Focused on middle-managersin order to control their decision making (seen as a necessity due to bounded rationality of managers making decisions)
Match each management theory school with its appropriate description.
Scientific Management School:
Decision Making School:
Institutional Theory :
Human Relations School :
Organizational (or Population) Ecology :
Classical School of Administration :
Focused on middle-managersin order to control their decision making (seen as a necessity due to bounded rationality of managers making decisions). Developed multiple influential theories of decision making in organizations including the’garbage can model’ of decision making. Also developed novel theories of motivation that went beyond arguing aboutwhether workers were extrinsically or intrinsically motivated, instead seeing motivation as occurring through ‘inducement-contribution contracts’ –a term used to describe exchanges between workers and firms.
Attempted to apply scientific method to control work in organizations through applying tools such as time-motion studies to analyze tasks in depth and identify optimal way to perform each task to maximize productivity. Separated decision making and execution of work almost completely, giving managers all decision making power (thus control), a change that influenced all management and strategy thinking that came after.
Conceptualizes organizations as organismsthat are subject to pressure from external environments and adapt to both internal and external pressures. The process of adapting to external pressures is referred to as institutionalization; organizations take on values and goals of institutional environments in order to survive and maintain legitimacy.
Argued that workers were not just motivated by extrinsicrewards, and that managers must move beyond top-down control of work and monetary incentives to truly motivate workers. Seeksto understand howmanagers can use knowledge of informal aspects of the organization (such as social groups, sentiments about work, team work) along with needs of workers to participate in design of work, and worker feelings of satisfaction with work, to motivate workers.
Seeks to understand how external environments that an organization is subject to shapepopulationsof firms, and how populations of firms change over time due to forces such as variation, selection, retention, and competitive forces.
Took principles developed by Max Weber in his writing on bureaucracy and Frederick Taylor’s writing on scientific management and developed general principles of management.These general principles included “unity of direction,”centralization,departmentalization, and span of control. Of the principles from the Classical School of Administration, departmentalization has been one of the most influential and enduring.
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