Predictors of cervical cancer screening for refugee women attending an international family medicine clinic in the United States. Cancer Causes Control

Please read the following abstract by Elmore et al. 2022 and answer the following questions. 

Elmore CE, Mitchell EM, Debnam K, Keim-Malpass J, Laughon K, Tanabe KO, Hauck FR. Predictors of cervical cancer screening for refugee women attending an international family medicine clinic in the United States. Cancer Causes Control. 2022 Oct;33(10):1295-1304.

Purpose: Cervical cancer screening (CCS) rates are lower for foreign-born women in the United States (U.S.) compared with the overall population. This study aimed to determine the CCS rate and predictors among refugees who were identified as female attending a family medicine clinic.

Methods: A retrospective chart review included refugee individuals aged 21+, seen in the previous 3 years (3/23/2015-3/20/2018), without hysterectomy (n = 525). Lab results determined CCS rate. Chi-square and logistic regression models explored predictors of CCS.

Results: Overall, 60.0% were up-to-date (UTD) on CCS. Individuals aged 30-49, married, and with > 1 child had higher odds of being UTD. Ten or more years living in the U.S. was a significant bivariate predictor of CCS, and approached significance in the multivariate model.

Conclusion: This study begins to fill gaps in knowledge about cervical cancer control among individuals who resettled in the U.S. as refugees and, given that CCS rates are suboptimal, informs clinical practice improvements and directions for future research.

A) What is the unit of observation? Please select one.

      a. Individual

b. Group

c. Both

B) Are the same individuals measured at multiple points in time? 

a. Yes

b. No

D) Which type of study design best describes Elmore et al. 2022? Please select one.

            a. Cohort 

            b. Cross-sectional

            c. Repeated Cross-sectional

            d. Case Series

            e. Case Control

            f. Ecologic Cross-sectional

            g. Ecologic (Repeated)

            h. Randomized Control Trial

            i. Intervention, (not randomized)