giza were built for his son and grandson.

Question 22During the period called the New Kingdom, pharaohs stopped building pyramids, and instead built hidden stone tombs in the _______________________.

Question 23The brief period of the rule of one ruler of Egypt led to short-lived changes in the traditional Egyptian canon of art. This time, called the ________________________, resulted in more naturalism, detail, and humanity in paintings of the royals and the aristocracy.

Question 24The first of the Nubian kingdoms was known as _________________, ruled from a capital of the same name. It was likely formed in order for Nubians to have some form of organized protection from the frequent Egyptian raids into Nubia.

Question 25The _______________________ was an impressive piece of ancient Nubian architecture. Its exact purpose is not known but it was most likely a palace or temple of some sort.

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