In their seminal leadership book, First, Break All the Rules, Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman wrote that great managers look inward and great leaders look outward (1999). What did they mean by this
Leaders and Managers: Are Both Needed?
In their seminal leadership book, First, Break All the Rules, Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman wrote that great managers look inward and great leaders look outward (1999). What did they mean by this? Is it possible or even desirable for a public health administrator to look both inward and outward in order to be effective?
The terms leadership and management have been defined and debated since ancient times. A quick search of quotes on leadership or leadership versus management yields a veritable treasure trove of quotes, from Chinese philosopher and poet Lao Tzu to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Leadership, on the one hand, is mostly couched in terms of vision—as Buckingham and Coffman noted, a looking outward. A common theme has surrounded the locus of leadership—whether it is innate or learned, with experts arguing persuasively on both sides of the nature/nurture debate. Management, on the other hand, is described in terms of discipline, organization, and tasks.
The field of public health certainly requires competencies in all of these areas. Whether considered leaders or managers, public health administrators and practitioners face many challenges in the 21st century. As more people travel and interact internationally, concerns over new forms of disease, bioterrorism, and natural and person-made disaster have escalated and are discussed more widely in the public through such avenues as social media. Public health administrators have never been more visible, and this transparency leads to heightened pressure to meet public and organizational expectations regarding leadership and management. Public administrators benefit from a full grasp of the nuances and overlaps between leadership and management.
For this week’s Discussion, reflect on your own experience with leaders and managers, whether you have been a leader or manager or worked with leaders and managers. Consider the key similarities and differences between managers and leaders. Review the media and the Learning Resources.
Note: In grading every required Discussion posting, your Instructor uses a Discussion rubric, located in the Course Information area. Review the rubric prior to completing your Discussion.
This Discussion will be available from Day 1 through Day 7 of this week. You are required to submit your initial post by Day 3. You are encouraged to post early. Once you have submitted your initial post, start engaging in a discussion with your colleagues. Begin engaging with your colleagues by no later than Day 5 and continue to interact frequently with your colleagues through Day 7. Part of what makes a Discussion a discussion and not a lecture is the back-and-forth, in-depth, animated interaction of at least two people. If you start a topic and none of your colleagues is responding, consider what you can do to get the conversation going. Include something that would elicit further thoughts and different opinions from colleagues. Validate your opinions with references and links to the sources you used so that your colleagues can read them for themselves. See your Discussion Rubric in the Course Information area for specific grading requirements.
Discussion Topic
Explain whether it is possible to be a great manager and a great leader at the same time. Why or why not? In your answer, compare specific examples of professional attributes, skills, and styles of leadership and management as they relate to the field of public health and how they can be used to best fulfill the 10 Essential Public Health Services.
By Day 3
Post your response to the discussion topic. Be specific and provide examples from your own experiences from an organization or workplace in your response.
By Day 5
Begin engaging in the discussion of Topic and continue engaging in the discussion through Day 7 by supporting or refuting your colleagues’ evaluation of the possibility and/or necessity of both leadership and management in public health leadership. Provide an example to support or refute your colleague’s evaluation. In addition to your initial comprehensive post, you should post at least two substantial responses to other classmates.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th. ed.). Washington, DC, to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
PUBH6031 Public Health Administration and Leadership
Week 3 Discussion
Ethical Dilemmas in Public Health
Public health is a field fraught with ethical dilemmas. Why? Because in public health, the stakes are high. Decisions may involve life-and-death consequences. In response to a disaster, for example, choosing one population to serve may have dire consequences for another population in equally critical straights. Issues are complex. For example, ethical guidelines in HIV trials in South Africa dictate that participants receive “state-of-the-art” HIV reduction interventions, yet some stakeholders believe that waiting for state-of-the-art interventions is not practical or economically feasible and can therefore be a harmful practice (Essack, 2014). Decreasing budgets and increasing costs necessitate that public health leaders sometimes must make difficult decisions involving equally deserving programs, or between the rights of the many versus the rights of the few or of individuals. Public health also serves the important goal of ensuring that benefits of interventions are distributed fairly and justly within populations.
Thus, it behooves public health administrators to familiarize themselves with the complexities of ethical principles and strategies and to be aware of their own alignment of ethical principles with personal values.
For this week’s Discussion, reflect on one of the ethics case studies at the end of Modules 4, 6, 7, 8, or 9, or embedded within Module 5, in Jennings et al. (2003) located in the Learning Resources, or the case study 6.3 in Novick and Morrow’s Public Health Administration (Shi & Johnson, 2014).
Consider the ethical principles that might guide you in dealing with the situation you chose. What insights does the Public Health Code of Ethics (e.g., “Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health”) offer you in this instance?
Reminder: Your initial response must be made in a single posting.
By Day 3
Post your response to the following:
Identify the ethical issues related to the selected case and explain why they are issues.
Referring specifically to the documents, “Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health” and “Skills for the Ethical Practice of Public Health,” identify specific ethical principles that would be most effective when applied to the ethical issues in this case scenario and justify your choices. In your evaluation, explain the consequences of these ethical principles as well; in other words, the barriers or costs of applying these actions as opposed to others.
Explain how you, as a public health administrator, would apply these principles in this situation (i.e., What actions would be most effective?). Are these actions in alignment or in conflict with your personal values? Briefly explain your response. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 5
Begin interacting with your colleagues in the Discussion by no later than Day 5 and continue engaging in the discussion through Day 7 by expanding on their post on the effectiveness of ethical principles or alignment of personal ethics in public health. In addition to your initial comprehensive post, you should post at least two substantial responses to other classmates.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th. ed.). Washington, DC, to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
PUBH6031 Public Health Administration and Leadership
Week 4 Discussion
Engaging Stakeholders
One of the 10 essential principles of public health services is the mobilization of community partnerships to identify and address health problems. One reason is that health problems are multifaceted, stemming from many sources, potentially affecting many populations on different levels. Another is that resources are often limited, especially in times of financial downturns, and partnerships can enable organizations offering health services to maximize funds spent (Week 5 will explore this further). Thus, ameliorating health problems requires the minds, skills, and expertise of many working in concert. The ability to engage stakeholders and build constituencies to solve community problems is a vital skill in a public administrator’s toolkit.
Partnerships are beneficial to providing services, but engaging partners can be challenging. According to Varda, Shoup, and Miller (2012, p. 567) (see the Learning Resources), “People are used to working and managing within hierarchies rather than across them, leading to problems and challenges that limit the potential of networks. The rise of networks as a form of interorganizational collaboration to alleviate pressing public health problems requires professionals to rethink traditional methods of managing relationships.”
For this week’s Discussion, reflect on the requirements related to your Final Project. Consider the value of community and constituency involvement with initiatives to improve the health status of communities. View the media, Primary Care and Public Health: Exploring Integration to Improve Population Health, to see how public health organizations engaged and organized community partners to fight a chronic illness, asthma. Then, review the media, Engaging Communities and Building Constituencies, and reflect on how the Howard County Health Department engages community partners and builds constituencies.
Note: In grading every required Discussion posting, your Instructor uses a Discussion Rubric, located in the Course Information area. Review the Rubric prior to completing your Discussion.
By Day 3
Post a description of the most likely key stakeholders and constituencies related to the community health outcomes addressed in your Final Project and explain why you chose them. Then, propose at least two strategies for identifying specific stakeholders and building coalitions and partnerships. Explain how you would apply these strategies. What would you anticipate as challenges? In other words, what would you foresee as barriers to opportunities in engaging and organizing communities? Explain why these challenges and barriers might exist. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 5
Remember to begin interaction with your colleagues in the Discussion no later thanDay 5 and continue engaging through Day 7 by suggesting another key stakeholder or expanding on their strategies for engaging and organizing community partners. Explain why you selected the stakeholder or strategy or why the challenges and barriers might exist. In addition to your initial comprehensive post, you should post at least two substantial responses to other classmates.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th. ed.). Washington, DC, to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
PUBH6031 Public Health Administration and Leadership
Week 6 Discussion
Conflict Resolution, Negotiation, and Mediation Role Play
Difficulties are meant to rouse, not discourage. The human spirit is to grow strong by conflict.
—William Ellery Channing (1838)
Public health organizations want to focus on what they do best: Providing excellent health care to individuals in communities the world over. Among fields, perhaps none other is made up of more altruistic, dedicated professionals. But like every other field, public health organizations have their share of employee conflicts, whether they occur between peers or subordinates and supervisors or stakeholder groups. Conflict, negotiation, and mediation are a natural part of human interaction and often has nothing to do with ill will. In fact, in the field of public health, individuals often conflict because both are so well-intentioned that they believe they have a moral or societal imperative to fight for their cause. In addition, as noted by Paul B. Hofmann (2012, p. 58), in the health professions, “Competing appeals for limited resources, such as money, space, and even time, make it impossible to approve every request,” which sometimes leads to competition and conflicts between those needing health services and programs.
Despite conflicts being so common and natural, most people, including public health leaders, would prefer to avoid conflict, negotiation and mediation when possible. Hofmann suggests that fear of conflict can be costly: Waiting too long to address it indicates tolerance for inappropriate behavior, and addressing conflict too soon might hinder employees from learning how to air their differences constructively.
The ability to resolve conflicts and foster conflict resolution and negotiation skills is a critical leadership task in public health. This week, you evaluate conflict management, negotiation and mediation strategies in an exercise in which you role play with a partner to see which conflict resolution strategies are the most effective.
For this week’s Discussion, reflect on the conflict resolution strategies suggested in the media titled Resolving Conflict. Then, consider the scenarios provided. Each of the scenarios listed in the Role-Play Scenarios document is described from the perspective of the employee (“Role A”) as well as from the leader/manager (“Role B”). After determining with your partner (selected in Week 5) which role each of you will take, read the role-play scenarios for your selected roles only before posting in the Discussion.
Following the instructions in the Role-Play Scenarios handout, arrange to engage in role play with your partner via e-mail, text, or telephone, and provide feedback to each other afterward about how the conversation went. Then address the questions below.
By Day 3
Post your response to the following items below. Your response must include the following points, and provide a rationale for your answers. Be specific and provide examples.
Write a summary of what you learned from this role-play activity and how you might use this information as a public health leader.
Describe the conflict resolution, negotiation, and mediation strategies you employed effectively, and explain why they were effective.
Analyze what did not work so well and explain some ways you and your partner might improve your conflict resolution, negotiation, and mediation strategies as leaders/managers in resolving conflict.
By Day 5
Remember to begin interaction with your colleagues in the Discussion no later than Day 5 and continue engaging through Day 7 by expanding on their insights on employing effective conflict management strategies. For example, provide a suggestion for how another colleague’s strategy might be effective or another strategy that might improve conflict resolution, negotiation and mediation strategies in the colleague’s example. Explain your rationale in your responses. In addition to your initial comprehensive post, you should post at least two substantial responses to other classmates.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th. ed.). Washington, DC, to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
PUBH6031 Public Health Administration and Leadership
Week 8 Discussion
How Health Indicators Support Quality
In organizations such as public health entities that provide services rather than products, quality can be somewhat difficult to define. One way to grasp quality is within the context of already established goals and objectives. A U.S. public health organization, Healthy People 2020 (USDHHS, 2010), has developed a set of priority areas with a goal of attaining high-quality, longer lives for individuals that are free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. The United Nations has developed a similar list that it calls the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (which builds on the former World Health Organization’s Millennium Development Goals). The SDGs set forth 17 goals (with 169 targets) that all 191 UN Member States have agreed to achieve by the year 2030. The SDGs seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls. They are integrated and indivisible and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental. Although you may not live in the United States, such well-established and fairly universal public health goals and objectives as the Healthy People 2020 priority areas and the SDGs could also be helpful in advancing quality in certain identified public health problems that you might encounter as a public health administrator.
For this week’s Discussion, review the priority areas established by these two organizations from your Learning Resources:
Healthy People 2020 framework (USDHHS, 2010)
United Nations (UN, n.d.)
Then select one priority area from each of these two organizations that you believe might advance quality in addressing your Final Project health issue.
By Day 3
Post an explanation of the role that U.S. national (Healthy People 2020) and international (UN Sustainable Developmental Goals) goals and objectives would play in advancing quality in public health. Then, list the priority area and organization you selected for your final projectand explain how this priority area might advance quality in the Final Project health issue you have chosen. Be specific and provide examples in your response.
By Day 5
Remember to begin interaction with your colleagues in the Discussion no later than Day 5 and continue engaging through Day 7 with your colleagues who chose a different set of priorities. Explain another way that the priority area in the other set of priorities might advance quality in the colleagues’ Final Project health issues. In addition to your initial comprehensive post, you should post at least two substantial responses to other classmates.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th. ed.). Washington, DC,to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
PUBH6031 Public Health Administration and Leadership
Week 9 Discussion
Health Informatics and Public Health Leadership
Consider the example of the bubonic plague in the Introduction. How might shared information on the geographic representation of the disease have changed the course of diagnosis and even treatment? Perhaps physicians of that time would have been able to discover that cities with large rodent populations also had a high incidence of the plague, which might have helped them to pinpoint the source of the disease sooner. Or perhaps they would have been able to better trace the direction of the plague from one regional area to another, or the demographics of the individuals who tended to get it. Today, public health organizations are fortunate to have at their disposal a wealth of information systems that serve as essential public health tools. These systems are used to guide public health decisions on everything from epidemiologic disease and risk factor surveillance to facility billing and records to policy development. The need for information is not so much the issue as the usability of the data. Thus, well-designed information systems are key to managing the data and organizing it into relevant information. Public health organizations heavily rely on such systems to inform managerial decision making and improve operations, planning, policy analysis, health outcomes assessment, epidemiologic surveillance, and program evaluation and performance measurement.
One type of health data analysis tool is a geographic information system (GIS). The CDC (n.d.-c) defines GIS as “a collection of science and technology tools used to manage geographic relationships and integrate information. GIS helps us analyze spatially-referenced data and make well-informed decisions based on the association between the data and the geography.”
A system is only as good as the leadership applied to it, however. How might public health administrators best use their leadership skills to manage data and informatics in a strategic way that benefits the organization and its stakeholders and constituents?
For this week’s Discussion, review the Learning Resources. Reflect on the media, especially the piece titled Public Health Informatics regarding how individuals in the Howard County Health Department employed the use of GIS and other health informatics in their daily work.
For your identified public health problem for your Final Project, conduct research using health information systems (HISs) and health information management (HIM). Refer to Table 14.2 in your textbook and the GIS section on the CDC’s website.
By Day 3
Post a brief (2–3 paragraphs) description of specific health or health-related issues at a county level from the data gleaned from one these sites. From a leader’s perspective, how would you apply geographic information systems (GIS) technology in evaluating health issues, such as equity and impact? Then, explain how health informatics technology functions to inform and support the strategic planning process. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 5
Remember to begin interaction with your colleagues in the Discussion no later than Day 5 and continue engaging through Day 7 by expanding on their suggestions for applications of geographic information systems technology. Provide another angle to a colleague’s use of GIS in conducting health impact assessments and provide your rationale. In addition to your initial comprehensive post, you should post at least two substantial responses to other classmates.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th. ed.). Washington, DC, to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
PUBH6031 Public Health Administration and Leadership
Week 10 Discussion
Coordination of Disaster Preparedness
On average, a disaster occurs somewhere in the world every day (Shi & Johnson, 2014). In 2010 alone, more than 296,800 people worldwide died from natural disasters, with attendant economic damages of more than $100 billion. Other types of disasters and hazards include bioterrorism, disease outbreaks, mass casualties from explosions, radiation and chemical emergencies, and more. Although public health organizations cannot be expected to handle all of the responsibilities associated with prevention, mitigation, warning, preparedness, and response, there is no question that disasters have implications for public health for years and sometimes decades. Those in public health administration may find the responsibilities associated with preparing for and responding to disasters overwhelming. To be effective, carrying out these responsibilities effectively requires a multi-organizational response. What are the public health administrative skills needed to lead, coordinate, and collaborate with multiorganizational partners when disaster strikes?
For this week’s Discussion, review the media, especially the media titled Disaster Preparedness and Response. Then select a recent disaster (occurring 3 years ago or less) event or disease outbreak. Research articles from credible sources.
Consider the involvement of coordination of local, regional, national, and international entities. What roles do leaders play? Who is in charge? What policies are in place? What important laws, rules, and regulations are in place to safeguard? Who are the key organizations to bring to the table?
Assuming the role of a public health administrator responsible for disaster preparedness and response, briefly describe the disaster you chose.
Then, review the following questions and select two to answer.
Who was in command of that incident? Explain whether or not you think the right organization and individual/s were in command. Provide a rationale for your answer.
How might federal, state, and local resources be coordinated? (International students can refer to provincial, territorial, etc.)
How might state and local agencies and officials work together to plan and respond to this disaster?
What laws, rules, and regulations are important in this situation and why? What other significant issues might they need to deal with and why?
Who is liable if something happens to a person who is helping with the relief effort? Explain how the person would be liable.
How might the national incident management system (NIMS) come into play in this situation?
By Day 3
Post a brief description of the disaster you chose. Then, explain your answers to the two questions you selected. (Refer to them by number in your posting.) Then, assuming the role of a leader in this situation, suggest tasks involved in planning in order to be prepared for future disasters and explain why you are suggesting them. Relate your tasks to the two questions you selected. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 5
Remember to begin interaction with your colleagues in the Discussion no later than Day 5 and continue engaging through Day 7 by responding to colleagues who chose different questions. Expand on their answers regarding public health responses to disasters by offering additional strategies for disaster planning and preparation. In addition to your initial comprehensive post, you should post at least two substantial responses to other classmates.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th. ed.). Washington, DC, to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
PUBH6031 Public Health Administration and Leadership
Week 11 Discussion
Global Health Issues: On the Border Line
In the United States, the average lifespan has risen from 49 years in 1900 to 78 years in 2006 (Leonhardt, 2006). Shockingly, some of the lowest socioeconomic countries still have a life expectancy of less than 50 years (Shi & Johnson, 2014), however. Huge health disparities such as these still exist between countries, and remain one of the great moral and intellectual problems of our time. According to Shi and Singh (2012), global health is “the area of study, research, and practice that places priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.” Today, countries around the world are faced with increases in the type and number of chronic illnesses and infectious diseases, among other global health problems. In addition, governments must recognize threats of bioterrorism and new illnesses caused by changes in behavior, diet, and environmental influences.
Global health is constantly evolving. The world is more interconnected than ever before through technology and transportation, and health is directly affected by this and other trends such as the aging population in some countries and increases in natural and human-made disasters. As global health evolves, so, too, must leaders in public health positions. Public health leaders and managers must know how to respond to global health challenges and develop an effective workforce to ameliorate them.
For this week’s Discussion, review Box 27.2 in Chapter 27 of Shi and Johnson (2014) that lists the Millennium Project Goals and Their Related Targets. Consider those most related to the field of public health and the challenges posed in reaching these targets. Consider also the leadership strategies needed to ensure a more effective public health workforce to reach these goals. Then, select a border region in a different region of the world than you grew up in or live in now. Review the Discussion posts that have already been submitted to make sure that you select a different border region than has been used before.
By Day 3
Post an explanation of how serving as an administrator in public health in a border region might be a challenge. Describe at least three strategies you, as a public health leader, would employ to ensure a more effective public health workforce and how you would apply them.
By Day 5
Remember to begin interaction with your colleagues in the Discussion no later than Day 5 and continue engaging through Day 7 by responding to colleagues. Expand on the colleague’s strategies for addressing challenges related to border regions and what might be done to ameliorate those challenges.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th. ed.). Washington, DC, to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
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